Since the wind wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） cannot effectively simulate the wave fields near the lateral boundaries, the change characteristics and the distortion ranges of calculated wave factors in...Since the wind wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） cannot effectively simulate the wave fields near the lateral boundaries, the change characteristics and the distortion ranges of calculated wave factors including wave heights, periods, directions, and lengths near the lateral boundaries of calculation domain are carefully studied in the case of different water depths and wind speeds respectively. The calculation results show that the effects of the variety of water depth and wind speed on the modeled different wave factors near the lateral boundaries are different. In the case of a certain wind speed, the greater the water depth is, the greater the distortion range is. In the case of a certain water depth, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors of wave heights, periods, and lengths are different from those defined by the absolute errors of the corresponding wave factors. Moreover, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors decrease with the increase of wind speed; whereas the distortion ranges defined by the absolute errors change a little with the variety of wind speed. The distortion range of wave direction decreases with the increase of wind speed. The calculated wave factors near the lateral boundaries with the SWAN model in the actual physical areas, such as Lake Taihu and Lake Dianshan considered in this study, are indeed distorted if the calculation domains are not enlarged on the basis of actual physical areas. Therefore, when SWAN is employed to calculate the wind wave fields near the shorelines of sea or inland lakes, the appropriate approaches must be adopted to reduce the calculation errors.展开更多
水资源严重短缺是京津冀地区面临的重要生态环境问题之一,制约着区域协同发展战略的实施。陆地水储量变化深刻影响着水资源的分布和供给,因此,深入认识陆地水储量及其组分的变化特征和原因可以为完善区域水资源管理、实现水资源优化配...水资源严重短缺是京津冀地区面临的重要生态环境问题之一,制约着区域协同发展战略的实施。陆地水储量变化深刻影响着水资源的分布和供给,因此,深入认识陆地水储量及其组分的变化特征和原因可以为完善区域水资源管理、实现水资源优化配置提供科学依据,对区域水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。目前,京津冀地区水储量和其组分的变化,以及自然和人为因素的影响特征尚不清楚。本文采用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星重力观测数据和全球陆面数据同化系统GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation System)数据分析了近20年(2002~2021年)年陆地水储量及其组分的时空变化特征,并结合降水、蒸散发、径流和人类活动用水数据从水循环角度分析了水储量变化的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2002~2021年,北京、天津、河北的陆地水储量(趋势系数分别为-0.71、-0.84、-1.26 cm/a)和地下水储量(趋势系数分别为-1.12、-1.01、-1.55 cm/a)都呈显著减少趋势,而土壤水储量呈现显著增加趋势。(2)北京、天津和河北地下水储量的变化与各自陆地水储量的变化高度一致,相关系数均高达0.8及以上,加之其它分量增加的相反变化趋势,表明地下水储量显著下降是京津冀地区陆地水储量减少的主要原因。(3)3个省/市降水增加对陆地水储量产生正向贡献,蒸散发和径流增加对陆地水储量产生负向贡献。气候/水文因子的综合作用使北京和天津的陆地水储量增加,却造成河北的陆地水储量减少。北京、天津、河北气候变化的贡献率分别为23.60%、33.95%和26.99%,人类活动的贡献率分别为76.40%、66.05%和73.01%,陆地水储量减少主要是人类活动的影响。(4)地下水储量的显著减少是人为活动大量开采地下水的直接结果,表明加强人为用水的管理是京津冀地区水资源可持续利用的关键环节。本文研究结果可为科学掌握京津冀的水储量时空变化规律及影响机制提供数据支撑,为该区域水资源有效管理提供理论依据。展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.51079082the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai City under contract No.14ZR1419600+1 种基金the Research Innovation Projects of 2013 Shanghai Postgraduate under contract No.20131129the Top Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission
文摘Since the wind wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） cannot effectively simulate the wave fields near the lateral boundaries, the change characteristics and the distortion ranges of calculated wave factors including wave heights, periods, directions, and lengths near the lateral boundaries of calculation domain are carefully studied in the case of different water depths and wind speeds respectively. The calculation results show that the effects of the variety of water depth and wind speed on the modeled different wave factors near the lateral boundaries are different. In the case of a certain wind speed, the greater the water depth is, the greater the distortion range is. In the case of a certain water depth, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors of wave heights, periods, and lengths are different from those defined by the absolute errors of the corresponding wave factors. Moreover, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors decrease with the increase of wind speed; whereas the distortion ranges defined by the absolute errors change a little with the variety of wind speed. The distortion range of wave direction decreases with the increase of wind speed. The calculated wave factors near the lateral boundaries with the SWAN model in the actual physical areas, such as Lake Taihu and Lake Dianshan considered in this study, are indeed distorted if the calculation domains are not enlarged on the basis of actual physical areas. Therefore, when SWAN is employed to calculate the wind wave fields near the shorelines of sea or inland lakes, the appropriate approaches must be adopted to reduce the calculation errors.
文摘水资源严重短缺是京津冀地区面临的重要生态环境问题之一,制约着区域协同发展战略的实施。陆地水储量变化深刻影响着水资源的分布和供给,因此,深入认识陆地水储量及其组分的变化特征和原因可以为完善区域水资源管理、实现水资源优化配置提供科学依据,对区域水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。目前,京津冀地区水储量和其组分的变化,以及自然和人为因素的影响特征尚不清楚。本文采用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星重力观测数据和全球陆面数据同化系统GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation System)数据分析了近20年(2002~2021年)年陆地水储量及其组分的时空变化特征,并结合降水、蒸散发、径流和人类活动用水数据从水循环角度分析了水储量变化的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2002~2021年,北京、天津、河北的陆地水储量(趋势系数分别为-0.71、-0.84、-1.26 cm/a)和地下水储量(趋势系数分别为-1.12、-1.01、-1.55 cm/a)都呈显著减少趋势,而土壤水储量呈现显著增加趋势。(2)北京、天津和河北地下水储量的变化与各自陆地水储量的变化高度一致,相关系数均高达0.8及以上,加之其它分量增加的相反变化趋势,表明地下水储量显著下降是京津冀地区陆地水储量减少的主要原因。(3)3个省/市降水增加对陆地水储量产生正向贡献,蒸散发和径流增加对陆地水储量产生负向贡献。气候/水文因子的综合作用使北京和天津的陆地水储量增加,却造成河北的陆地水储量减少。北京、天津、河北气候变化的贡献率分别为23.60%、33.95%和26.99%,人类活动的贡献率分别为76.40%、66.05%和73.01%,陆地水储量减少主要是人类活动的影响。(4)地下水储量的显著减少是人为活动大量开采地下水的直接结果,表明加强人为用水的管理是京津冀地区水资源可持续利用的关键环节。本文研究结果可为科学掌握京津冀的水储量时空变化规律及影响机制提供数据支撑,为该区域水资源有效管理提供理论依据。
