Effects of land-use pattern change on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations:a case study in Zichang watershed of the Loess Plateau of China

The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of land use pattern on rainfall runoff and runoff sediment relations in Zichang Watershed of the Loess Plateau. From 1986 to 1997, many farmlands changed into grassland or woodland, especially the farmland in steep slope positions or far away from the river. The change of land use pattern altered the rainfall runoff and runoff sediment relationships, and led to higher slope of trend curves(STCs) of annual rainfall runoff mass curve and runoff sediment mass curve in 1990s than that in 1980s. It is implied that more soil and water loss yielded in 1990s. In order to reduce soil loss, more attentions should be paid to land use pattern and some grass or other herbaceous filter strips should be built along rivers.

Temporal Change of Runoff and Sediment Load and their Differential Response to Human Activities:A Case Study for a Well-vegetated Mountain Watershed of Southern China

This study examined the temporal trends of runoff and sediment load and their differential response to human activities in the Lishui river,a tributary of the Yangtze river in southern China.The long-term observation data at four gauging stations,generally involving two periods from 1954 to 1985 and from 2007 to 2011,were used.We detected no significant temporal trend for both the annual runoff volume(Q) and the annual suspended Sediment Load(SL) over more than 30 years before 1985.The flow duration curves and the Suspended Sediment Concentration(SSC) also hold constant before 1985.Compared with the period before 1985,SL has decreased by about 80% though Q remains unchanged for the period after 2007.Detailed examination shows that the flow duration curves after 2007 have changed with a significant decrease in the high-flow component,which acts as a major cause for the decreasing SL.In addition,SSC has decreased by several times,which also contributes to the decrease in SL after 2007.Both decreases in high-flow discharges and in SSC can be linked with recent human activities,mainly including vegetation establishment and dam constructions.The constant Q and the decreasing SL are also reported for the main stream of the Yangtze River and other major rivers in southern China,although they are orders of magnitude larger than our study area in drainage area size.The present study highlights the importance of high-flow discharges on SL and suggests that the use of SL is more appropriate to reflect environmental change than Q.

Modelling the Effects of Land-use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Weicheng River Watershed, Southwest China

As a major sediment area in the upper Yangtze River, Jialing River basin experienced substantial land-use changes, many water conservancy projects were constructed from the 1980 s onward to promote water and soil conservation. The water and sediment yield at the watershed outlet was strongly affected by these water conservation works, including ponds and reservoirs, which should be considered in the modelling. In this study, based on the observed data of the Weicheng River catchment, the relationships between precipitation, runoff, vegetation, topography and sediment yield were analyzed, a distributed runoff and sediment yield model(WSTD-SED) was developed, and the hydrological processes of different land-use scenarios were simulated by using the model. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) there is an alternating characteristic in river channels and reservoirs in the Jialing River hilly area, with scour occurring in wet years and deposit occurring in dry years. 2) Most of the sediment deposited in river channels and reservoirs is carried off by the largest flood in the year. 3) The model yielded plausible results for runoff and sediment yield dynamics without the need of calibration, and the WSTD-SED model could be usedto obtain qualitative estimates on the effects of land use change scenarios. 4) The modelling results suggest that a 10% increase in cropland(dry land) reforestation results in a 0.7% decrease in runoff and 1.5% decrease in sediment yield.

Impacts of precipitation variation and soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau Gully Region, China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced a lengthy drought and severe soil erosion.Changes in precipitation and land use largely determine the dynamics of runoff and sediment yield in this region. Trend and mutation analyses were performed on hydrological data(1981–2012) from the Yanwachuan watershed in the Loess Plateau Gully Region to study the evolution characteristics of runoff and sediment yield. A time-series contrasting method also was used to evaluate the effects of precipitation and soil and water conservation(SWC) on runoff and sediment yield. Annual sediment yield declined markedly from 1981 to 2012 although there was no significant change in annual precipitation and annual runoff. Change points of annual runoff and annual sediment yield occurred in 1996 and 1997,respectively. Compared with that in the baseline period(1981–1996), annual runoff and annual sediment yield in the change period(1997–2012)decreased by 17.0% and 76.0%, respectively, but annual precipitation increased by 6.3%. Runoff decreased in the flood season and normal season, but increased in the dry season, while sediment yield significantly declined in the whole study period. The SWC measures contributed significantly to the reduction of annual runoff(137.9%) and annual sediment yield(135%) and were more important than precipitation. Biological measures(forestland and grassland) accounted for 61.04% of total runoff reduction, while engineering measures(terraces and dams) accounted for 102.84% of total sediment yield reduction. Furthermore, SWC measures had positive ecological effects. This study provides a scientific basis for soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau.

Impacts of Climate Change on Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Runoff and Sediment Yield in Xixi Watershed of Jinjiang Basin

Based on meteorologic data in Xixi Watershed from 1972 to 1979, the SWAT model was applied to simulate the response of runoff and sediment yield in Xixi Watershed to climate change under 24 kinds of climate change scenarios, and then the spatial and temporal distribution of change rates of the runoff and sediment were analyzed. The results showed that the runoff yield would increase with the increase of precipitation or decrease of temperature, and the sediment yield would increase with the increase of precipitation or increase of temperature; the runoff would be more sensitive to variations in precipitation than to variations in temperature, and precipitation change would lead to more obvious change in the run- off yield; the temporal distribution of change rates of the runoff and sediment yield would be uneven in the 12 months, and the variation trends of the two change rates in the 12 months would be accordant; the spatial distribution of change rates of the runoff and sediment yield would be uneven in the sub-watersheds, and the change rate of the runoff yield would be bigger in the sub-watersheds where the runoff yield in the basic period would be smaller. This study can provide decision-making basis for sustainable development of Jinjiang Basin.

Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Runoff and Sediment in the Cedar Creek Watershed,St.Joseph River,Indiana,United States

The relation between runoff and sediment and land cover is investigated in the Cedar Creek Watershed （CCW）, located in Northeastern Indiana, United States. The major land cover types in this watershed are cultivated land, woodland and pasture /Conservation Reserve Program （CRP）, which account for approximate 90 % of the total area in the region. Moreover, land use was changed tremendously from aooo to 9004, even without regarding the effect of the crop rotation system （corn ＆ soybean）. At least 49 % of land cover types were changed into other types in this period. The land cover types, ranking by changing area from high to low series, are rye, soybean, corn, woodland and pasture/CRP. The CCW is divided into 21 subwatersheds, and soil and water loss in each sub-watershed is computed by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT）. The results indicate that the variations in runoff and sediment have positive relation to the area of crops （especially corn and soybean）; sediment is more sensitive to land cover changes than runoff; more heavy rainfall does not always mean more runoff because the combination of different land cover types always modify runoff coefficient; and rye, soybean and corn are the key land cover types, which affected the variation in runoff and sediment in the CCW.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Runoff and Sediment of the Taohe River and Its Driving Analysis

In order to explore the spatial and temporal changes of runoff and sediment in the Taohe River and its driving mechanism,Spearman correlation coefficient method,Mann-Kendell mutation test method and ordered clustering method were used to analyze the changes of runoff and sediment discharge and their driving factors in four hydrological stations along the Taohe River from 1957 to 2016.The results showed that the correlation between runoff and sediment of the four hydrological stations along the Taohe River was significant,and the correlation coefficient was 0.728-0.984.The runoff and sediment transport in the interval showed an increasing and decreasing trend.The decrease rate of runoff was 133.82%-216.17%higher than that of Xiabagou station,and the decrease rate of sediment transport was 250.49%-4766.33%higher than that of Xiabagou station.The mutation year of the Taohe River runoff occurred in 1986,and the maximum decrease was 35%.The water-sediment relationship curves of different periods showed that the sediment discharge of the four stations changed abruptly around 1990,and the maximum reduction before and after the mutation was up to 73%,and the sediment discharge in the river channel decreased significantly.The research showed that human activities were the main driving factors for the change of water-sediment relationship in the Taohe River.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.

The trend on runoff variations in the Lhasa River Basin

Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan Plateau as a study area, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff during 1956-2003 were analyzed, based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations （Lhasa and Tanggya） and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations （Damxung, Lhasa and Tanggya）. The trends and the change points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between runoff and climate change were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows： （1） The annual mean runoff during the last 50 years is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change points （around 1970 and the early 1980s）, after which the runoff tended to increase and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is centralized in winter half-year （November to April） and some other months （May, July and September）. （2） The trends of the climate change in the study area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter season.

Analysis of Runoff into Reservoir Change Pattern and Causes in Fenhe Reservoir

Based on the 58 years monthly flow data (from 1956 to 2013) editing by Jingle hydrological station of Fen River and Shangjinyou station, data resources are used to analyze the annual and inter-annual changes from spatial and temporal scale by statistical methods, mainly annual spatial and temporal distribution, trend of inter-annual changes, cycle and mutation changes. The reasons of runoff into reservoir changes are deeply analyzed by annual precipitation data of catchments above Fenhe Reservoir 1956 to 2013 and the land and water reservation methods which are implemented recently. It shows that there is a significant decrease of the inter-annual run-off with main and second cycle periods, 23a and 13a respectively. Furthermore, it exists mutation point between 1970 and 1971 through runoff series. As for further analysis of the causes of Fenhe Reservoir runoff changes, it illustrates that the change of precipitation is the main reason the facilitate runoff changes. Also, the land and water reservation methods which are implemented in upstream of Fenhe Reservoir increase water storage capacity of soil, showing it non-ignorable effect to runoff changes.

Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River

The shrinkage of the Aral Sea,which is closely related to the Amu Darya River,strongly affects the sustainability of the local natural ecosystem,agricultural production,and human well-being.In this study,we used the Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change,Seasonal change,and Trend(BEAST)model to detect the historical change points in the variation of the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya River and analyse the causes of the Aral Sea shrinkage during the 1950–2016 period.Further,we applied multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis(MF-DCCA)and quantitative analysis to investigate the responses of the Aral Sea to the runoff in the Amu Darya River,which is the main source of recharge to the Aral Sea.Our results showed that two significant trend change points in the water volume change of the Aral Sea occurred,in 1961 and 1974.Before 1961,the water volume in the Aral Sea was stable,after which it began to shrink,with a shrinkage rate fluctuating around 15.21 km3/a.After 1974,the water volume of the Aral Sea decreased substantially at a rate of up to 48.97 km3/a,which was the highest value recorded in this study.In addition,although the response of the Aral Sea's water volume to its recharge runoff demonstrated a complex non-linear relationship,the replenishment of the Aral Sea by the runoff in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River was identified as the dominant factor affecting the Aral Sea shrinkage.Based on the scenario analyses,we concluded that it is possible to slow down the retreat of the Aral Sea and restore its ecosystem by increasing the efficiency of agricultural water use,decreasing agricultural water use in the middle and lower reaches,reducing ineffective evaporation from reservoirs and wetlands,and increasing the water coming from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River to the 1961–1973 level.These measures would maintain and stabilise the water area and water volume of the Aral Sea in a state of ecological restoration.Therefore,this study focuses on how human consumption of recharge runoff affects the Aral Sea and provides scientific perspective on its ecological conservation and sustainable development.

北方主要河流水沙变异及其成因

为研究我国北方河流的水沙变异及主要成因,本文利用M-K检验法和水文量累积曲线法,分析了1950—2020年我国北方河流代表站径流量和输沙量的变化特征,探讨了影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素。结果表明,淮河代表站年径流量没有明显的变化趋势,其他北方河流的年径流量具有减小或显著减小趋势;松花江代表站年输沙量无趋势变化,其他北方河流代表站年输沙量都有显著减少趋势;影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素包括水土保持、水库拦沙、流域降水变化、引水引沙与泥沙综合利用、工程建设等,其中水土保持是北方河流流域保水减沙的主要措施,水库拦沙在江河水沙态势变异中发挥重要作用,流域降水变化也是北方河流水沙变异的影响因素,引水引沙与泥沙综合利用也对北方平原河流水沙变化发挥一定的作用。

2000-2021年新疆植被覆盖度变化及驱动力

[目的]探讨2000—2021年新疆植被覆盖变化及其驱动力的分析,为新疆地区环境监测提供理论依据。[方法]借助GEE平台获取由NASA提供的NDVI数据,利用趋势分析、Hurst指数法对新疆地区2000—2021年植被覆盖变化进行动态分析,结合气象等数据,采用Mann-Kendall、偏相关分析法等对植被覆盖变化与气候、地表因素的响应进行分析。[结果](1)2000—2021年新疆地区NDVI年际变化总体以0.0014/a的速率波动式增长;年内变化总体呈倒U型,草甸植被的NDVI月均值波动最大。(2)2000—2021年新疆地区NDVI年均值77.9%在0~0.3波动,在空间分布表现为北部和西北部高,南部和东南部低。(3)2000—2021年新疆地区总体slope值在-0.036~0.052波动,主要变化趋势为基本不变和轻微改善,结合Hurst指数,新疆植被主要未来趋势变化为改善到退化。(4)22年间新疆地区的气温总体呈上升趋势,降水、土壤湿度和径流总体呈下降趋势。NDVI年均值与气温、降水、土壤湿度和径流呈显著负相关性的像元数占比均大于正相关性的像元数占比,且存在明显的空间地域特征。[结论]新疆植被覆盖变化总体呈上升趋势,但未来趋势不容乐观,需要重点关注新疆地区的环境监测等保护措施。

窟野河流域水沙变化及其驱动因素

[目的]探究窟野河流域径流和输沙变化特征,量化气候变化及人类活动对流域水沙变化的贡献,以期为窟野河流域水资源合理利用和水土保持措施的优化配置提供科学依据。[方法]基于窟野河流域新庙、王道恒塔、神木和温家川水文站1960—2020年径流、输沙及降雨资料,采用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Pettitt突变检验法分析了流域径流输沙时空变化特征,结合双累积曲线法定量分析了不同时期气候变化与人类活动对河流水沙变化的贡献。[结果]窟野河流域1960—2020年径流输沙均呈现极显著减少趋势(p<0.01),新庙、王道恒塔、神木和温家川4站径流量减少速率分别为0.024亿m^(3)/a,0.034亿m^(3)/a,0.081亿m^(3)/a,0.106亿m^(3)/a,输沙量减少速率分别为43.8万t/a,69.3万t/a,160.3万t/a,272.1万t/a,且各水文站年径流量和输沙量均在1979年、1996年发生突变,由此可将径流输沙序列划分为基准期(1960—1979年,P 1期)和变化期(1980—1996年,P 2期;1997—2020年,P 3期)。研究时段内不同子流域多年平均径流深和输沙模数均呈减小趋势,但在空间上存在差异。[结论]流域不断增强的人类活动(水利水保措施与煤矿开采等)是窟野河流域水沙变化的主导因素,相较基准期,各水文站径流输沙量在P 2期、P 3期均减少,且P 3期减少幅度更剧烈,不同水文站在P 2和P 3期内,人类活动对径流输沙减少的贡献高于降雨变化。

1986-2018年黄土丘陵区典型小流域不同水文年水沙变化

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区罗玉沟典型小流域水沙变化趋势以及不同水文年径流输沙对水土流失治理的响应差异,量化降水和人类活动对流域水沙影响的相对贡献,以期为黄土丘陵第三副区流域水土流失治理和水资源管理提供参考。[方法]基于罗玉沟流域1986—2018年的降雨、径流、输沙等数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法及双累积曲线法分析流域水沙变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果]1986—2018年罗玉沟流域河流由常流河转变为季节性河流,干河日数显著上升(p<0.01),2000年以来干河日数多在300 d以上;同期,罗玉沟流域径流输沙显著下降(p<0.05),与基准期1986—1993年相比,1994—2007年减水减沙率分别为61.9%,44.3%,2008—2018年径流输沙分别减少67.5%,76.4%;在2008—2018年平水年和枯水年间罗玉沟流域输沙模数分别为(1 080.0±107.5) t/km^(2),(167.8±111.4) t/km^(2),而在暴雨频发丰水年,输沙模数仍接近4 000 t/km^(2);流域产流产沙能力降低,水沙关系发生改变,相同径流条件下输沙量减少,即流域径流含沙量水平降低,开始变清;相比降雨变化而言,人类活动是流域水沙变化的主导因素,1994—2007年人类活动对减水减沙的贡献率分别为83.3%和79.5%,而2008—2018年人类活动的贡献率分别为91.8%,94.4%,表明流域水沙变化受人类活动影响越来越大,其中,坡改梯及退耕还林还草工程是主要影响因素。[结论]因沟道治理工程建设不足,罗玉沟流域在丰水年因沟道重力侵蚀导致流域输沙仍然剧烈,因此,需要加强沟道治理进一步减少流域水土流失。

黄土高原林区植被变化对水沙演变的影响——以仕望川流域为例

[目的]研究林区植被变化对水沙演变的影响,可以为黄河流域生态环境建设政策的制定与调整提供科学依据。[方法]基于仕望川流域控制水文站大村站1959—2018年的径流量与输沙量数据以及流域内的降水数据,分析了其60年水文变化特征。结合1985—2018年的NDVI数据以及五期土地利用数据,分析讨论了流域水沙变化的植被下垫面驱动效应。[结果]仕望川流域近60年来的径流量和输沙量呈显著减少的趋势(p<0.01),突变年分别在1988年和1983年,而流域内土地利用情况和降水在60年间并无明显的变化趋势,流域内生长季NDVI在2000年前变化不明显,但在2000年后有显著提升趋势。[结论]2000年以前,各种水土保持治理措施的实施是流域径流量与输沙量减少的主要原因;进入21世纪后,流域内植被质量的提升使径流量与输沙量进一步减少。

金沙江下游水库拦沙效应研究

随着众多水库建成运用,水库拦沙成为了金沙江下游减沙的主要原因。1956—2021年金沙江干流及下游支流共修建10万m^(3)以上的水库504座,总库容为687.63亿m^(3)。水库运用后,金沙江下游年径流量不存在明显变化,而年输沙量显著减小。金沙江下游出口含沙量在1998年、2013年以后大幅减小,1956—1997年平均含沙量为1.75 kg/m^(3),1998—2012年平均含沙量减小为1.22 kg/m^(3),2013—2021年平均含沙量减小为0.01 kg/m^(3)。采用双累积曲线法及水库拦沙率公式,分析水库拦沙与水土保持工程对金沙江下游减沙贡献度,结果表明:金沙江下游减沙主要由水库拦沙造成,其中1998—2012年金沙江下游年均减沙0.97亿t,水库拦沙的减沙贡献度为0.67,水土保持工程等措施的减沙贡献度为0.33;2013—2021年下游年均减沙2.43亿t,水库拦沙贡献度为0.97,水土保持工程等措施减沙贡献度为0.03。

气候和土地利用变化情景下闽江流域水沙变化模拟

[目的]模拟未来土地利用和气候影响下的流域水沙变化有利于制定适合的流域管理计划。[方法]基于土地利用和气象数据,结合CMIP6气候模式数据、PLUS模型和SWAT模型,定量模拟2030年土地利用及不同气候情景下径流和泥沙的时空变化。[结果](1)SWAT模型在闽江流域月尺度模拟精度较好,其中径流模拟的R 2范围为0.80~0.95,NSE范围为0.75~0.91;泥沙模拟的R 2范围为0.75~0.98,NSE范围为0.64~0.94。(2)利用2020年土地利用数据对PLUS模型进行精度评估的Kappa系数为0.77,模拟2030年闽江流域建设用地和耕地将分别增加325.64,1157.51 km^(2)。(3)SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下,2025-2035年平均降水量分别增加0.15%和2.18%,年平均气温分别增加0.23,0.62℃。(4)低碳情景和高碳情景下,仅土地利用变化导致年平均径流量相较于基准期分别增加0.08%和0.07%,年平均输沙量分别增加0.24%和减少0.05%;仅气候变化导致年平均径流量相较基准期分别减少4.76%和4.11%,年平均输沙量分别增加18.12%和0.13%;土地利用和气候综合影响导致年平均径流量相较于基准期分别减少4.57%和3.93%,年平均输沙量分别增加18.28%和0.33%。(5)未来气候和土地利用综合变化情景下,地表径流和产沙量较高且增幅较大的区域集中在以南平邵武市为中心的流域西北部和以三明将乐县为中心的流域西南部。[结论]研究结果为未来闽江流域的合理开发建设提供一定参考依据。

水库运用对金沙江下游水沙变化的影响

大型水库运用后,金沙江下游水沙时空分布发生重大变化。本文基于金沙江下游干支流水沙观测资料,分析了下游流域水沙时空分布特性。1954-2021年,金沙江下游径流主要来源为金沙江中游及雅砻江,两者年均径流量为1150.73亿m^(3),占总来水量的80.75%;年输沙量主要来自下游区间,其年均来沙量为9943.17万t,占总输沙量的48.12%。运用Mann-Kendall突变检验、R/S分析以及双累积曲线法,分析水库运用对金沙江下游水沙变化趋势的影响。结果表明:1954-2021年金沙江下游水库运用对年径流量变化趋势无明显影响,而对流域年输沙量影响显著。金沙江下游出口水沙关系在1998、2010及2012年发生突变,主要原因为雅砻江、金沙江中游、下游干流上大型水库的拦沙运用,导致下游出口含沙量由1.82 kg/m^(3)逐步降低为1.31、0.86、0.01 kg/m^(3)。利用金沙江下游干支流水沙关系及沙量平衡原理,分别计算局部区间水库拦沙对流域总减沙量的贡献度。1998-2009年二滩水电站建成运行,金沙江下游出口总减沙率为35.16%,雅砻江水库拦沙对下游总减沙贡献度为32.88%;2010-2012年金安桥等中游水电站运行后,下游出口总减沙率为51.43%,金沙江中游、雅砻江、三堆子至白鹤滩区间和白鹤滩至向家坝区间对下游总减沙贡献度分别为21.54%、23.10%、30.67%、24.69%;2013-2021年金沙江下游梯级水库运行后,下游出口总减沙率为99.37%,4个区间对来沙量减少的贡献度分别为19.64%、14.72%、12.34%、53.30%。