The localization of ion channels on myelinated axon is closely related with the saltatory conduction of action potential (AP). Abnormal changes in these channels contribute to multiple mental diseases. The development...The localization of ion channels on myelinated axon is closely related with the saltatory conduction of action potential (AP). Abnormal changes in these channels contribute to multiple mental diseases. The development of cryo-Electron Tomography (cryo-ET) has provided a promising prospect for peering into ion channels in their native environment at high resolution. Previous achievements are reviewed here on cryo-ET. Accordingly, a cryo-ET workflow is designed for understanding ion channels localization in myelinated axon, especially nodes of Ranvier, which are significant for the saltatory conduction involved in the propagation of high-speed AP. The workflow is divided into six parts: the preparation of neural cultures with myelin, antibodies and immunofluorescence staining, frozen-hydrated sample preparation, cryo-ET imaging, cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) imaging, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and refinement. The purpose is to conceive a possible solution for the problems related to ion channel compounds including localization, conformation dynamics, accessory structures of ion channel and transient regulatory factors, and thus provide insights into treating neurological diseases caused by abnormal ion channels activity.展开更多
Objective: To study the effect of KATp channel opener and its possible mechanism on the sinoatrial node cells of neonatal rats which were cultured under simulated ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Freshly isolated sinoat...Objective: To study the effect of KATp channel opener and its possible mechanism on the sinoatrial node cells of neonatal rats which were cultured under simulated ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Freshly isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) cells of neonatal rats were purified and cultured for 2 d, and then they were randomly divided into the control, simulated ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group) , group intervened with KATp channel opener pinacidil (P + I/R group), KATP Channel blocking agent 5-HD (5-HD + I/R group) , and group with the 2 agents at same time (5-HD + P + I/R group) . The survival rate of cells was measured by flow cytometry and the content of intracellular calcium in the cells of each group was detected with laser confocal microscopy. Results: ① The survival rate of SAN cells in I/R group [ (51. 79±6. 28)% ] was remarkably significantly lower than in control [ (95. 08±10. 48)% ] (P < 0.001), and very significantly lower than in P + I/R group [ (63. 77±5. 35) % ] (P<0.01), however, those of 5-HD + P + I/R group [(52. 88±6. 25)% ] and 5-HD+I/R group [ (53. 16±5. 35)% ] was significantly lower compared with that in P + I/R group (P <0. 01) ; ② When the average fluorescence intensity of sinoatrial node cells in the control was regarded as 100% , the relative fluorescence intensities of each group were: ( 374±52) % in I/R group, significantly higher than that of control (P <0. 01) ; ( 162±20)% in P + I/R group, declining significantly than that of I/R group (P<0.01); (385?6)% in 5-HD+ P + I/R group and (379±44)% in 5-HD + I/R group, increasing significantly than that of I/R group (P<0.01). Conclusion: ① Simulated ischemia-reperfusion can significantly reduce the survival rate of SAN cells, and can also lead to the overload of intracellular calcium in them.② KATp channel opener, pinacidil, exerts protective effect on the cells under simulated ischemia-reperfusion, which may be associated with the decrease of intracellular calcium loading in them.展开更多
Studies have shown that a combined application of several ion channel inhibitors immediately after central nervous system injury can inhibit secondary degeneration. However, for clinical use, it is necessary to determ...Studies have shown that a combined application of several ion channel inhibitors immediately after central nervous system injury can inhibit secondary degeneration. However, for clinical use, it is necessary to determine how long after injury the combined treatment of several ion channel inhibitors can be delayed and efficacy maintained. In this study, we delivered Ca^2＋ entry-inhibiting P2X7 receptor antagonist oxidized-ATP and AMPA receptor antagonist YM872 to the optic nerve injury site via an iPRECIO-@ pump immediately, 6 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after partial optic nerve transection surgery. In addition, all of the ion channel inhibitor treated rats were administered with calcium channel antagonist lomerizine hydrochloride. It is important to note that as a result of implantation of the particular pumps required for programmable delivery of therapeutics directly to the injury site, seromas occurred in a significant proportion of animals, indicating infection around the pumps in these animals. Improvements in visual function were observed only when treatment was delayed by 6 hours; phosphorylated Tau was reduced when treatment was delayed by 24 hours or 7 days. Improvements in structure of node/paranode of Ranvier and reductions in oxidative stress indicators were also only observed when treatment was delayed for 6 hours, 24 hours, or 7 days. Benefits of ion channel inhibitors were only observed with time-delayed treatment, suggesting that delayed therapy of Ca^2＋ ion channel inhibitors produces better neuroprotective effects on secondary degeneration, at least in the presence of seromas.展开更多
随着高集成小型化射频技术的发展,多信道定向天线成为提升网络组网容量的新手段,基于此主要研究了无线自组网中基于多信道定向天线的跨层组网协议。以优化的链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议为基础,充分考察了多信...随着高集成小型化射频技术的发展,多信道定向天线成为提升网络组网容量的新手段,基于此主要研究了无线自组网中基于多信道定向天线的跨层组网协议。以优化的链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议为基础,充分考察了多信道-单节点各无线信道的时变性质。首先,通过跨层信息共享节点的邻居关系,削减协议开销;其次,跨层获取节点的当前发送速率、负载,并与跳数相结合,设计了一种跨层时变的路由度量方法;最后,充分发挥多信道优势,提出了一种零耦合的多径路由协议。仿真结果表明,所提的多信道跨层多径路由协议能够显著降低网络层的路由开销,提升网络吞吐量。展开更多
文摘The localization of ion channels on myelinated axon is closely related with the saltatory conduction of action potential (AP). Abnormal changes in these channels contribute to multiple mental diseases. The development of cryo-Electron Tomography (cryo-ET) has provided a promising prospect for peering into ion channels in their native environment at high resolution. Previous achievements are reviewed here on cryo-ET. Accordingly, a cryo-ET workflow is designed for understanding ion channels localization in myelinated axon, especially nodes of Ranvier, which are significant for the saltatory conduction involved in the propagation of high-speed AP. The workflow is divided into six parts: the preparation of neural cultures with myelin, antibodies and immunofluorescence staining, frozen-hydrated sample preparation, cryo-ET imaging, cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) imaging, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and refinement. The purpose is to conceive a possible solution for the problems related to ion channel compounds including localization, conformation dynamics, accessory structures of ion channel and transient regulatory factors, and thus provide insights into treating neurological diseases caused by abnormal ion channels activity.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070314)
文摘Objective: To study the effect of KATp channel opener and its possible mechanism on the sinoatrial node cells of neonatal rats which were cultured under simulated ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Freshly isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) cells of neonatal rats were purified and cultured for 2 d, and then they were randomly divided into the control, simulated ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group) , group intervened with KATp channel opener pinacidil (P + I/R group), KATP Channel blocking agent 5-HD (5-HD + I/R group) , and group with the 2 agents at same time (5-HD + P + I/R group) . The survival rate of cells was measured by flow cytometry and the content of intracellular calcium in the cells of each group was detected with laser confocal microscopy. Results: ① The survival rate of SAN cells in I/R group [ (51. 79±6. 28)% ] was remarkably significantly lower than in control [ (95. 08±10. 48)% ] (P < 0.001), and very significantly lower than in P + I/R group [ (63. 77±5. 35) % ] (P<0.01), however, those of 5-HD + P + I/R group [(52. 88±6. 25)% ] and 5-HD+I/R group [ (53. 16±5. 35)% ] was significantly lower compared with that in P + I/R group (P <0. 01) ; ② When the average fluorescence intensity of sinoatrial node cells in the control was regarded as 100% , the relative fluorescence intensities of each group were: ( 374±52) % in I/R group, significantly higher than that of control (P <0. 01) ; ( 162±20)% in P + I/R group, declining significantly than that of I/R group (P<0.01); (385?6)% in 5-HD+ P + I/R group and (379±44)% in 5-HD + I/R group, increasing significantly than that of I/R group (P<0.01). Conclusion: ① Simulated ischemia-reperfusion can significantly reduce the survival rate of SAN cells, and can also lead to the overload of intracellular calcium in them.② KATp channel opener, pinacidil, exerts protective effect on the cells under simulated ischemia-reperfusion, which may be associated with the decrease of intracellular calcium loading in them.
基金financial support from the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC),Australia(APP1061791)an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship(APP1087114)
文摘Studies have shown that a combined application of several ion channel inhibitors immediately after central nervous system injury can inhibit secondary degeneration. However, for clinical use, it is necessary to determine how long after injury the combined treatment of several ion channel inhibitors can be delayed and efficacy maintained. In this study, we delivered Ca^2＋ entry-inhibiting P2X7 receptor antagonist oxidized-ATP and AMPA receptor antagonist YM872 to the optic nerve injury site via an iPRECIO-@ pump immediately, 6 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after partial optic nerve transection surgery. In addition, all of the ion channel inhibitor treated rats were administered with calcium channel antagonist lomerizine hydrochloride. It is important to note that as a result of implantation of the particular pumps required for programmable delivery of therapeutics directly to the injury site, seromas occurred in a significant proportion of animals, indicating infection around the pumps in these animals. Improvements in visual function were observed only when treatment was delayed by 6 hours; phosphorylated Tau was reduced when treatment was delayed by 24 hours or 7 days. Improvements in structure of node/paranode of Ranvier and reductions in oxidative stress indicators were also only observed when treatment was delayed for 6 hours, 24 hours, or 7 days. Benefits of ion channel inhibitors were only observed with time-delayed treatment, suggesting that delayed therapy of Ca^2＋ ion channel inhibitors produces better neuroprotective effects on secondary degeneration, at least in the presence of seromas.
文摘随着高集成小型化射频技术的发展,多信道定向天线成为提升网络组网容量的新手段,基于此主要研究了无线自组网中基于多信道定向天线的跨层组网协议。以优化的链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议为基础,充分考察了多信道-单节点各无线信道的时变性质。首先,通过跨层信息共享节点的邻居关系,削减协议开销;其次,跨层获取节点的当前发送速率、负载,并与跳数相结合,设计了一种跨层时变的路由度量方法;最后,充分发挥多信道优势,提出了一种零耦合的多径路由协议。仿真结果表明,所提的多信道跨层多径路由协议能够显著降低网络层的路由开销,提升网络吞吐量。
