Effective Capacity of URLLC over Parallel Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel State Information

This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.

GeSi Source/Drain Structure for Suppression of Short Channel Effect in SOI p-MOSFET's

GeSi source/drain structure is purposefully adopted in SOI p MOSFET's to suppress the short channel effect (SCE).The impact of GeSi material (as source only,drain only or both source and drain) on the threshold voltage rolling off and DIBL effect is thoroughly investigated,as well as the influence of the Ge concentration and silicon film thickness.The Ge concentration should be carefully chosen as a tradeoff between the driving current and SCE improvement.The detailed physics is explained.

Effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows

As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.

Effect of acupuncture combined with Xijing Tongmai decoction on the sustained expression of transient outward potassium channel related protein in rats with myocardial infarction

Objective:To observe the sustained expression of transient outward potassium channel related proteins at the end of the treatment and 30 days after the end of the treatment in rats,and to explore the sustained curative effect and mechanism of acupuncture combined with Xijingtongmai decoction in rats with myocardial infarction.Methods:Twenty of 130 male SD rats were random extracted as the control group,and the rest were used to establish myocardial infarction by fed with high-fat diet and then injected with isoproterenol.According to ECG,80 rats were successfully established.Then they were randomly divided into model group,acupuncture combined with Chinese medicine group,acupuncture group and Western medicine group.The content of bFGF protein was measured by ELISA.The protein contents of Kv1.4,Kv4.2,Kv4.3 and KChIP2 were measured by Western blot.Results:At the end of treatment,compared with the model group,the protein contents of Kv1.4,Kv4.2,Kv4.3,KChIP2 and bFGF in each treatment group increased,and the increase was most significant in the acupuncture combined with Chinese medicine group(P<0.05).At the end of treatment,compared with the model group,the protein contents of Kv1.4,Kv4.2,Kv4.3,KChIP2 and bFGF in each treatment group increased,and the increase was most significant in the acupuncture combined with Chinese medicine group(P<0.05).Compared with the treatment group at the end of treatment,the expression of Kv1.4,Kv4.2,Kv4.3,KChIP2 and bFGF protein in each treatment group 30 days after the end of treatment decreased slightly(P<0.05),but still higher than that of the model group at this time(P<0.05).The combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicine group decreased the least of them(P<0.05).Conclusion:The results showed that acupuncture combined with xijingtongmai decoction had a sustained good effect.Its sustained action mechanism may be achieved by continuously increasing the protein content of Kv1.4,Kv4.2,Kv4.3,KChIP2 and bFGF through transient outward potassium channel.

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Na^+ CHANNEL BLOCKERS AGAINST CELL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ISCHEMIA

In order to observe it blockers of sodium channel obsesses the neuroprotective effect on hippocampal CA 1 pyramidal cell under the condition of transient brain ischemia, the present experiment used 24 male Wistar rats aged 9 months and divided them into four groups. Lidocaine and/or furosemide were injected introcerebroventicularlly (I.C.V). Stained with H E and accounted the CA 1 pyramidal cell numbers by computer in each group suggested following findings: Although 5 μl of 2% lidocaine was injected I.C.V, the results indicated lidocaine didn't have any blockade to pyramidal cell injuries in hippocampal CA 1 area (P<0 05). In the group medicated with 2 5μl of both 2% lidocaine and 2% furosemide, the results showed that the combined approach had a blockade to injuries of pyramidal cells compared with control group (P<0 01). The present experiment indicates that the combined blockade of lidocaine and furosemide injected I.C.V. to Na + channel can prevent the injuries from hippocampal neurons owing to ischemia.

Channel effect of the modified powdery mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil

The modified powdery mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil （MPANFO） is a new breed of industrial explosives developed years ago in China. As one of the important properties of an industrial explosive, the channel effect of MPANFO was reported in this paper. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the channel effect of MPANFO. The blasthole diameter range was estimated to avoid the channel effect of MPANFO. Three empirical formulae for predicting the detonation length of MPANFO were provided in terms of the channel effect. Experiments and theoretical analysis indicate that the channel effect of MPANFO is very serious. The reason why the channel effect of MPANFO is worse than that of other industrial explosives is explained at a theoretical level. In addition, some properties of MPANFO, such as sympathetic distance, detonation velocity and brisance, are determined.

Impact of Channel Length and Width for Charge Transportation of Graphene Field Effect Transistor

The effect of channel length and width on the large and small-signal parameters of the graphene field effect transistor have been explored using an analytical approach.In the case of faster saturation as well as extremely high transit frequency,the graphene field effect transistor shows outstanding performance.From the transfer curve,it is observed that there is a positive shift of Dirac point from the voltage of 0.15 V to 0.35 V because of reducing channel length from 440 nm to 20 nm and this curve depicts that graphene shows ambipolar behavior.Besides,it is found that because of widening channel the drain current increases and the maximum current is found approximately 2.4 mA and 6 mA for channel width 2μm and 5μm respectively.Furthermore,an approximate symmetrical capacitance-voltage(C-V)characteristic of the graphene field effect transistor is obtained and the capacitance reduces when the channel length decreases but the capacitance can be increased by raising the channel width.In addition,a high transconductance,that demands high-speed radio frequency(RF)applications,of 6.4 mS at channel length 20 nm and 4.45 mS at channel width 5μm along with a high transit frequency of 3.95 THz have been found that demands high-speed radio frequency applications.

5G Oriented Exponential Effective Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio Mapping Algorithm Based on Channel Classification

In the future the fifth generation( 5 G) communication systems,channel models may be very complicated and it is difficult to calculate equivalent signal to interference plus noise ratio( SINR)of a random fading channel. Therefore,methods for the calculation of equivalent SINR of a random fading channel are very necessary.In this paper,an enhanced algorithm on the exponential effective SINR mapping( EESM) model for random fading channels was proposed. First, the optimal adjustment parameters of typical channel fading models including extended pedestrian A( EPA)model,extended vehicular A( EVA) model and extended typical urban( ETU) model were obtained by simulation. Then the proposed solution was used to actualize channel classification according to the maximum multipath delay and the average power of the random channel. The solution can determine the typical channel closest to random channel for obtaining the optimal adjustment value of EESM. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed one can improve the whole system throughput significantly and meanwhile the accuracy of the link prediction algorithm is also guaranteed.

Numerical Prediction of Wall Effect on Propeller in Restricted Channel

In restricted channel, the hydrodynamic performance of propeller is affected by the wall. In the present work, two cylindrical channels with different diameters being 1.8D and 5.0D are adopted to study the influence of wall on the hydrodynamic performance and wake field of the propeller model DTMB4119. The numerical simulations are carried out by the single-phase solver pimpleDyMFoam in open source platform OpenFOAM. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) are adopted to solve the flow field. The arbitrary mesh interface (AMI) method is used to simulate the rotation of propeller. The designed advance ratio, J = 0.833, is applied in all the computations. For the 5.0 D case, the predicted results of open water performance are in good agreement with experiment data. In restricted channel, the predicted results of thrust and torque coefficients are larger than the open water case. The pressure on the wall of restricted channel downstream increases and approaches the results in open water gradually. Due to the flux conservation, higher negative induced velocity is investigated in the flow field of the propeller in restricted channel.

Hall Current Effects on Unsteady MHD Flow in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel Bound-ed by Porous Bed on the Lower Half—Darcy Lapwood Model

We discussed the unsteady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a rotating parallel plate channel bounded on one side by a porous bed under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate. The flow in the clean fluid region is governed by Navier-Stoke’s equations while in the porous bed the equations are based on Darcy-Lapwood model. The exact solutions of velocity in the clean fluid and the porous medium consist of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically and also its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries and the mass flux are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

Research progress of TRP channel's protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels are a type of cation channel located on the cell membrane.TRP channels are divided into 7 subfamilies(TRPC,TRPA,TRPM,TRPV,TRPN,TRPP and TRPML)and widely expressed in myocardial tissue.In recent years,with the application of gene knockout and transgenic model animals,it has been found that members of the TRP channel subfamilies TRPM,TRPC and TRPV are closely related to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.The activation or inhibition of TRP channels participates in the regulation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,reduces the infarct area of the myocardium,and exerts a protective effect.Therefore,this paper first summarizes the structural characteristics of TRPM,TRPC,and TRPV and their distribution in the cardiovascular system,and then summarizes the mechanisms of TRPM,TRPC,and TRPV that regulate myocardial ischemia and reperfusion,which will provide a certain theoretical basis for treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

RIS:Spatial-Wideband Effect Analysis and Off-Grid Channel Estimation

As a critical candidate technology for 5G-advanced and 6G,reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RIS)have received extensive atten-tion from academia and industry.RIS has the promising features of passiveness,reconfigurable ability,and low cost.RIS channel estimation faces the challenges of high matrix dimension,passive estimation,and spatial-wideband effect.In this article,we analyze the impact of the spatial-wideband effect on the RIS channel to account for the propagation delay across RIS elements and estimate sparse channel parameters such as angle and gain through a super-resolution compressive sensing(CS)algorithm.The simulation results explore the influence of the spatial-wideband effect on the RIS channel and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Hall Effects on Unsteady MHD Three Dimensional Flow through a Porous Medium in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel with Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

In this paper, we make an initial value investigation of the unsteady flow of incompressible viscous fluid between two rigid non-conducting rotating parallel plates bounded by a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field of strength H0 inclined at an angle of inclination α with normal to the boundaries taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate while the lower plate is at rest. The flow in the porous medium is governed by the Brinkman’s equations. The exact solution of the velocity in the porous medium consists of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and the ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically. Its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to the various governing parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

Enhanced radiation-induced narrow channel effects in 0.13-μm PDSOI nMOSFETs with shallow trench isolation

Total ionizing dose responses of different transistor geometries after being irradiated by ^（60）Co γ-rays, in 0.13-μm partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator（PD SOI） technology are investigated. The negative threshold voltage shift in an n-type metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor（nMOSFET） is inversely proportional to the channel width due to radiation-induced charges trapped in trench oxide, which is called the radiation-induced narrow channel effect（RINCE）.The analysis based on a charge sharing model and three-dimensional technology computer aided design（TCAD） simulations demonstrate that phenomenon. The radiation-induced leakage currents under different drain biases are also discussed in detail.

Effects of Numerical Methods on the Calculation of Developing Plane Channel Flow

In wall-bounded turbulent flow calculations, the past focus has been directed to the modelling of the Reynolds-stress gradients. Not much attention has been paid to the effects of the numerical methods used to calculate these terms and the modelled equations. Discrepancies between model calculations and measurements are quite often attributed to incorrect modelling, while the suitability and accuracy of the numerical methods used are seldom scrutinized. Instead, alternate near-wall and Reynolds-stress models are proposed to remedy the incorrect turbulent flow calculations. On the other hand, if care is not taken in the numerical treatment of the Reynolds-stress gradient terms, physically unrealistic results and solution instability could occur. Previous studies by the author and his collaborators on the effects of numerical methods have shown that some of the more commonly used numerical methods could enhance numerical stability in the solution procedure but would introduce considerable inaccuracy to the results. The flow cases chosen to demonstrate these inaccuracies are a backstep flow and flow in a square duct, where flow complexities are present. The current investigation attempts to show that the above-mentioned effects of numerical methods could also occur in the calculation of a developing plane channel flow, where flow complexities are absent. In addition, this study shows that the results thus obtained lead to a predicted skin friction coefficient that is influenced more by the numerical method used than by the turbulence model invoked. Together, these results show that numerical treatment of the Reynolds-stress gradients in the equations play an important role, even for a developing plane channel flow.

Effective Channel Length Degradation under Hot-Carrier Stressing

This article describes the effective channel length degradation under hot carrier stressing. The extraction is based on the IDs-Vcs characteristics by maximum transconductance （maximum slope of IDs ＆ VGS） in the linear region. The transconductance characteristics are determine for the several devices of difference drawn channel length. The effective channel length of submicron LDD （Lightly Doped Drain） NMOSFETs （Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor） under hot carrier stressing was measured at the stress time varying from zero to 10,000 seconds. It is shown that the effective channel length was increased with time. This is caused by charges trapping in the oxide during stress. The increased of effective channel length （△Leff） is seem to be increased sharply as the gate channel length is decrease.

Bias Dependence of Radiation-Induced Narrow-Width Channel Effects in 65 nm NMOSFETs

The bias dependence of radiation-induced narrow-width channel effects（RINCEs） in 65-nm n-type metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors（NMOSFETs） is investigated. The threshold voltage of the narrow-width65 nm NMOSFET is negatively shifted by total ionizing dose irradiation, due to the RINCE. The experimental results show that the 65 nm narrow-channel NMOSFET has a larger threshold shift when the gate terminal is kept in the ground, which is contrary to the conclusion obtained in the old generation devices. Depending on the three-dimensional simulation, we conclude that electric field distribution alteration caused by shallow trench isolation scaling is responsible for the anomalous RINCE bias dependence in 65 nm technology.

Research on the Mediating Effect of Market Benefit Between Dual Distribution Channel Conflicts and Financial Performance of Garment Enterprises

The paper discussed the impact of dual distribution channel conflicts on financial performance of garment enterprises by multiple regression and mediation effect has been analyzed with market benefit as the mediated variable based on the survey data of Shanghai region. The results show that： first, channel contention, channel areal differences and channel perception differences have a negative effect on financial performance and channel communication has a positive effect on financial performance significantly; second, market benefit has a positive effect on financial performance significantly; third, channel contention, channel areal differences and channel perception differences have a negative effect on market benefit and channel communication has a positive effect on market benefit significantly; forth, market benefit has a partial mediation effect on the influence of channel areal differences and channel communication on financial performance. Therefore, channel areal differences and channel communication are two major aspects among the dual distribution channel conflicts which may have influences on financial benefit of garment enterprises, and clothing company should lay emphasis on the settling of these two matters.

Bonding effect on channeling of C ions in a carbon nanotube

The channeling phenomenon of carbon ions in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is investigated by using the molecular dynamics simulation with analytical potentials.The relationship between the channeling critical angles in the SWCNT and the bonding interaction is analyzed.It was found that,at 200-5000 eV and 10°-20° of incident angle,the ions with the bonding interaction or chemical effect,have decreased dechanneling probabilities and increased critical angles,compared to that of non-bonding ions.So the bonding effect cannot be ignored in the channeling mechanism of carbon ions through a SWCNT.

High-performance n-channel organic thin-film transistors based on the dual effects of heterojunction and surface modification

This paper presents two n-channel organic heterojunction transistors with modified insulator by using hexadecafiuorophthalocyaninatocopper （F16CuPc）/copper phthalocyanine （CuPc） and F16CuPc/pentacene as the active layers. Compared with a single-layer device, it reports that an improved field-effect mobility and a 6-fold higher drain current are observed. The highest mobility of 0.081 cm^2/（V. s） was obtained from F16CuPc/CuPc heterojunction devices. This result is attributed to the dual effects of the organic heterojunction and interface modification. Furthermore, for two heterojunction devices, the performance of the F16CuPc/CuPc-based transistor is better than that of F16CuPc/pentacene. This is attributed to the morphologic match of two organic components.