Robust Beamforming Under Channel Prediction Errors for Time-Varying MIMO System

The accuracy of acquired channel state information(CSI)for beamforming design is essential for achievable performance in multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)systems.However,in a high-speed moving scene with time-division duplex(TDD)mode,the acquired CSI depending on the channel reciprocity is inevitably outdated,leading to outdated beamforming design and then performance degradation.In this paper,a robust beamforming design under channel prediction errors is proposed for a time-varying MIMO system to combat the degradation further,based on the channel prediction technique.Specifically,the statistical characteristics of historical channel prediction errors are exploited and modeled.Moreover,to deal with random error terms,deterministic equivalents are adopted to further explore potential beamforming gain through the statistical information and ultimately derive the robust design aiming at maximizing weighted sum-rate performance.Simulation results show that the proposed beamforming design can maintain outperformance during the downlink transmission time even when channels vary fast,compared with the traditional beamforming design.

STAP method based on atomic norm minimization with array amplitude-phase error calibration

In this paper,a space-time adaptive processing(STAP)method is proposed for the airborne radar with the array amplitude-phase error considered,which is based on atomic norm minimization(ANM).In the conventional ANM-based STAP method,the influence of the array amplitude-phase error is not considered and restrained,which inevitably causes performance deterioration.To solve this problem,the array amplitude-phase error is firstly estimated.Then,by pre-estimating the array amplitude-phase error information,a modified ANM model is built,in which the array amplitude-phase error factor is separated from the clutter response and the clutter covariance matrix(CCM)to improve the estimation accuracy of the CCM.To prove that the atomic norm theory is applicable in the presence of the array amplitude-phase error,the clutter sparsity is analyzed in this paper.Meanwhile,simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art STAP method.Moreover,the measured data is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

CHANNEL ERROR CORRECTION FOR WIDEBAND SAR-A JOINT MULTIPLE SUBPULSES PROCESSING METHOD

A novel method,referred to as joint multiple subpulses processing,is developed to calibrate the nonideal transfer function of radio frequency front-end and I/Q imbalance in quadrature modulate/demodulate systems simultaneously,which frequently occur in wideband Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) systems.Based on the time-frequency relation of the chirp signal and the analyses of the channel errors in wideband SAR,joint multiple subpulses processing method is adopted to separate the image frequency component due to the I/Q channel error.Then,the complete description of the channel error is acquired for building the correction function,which is used to correct the radar raw echo in frequency domain.The validity and capability of this method are demonstrated by the experiments of the channel error correction on the high resolution SAR system with the effective bandwidth of 500 MHz.

Beacon-driven Leader Based Protocol over a GE Channel for MAC Layer Multicast Error Control

In wireless networks current standard MAC layer protocols don’t provide any error correction scheme for broadcast/multicast. In this paper, we enhance a Leader Based Protocol (LBP) and propose a Beacon-driven Leader Based Protocol (BLBP) for the MAC layer multicast error control. To guarantee a very low Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) under strict delay constraints for video multicast over a Gilbert-Elliott (GE) channel, we analyze BLBP and compare it with LBP and different application layer multicast error control schemes via simulation experiments. Both the theoretical analysis and simulation results show that BLBP can correct nearly all the errors for all receivers in the MAC layer and is more efficient than LBP. BLBP is also more efficient than the application layer Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) scheme and the total multicast delay is much shorter. BLBP is very good for real-time multicast applications with strict delay constraints.

Low Complexity Minimum Mean Square Error Channel Estimation for Adaptive Coding and Modulation Systems

Performance of the Adaptive Coding and Modulation(ACM) strongly depends on the retrieved Channel State Information(CSI),which can be obtained using the channel estimation techniques relying on pilot symbol transmission.Earlier analysis of methods of pilot-aided channel estimation for ACM systems were relatively little.In this paper,we investigate the performance of CSI prediction using the Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE)channel estimator for an ACM system.To solve the two problems of MMSE:high computational operations and oversimplified assumption,we then propose the Low-Complexity schemes(LC-MMSE and Recursion LC-MMSE(R-LC-MMSE)).Computational complexity and Mean Square Error(MSE) are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.Both analysis and numerical results show that LC-MMSE performs close to the wellknown MMSE estimator with much lower complexity and R-LC-MMSE improves the application of MMSE estimation to specific circumstances.

Energy efficiency enhancement of two-way amplifier forward relaying with channel estimation error

In order to save energy consumption of two-way amplifier forward(AF) relaying with channel estimation error, an energy efficiency enhancement scheme is proposed in this work. Firstly, through the analysis of two-way AF relaying mode with channel estimation error, the resultant instantaneous SNRs at end nodes is obtained. Then, by using a high SNR approximation, outage possibility is acquired and its simple closed-form expression is represented. Specially, for using the energy resource more efficiently, a low-complexity power allocation and transmission mode selection policy is proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of two-way AF relay system. Finally, relay priority region is identified in which cooperative diversity energy gain can be achieved. The computer simulations are presented to verify our analytical results, indicating that the proposed policy outperforms direct transmission by an energy gain of 3 dB at the relative channel estimation error less than 0.001. The results also show that the two-way AF relaying transmission loses the two-way AF relaying transmission loses its superiority to direct transmission in terms of energy efficiency when channel estimation error reaches 0.03.

PERFORMANCE OF THE ZERO FORCING PRECODING MIMO BROADCAST SYSTEMS WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION ERRORS

In this paper, the effect of channel estimation errors upon the Zero Forcing (ZF) precoding Multiple Input Multiple Output Broadcast (MIMO BC) systems was studied. Based on the two kinds of Gaussian estimation error models, the performance analysis is conducted under different power allocation strategies. Analysis and simulation show that if the covariance of channel estimation errors is independent of the received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), imperfect channel knowledge deteriorates the sum capacity and the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance severely. However, under the situation of orthogonal training and the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) channel estimation, the sum ca- pacity and BER performance are consistent with those of the perfect Channel State Information (CSI) with only a performance degradation.

Channel Error Estimation Methods Comparison under Different Conditions for Multichannel HRWS SAR Systems

Multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in azimuth can resolve the contradiction between high resolution and wide swath faced with traditional SAR imaging. However, channel errors will degrade the performance of imaging. This paper compares the performances of four channel error estimation algorithms under different clutter distributions and SNR conditions. Further, explanations are given for performance differences of the four algorithms, which provide evidence for method selection in engineering applications.

Secure deterministic communication in a quantum loss channel using quantum error correction code

The loss of a quantum channel leads to an irretrievable particle loss as well as information. In this paper, the loss of quantum channel is analysed and a method is put forward to recover the particle and information loss effectively using universal quantum error correction. Then a secure direct communication scheme is proposed, such that in a loss channel the information that an eavesdropper can obtain would be limited to arbitrarily small when the code is properly chosen and the correction operation is properly arranged.

Linear Precoder Design for Correlated Rician Fading Channel Under Imperfect CSI

In this paper,we have modeled a linear precoder for indoor multiuser multiple input multiple output(MU-MIMO)system with imperfect channel state information(CSI)at transmitter.The Rician channel is presumed to be mutually coupled and spatially,temporarily correlated.The imperfection with CSI is primarily due to the channel estimation error at receiver and feedback delay amidst the receiver and transmitter in CSI transmission.Along with,the insufficient spacing between the antenna at transmitter and receiver persuades mutual coupling(MC)among the array elements.In addition,the MIMO channel is presumed to be jointly correlated(Weichselberger correlation model).When we look back on the existing precoder design,it considered spatial correlation alone disregarding joint correlation of antenna array elements.With all above assumption,we have designed a linear precoder which minimizes mean squared error(MSE)subjected to total transmit power constraint for MUMIMO system.The simulation results proven that proposed precoder shows substantial enhancement in bit error rate(BER)performance in comparison with the existing technique.The mathematical analysis corroborates the simulation results.

Influence of the Limited Retransmission on the Performance of WLANs Using Error-Prone Channel

In WLANs, stations sharing a common wireless channel are governed by IEEE 802.11 protocol. Many conscious studies have been conducted to utilize this precious medium efficiently. However, most of these studies have been done either under assumption of idealistic channel condition or with unlimited retransmitting number. This paper is devoted to investigate influence of limited retransmissions and error level in the utilizing channel on the network throughput, probability of packet dropping and time to drop a packet. The results show that for networks using basic access mechanism the throughput is suppressed with increasing amount of errors in the transmitting channel over all the range of the retry limit. It is also quite sensitive to the size of the network. On the other side, the networks using four-way handshaking mechanism has a good immunity against the error over the available range of retry limits. Also the throughput is unchangeable with size of the network over the range of retransmission limits. However, the throughput does not change with retry limits when it exceeds the maximum number of the backoff stage in both DCF’s mechanisms. In both mechanisms the probability of dropping a packet is a decreasing function with number of retransmissions and the time to drop a packet in the queue of a station is a strong function to the number of retry limit, size of the network, the utilizing medium access mechanism and amount of errors in the channel.

Influence of Error-prone Channel on the Performance of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Utilizing RTS/CTS Handshaking

A comprehensive study was presented for WLAN 802.11b using error-prone channel. It was theoretically and numerically evaluated the performance of three different network sizes with the bit rates that available in 802.11b protocol. Results show that throughput does not change with the size of the network for wide range of bit error rates (BERs) and the channel bit rates play a significant role in the main characteristics of the network. A comprehensive explanation has given for the phenomenon of the packet delay suppression at relatively high level of BERs in view of the size of the networks and the BERs. The effect length of the transmitting packets is also investigated.

Performance and Improvement of MCS Selection with Channel Quality Estimation Errors for HSDPA

The throughput performance of modulation and coding schemes （MCS） selection with channel quality estimation errors （CQEE） is analyzed for high-speed downlink packet access （HSDPA）. To reduce the loss of throughput caused by CQEE, the robust MCS selection method and adaptive MCS switching scheme are proposed. In addition, automatic repeat request （ARQ） scheme is used to improve the block error rate （BLER） performance. Simulation results show that the proposed methods decrease the throughput loss resulted from CQEE efficiently and BLER performance gets better with ARQ scheme.

Throughput optimization for multi-channel cooperative CR under reporting channel errors

To overcome the problem of channel fading and noise uncertainty,cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS)is developed to enhance the sensing performance in cognitive radio networks(CRNs).Considering that the non-ideal reporting channels of CSS can cause an adverse impact on the detection performance,the throughput maximization problem for multi-channel CSS cognitive radio under reporting channel errors is investigated.While providing all the primary users with sufficient protection,the average throughput of secondary users(SUs)is maximized by jointly optimizing the sensing duration,detection threshold and SU assignment.To address the non-convex optimization problem,the optimal energy detection threshold is derived first.Then,a sub-optimal greedy algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal sensing duration and the optimal SU assignment.Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can output the same performance as the exhaustive search algorithm at a much lower level of complexity.It is also shown that the impact of imperfect reporting channels should be considered especially in low signal-to-noise ratio environments and the reporting channel errors significantly reduce the performance of CSS.

Error propagation determined iterative channel estimation with ICI mitigation for fast time-varying OFDM channels

The intersubcarrier interference(ICI) degrades the performance of the pilot-aided channel estimation in fast time-varying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) systems.To solve the error propagation in joint channel estimation and data detection due to this ICI,a scheme of error propagation determined iterative estimation is proposed,where in the first iteration,Kalman filter based on signal to interference and noise is designed with ICI transformed to be part of the noise,and for the later iterations,a determined iterative estimation algorithm obtains an optimal output from all iterations using the iterative updating strategy.Simulation results present the significant improvement in the performance of the proposed scheme in high-mobility situation in comparison with the existing ones.

EFFICIENT BIT ERROR PROBABILITY EXPRESSION AND VERY TIGHT BOUND FOR MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING DIVERSITY SYSTEMS OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP expression takes a closed form, while the other is derived by treating the squared-sum of Rayleigh random variables as an Erlang variable. Due to the fact that the extant bounds are loose and could not properly characterize the error performance of MRC diversity systems, this paper presents a very tight bound. The numerical analysis shows that the new derived BEP expressions coincide with the extant expressions, and that the new approximation tightly bounds the accurate BEP.

Array-error estimation method for multi-channel SAR systems in azimuth

For multi-channel synthetic aperture radar（SAR） systems, since the minimum antenna area constraint is eliminated,wide swath and high resolution SAR image can be achieved.However, the unavoidable array errors, consisting of channel gainphase mismatch and position uncertainty, significantly degrade the performance of such systems. An iteration-free method is proposed to simultaneously estimate position and gain-phase errors.In our research, the steering vectors corresponding to a pair of Doppler bins within the same range bin are studied in terms of their rotational relationships. The method is based on the fact that the rotational matrix only depends on the position errors and the frequency spacing between the paired Doppler bins but is independent of gain-phase error. Upon combining the projection matrices corresponding to the paired Doppler bins, the position errors are directly obtained in terms of extracting the rotational matrix in a least squares framework. The proposed method, when used in conjunction with the self-calibration algorithm, performs stably as well as has less computational load, compared with the conventional methods. Simulations reveal that the proposed method behaves better than the conventional methods even when the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） is low.

Performance of entanglement-assisted quantum codes with noisy ebits over asymmetric and memory channels

Entanglement-assisted quantum error correction codes(EAQECCs)play an important role in quantum communications with noise.Such a scheme can use arbitrary classical linear code to transmit qubits over noisy quantum channels by consuming some ebits between the sender(Alice)and the receiver(Bob).It is usually assumed that the preshared ebits of Bob are error free.However,noise on these ebits is unavoidable in many cases.In this work,we evaluate the performance of EAQECCs with noisy ebits over asymmetric quantum channels and quantum channels with memory by computing the exact entanglement fidelity of several EAQECCs.We consider asymmetric errors in both qubits and ebits and show that the performance of EAQECCs in entanglement fidelity gets improved for qubits and ebits over asymmetric channels.In quantum memory channels,we compute the entanglement fidelity of several EAQECCs over Markovian quantum memory channels and show that the performance of EAQECCs is lowered down by the channel memory.Furthermore,we show that the performance of EAQECCs is diverse when the error probabilities of qubits and ebits are different.In both asymmetric and memory quantum channels,we show that the performance of EAQECCs is improved largely when the error probability of ebits is reasonably smaller than that of qubits.

Accuracy of screw placement in the apical region of Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery using a calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error

Objective:To study the position and the grade of screw perforation in the apical region of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS)surgery using a calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error,and to analyze the related factors of navigation deviation and the clinical significance of the calibration technique.Methods:From 2017 to 2020,a total of 60 Lenke 1 AIS surgical cases were enrolled in this research.The 30 cases received surgery using the intraoperative navigation system(Navigation group)and another 30 cases were assisted with intraoperative navigation system with calibration technique(Calibration group)for the intraoperative navigation error.The basic information and radiological data of the both groups were all recorded.According to the Fu Chang-feng’s pedicle channel classification system,the pedicle on the apical region of the two groups was classified.And then the accuracy of screw placement of the two groups was evaluated according to the Rao’s classification.Results:A total of 600 screws were placed in the two groups.The 297 and 303 pedicle screws were implanted in the navigation group and the calibration group,respectively.In the apical region of the calibration group,the rates of the grade 0 screw placement in type A,B and C pedicle were 95.7%,86.7%and 68.9%respectively.It was a statistically significant difference from the 73.9%,66.9%and 30.0%in the navigation group respectively(P<0.05).In the calibration group,the rates of the medial cortical perforation in the type A,B,C and D pedicle were 0%,1.6%,1.6%and 0%,respectively.The corresponding rates were 16.3%,16.9%,30.0%and 47.6%in the navigation group,respectively.Moreover,in the concave side of the apical region of the calibration group,the rates of the medial cortical perforation in the type A,B,C and D pedicle were 0%,3.6%,2.6%and 0%,respectively.Compared with the calibration group,the corresponding rates were higher in the navigation group(34.4%,25.9%,37.2%and 60.0%,respectively).No serious complications such as spinal cord or neurovascular injury occurred for the two groups.Conclusion:Compared with the intraoperative navigation system,the calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error could provide the higher accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the apical region of the major curve,the lower medial cortical perforation rate,the less screws misplacement rate on the concave side and the less complication rate of the severe Lenke 1 AIS patients.

CNN-AE在超奈奎斯特无线光通信端到端系统中的性能

符号间干扰的存在使超奈奎斯特(faster-than-Nyquist, FTN)速率无线光通信系统的性能受到严重影响,针对此问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络自编码器的端到端通信系统来消除符号间干扰的影响并完成信号的恢复。针对超奈奎斯特信号非正交的特性,采用交替训练算法分别训练发射机和接收机权重,解决监督训练中模型输入输出数据尺寸不匹配的问题。在此基础上,分析了该系统在Gamma-Gamma大气信道中的误码率(bit error rate, BER)性能。仿真结果证明,与采用最大似然估计的传统系统相比,该系统的误码率性能在各种条件因素影响下都有不同程度的提高。当加速因子在Mazo限内时,该系统可以消除FTN成型和湍流信道带来的复杂混合码间干扰,其误码性能几乎与正交传输系统相等。