Prestack seismic stochastic inversion based on statistical characteristic parameters

In the conventional stochastic inversion method,the spatial structure information of underground strata is usually characterized by variograms.However,effectively characterizing the heterogeneity of complex strata is difficult.In this paper,multiple parameters are used to fully explore the underground formation information in the known seismic reflection and well log data.The spatial structure characteristics of complex underground reservoirs are described more comprehensively using multiple statistical characteristic parameters.We propose a prestack seismic stochastic inversion method based on prior information on statistical characteristic parameters.According to the random medium theory,this method obtains several statistical characteristic parameters from known seismic and logging data,constructs a prior information model that meets the spatial structure characteristics of the underground strata,and integrates multiparameter constraints into the likelihood function to construct the objective function.The very fast quantum annealing algorithm is used to optimize and update the objective function to obtain the fi nal inversion result.The model test shows that compared with the traditional prior information model construction method,the prior information model based on multiple parameters in this paper contains more detailed stratigraphic information,which can better describe complex underground reservoirs.A real data analysis shows that the stochastic inversion method proposed in this paper can effectively predict the geophysical characteristics of complex underground reservoirs and has a high resolution.

Synthetically quantitative evaluation function of characteristic parameters on CO_2 arc welding process

The statistical probability and their variation regularity of the measurable characteristic parameters in the CO 2 arc welding droplet short circuiting transfer process have been studied. The statistical analysis shows that the sensitivity of each characteristic parameter with regard to the variation of the short circuiting transfer process is different. The sensitivity of 4 kinds among these characteristic parameters is more intense than that of the short circuiting transfer frequency. In order to take account of the synthetic influence of these characteristic parameters, by means of the characteristic parameters synthetic value, a quantitative evaluation function is built up to describe and evaluate the short circuiting transfer process of CO 2 arc welding in real time. The testing shows that the evaluation function can give a suitable synthetic valuation for the short circuiting transfer process with a variety of welding variables.

The influence of MoS_2 on tribology characteristic parameter of Ni60A/MoS_2 composite lubricating coating

The influence of MoS2 on the tribology characteristic parameter of Ni60A/MoS2 composite lubricating coating was researched on the UMT-2 fretting abrasion tester （USA） The result shows that with increasing content of MoS2, the hardness curve of the composite coating decreases and the trend accelerates. Under the same experimental conditions, the mass loss of plasma spray composite coating without adding MoS2 iS 1.27×10^-2 mg. When the amount of MoS2 reaches 35%, the mass loss is 0.96×10^-2 mg. It can be seen that adding MoS2 phase can improve the wear resistance, the amplitude of which is close to 30%. The friction coefficient of plasma spray composite coating without adding MoS2 is 0.23. Adding MoSz could decrease the friction coefficient of the coating and presents a downtrend. When the mass fraction is 35%, the friction coefficient is the smallest （0.13）, and the range is doubled.

Some Characteristic Parameters of the Basic Components of the Solar Radio Emission

Four basic components of the solar radio emission: the quiet sun, the slowly varying component (SVC), the radio burst and the ultra-fast varying component (UFVC) are studied. As their six characteristic parameters: radiation source, brightness temperature, radiation lifetime, polarized radiation, radiation mechanism, and character of superposition are affirmed.

Characteristic parameters of electromagnetic signals from a human heart system

The electromagnetic field of a human heart system is a bioelectromagnetic field. Electrocardiography （ECG） and magnetocardiography （MCG） are both carriers of electromagnetic information about the cardiac system, and they are nonstationary signals. In this study, ECG and MCG data from healthy subjects are acquired; the MCG data are captured using a high-Tc radio frequency superconducting quantum interference device （HTc rf SQUIDs） and the QRS complexes in these data are analysed by the evolutionary spectrum analysis method. The results show that the quality factor Q and the central frequency fz of the QRS complex evolutionary spectrum are the characteristic parameters （CHPs） of ECG and MCG in the time-frequency domain. The confidence intervals of the mean values of the CHPs are estimated by the Student t distribution method in mathematical statistics. We believe that there are threshold ranges of the mean values of Q and fz for healthy subjects. We have postulated the following criterion： if the mean values of CHPs are in the proper ranges, the cardiac system is in a normal condition and it possesses the capability of homeostasis. In contrast, if the mean values of the CHPs do not lie in the proper ranges, the homeostasis of the cardiac system is lacking and some cardiac disease may follow. The results and procedure of MCG CHPs in the study afford a technological route for the application of HTc rf SQUIDs in cardiology.

Estimations of Land Surface Characteristic Parameters and Turbulent Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Based on FY-4A/AGRI Data

Accurate estimates of land surface characteristic parameters and turbulent heat fluxes play an important role in the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction. In this study, Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) satellite data and the China Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) meteorological forcing dataset CLDAS-V2.0 were applied for the retrieval of broadband albedo, land surface temperature (LST), radiation flux components, and turbulent heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The FY-4A/AGRI and CLDAS-V2.0 data from 12 March 2018 to 30 April 2018 were first used to estimate the hourly turbulent heat fluxes over the TP. The time series data of in-situ measurements from the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform were divided into two halves-one for developing retrieval algorithms for broadband albedo and LST based on FY-4A, and the other for the cross validation. Results show the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of the FY-4A retrieved broadband albedo and LST were 0.0309 and 3.85 K, respectively, which verifies the applicability of the retrieval method. The RMSEs of the downwelling/upwelling shortwave radiation flux and downwelling/upwelling longwave radiation flux were 138.87/32.78 W m^(−2) and 51.55/17.92 W m^(−2), respectively, and the RMSEs of net radiation flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were 58.88 W m^(−2), 82.56 W m^(−2) and 72.46 W m^(−2), respectively. The spatial distributions and diurnal variations of LST and turbulent heat fluxes were further analyzed in detail.

Research on the adjustment model of ventilation characteristic parameters based on integrated method of circuit and path

Ventilation characteristic parameters are the base of ventilation network solution; however, they are apt to be affected by operating errors, reading errors, airflow stability, and other factors, and it is difficult to obtain accurate results. In order to check the ventilation characteristic parameters of mines more accurately, the integrated method of circuit and path is adopted to overcome the drawbacks caused by the traditional path method or circuit method in the digital debugging process of ventilation system, which can improve the large local error or the inconsistency between the airflow direction and the actual situation caused by inaccuracy of the ventilation characteristic parameters or checking in the ventilation network solution. The results show that this method can effectively reduce the local error and prevent the pseudo-airflow reversal phenomenon; in addition, the solution results are consistent with the actual situation of mines, and the effect is obvious.

Testing Research about Characteristic Parameters of the Grounding Device at 750 kV Substation of Riyue Mountain,Qinghai

750 kV substation of Riyue Mountain, Qinghai is a substation that annual average thunderstorm days are the maximum at the same volt- age level and altitude in the wodd. We detailedly described testing methods and steps of 6 characteristic parameters for grounding device of 750 kV substation by using 8000S comprehensive test system, and scientifically judged overall performance of the grounding device. Moreover, we espe- cially emphasized key and difficult points in testing process, providing reference for the majority of grounding test workers.

Research on Characteristic Parameters of Lightning Discharge Channels Based on Spectrum

According to the time-resolved spectra of lightning return stroke process and based on the plasma transmission theory,the evolution characteristics of the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion coefficient of the discharge channel over time during the lightning return stroke are discussed.The radial distribution of the channel temperature in the lightning peak current phase is calculated,and the heat transfer along the radial direction of the channel is analyzed.The calculated transmission characteristic parameter values of the lightning discharge channel are all in a reasonable range.The results show that the heat transport coefficient of the lightning channel is closely related to the channel temperature and electron density.After returning to the peak current,the channel temperature slowly decreases,and the transport coefficient shows a non-linear and monotonous decay trend.The closer to the current core channel is,the greater the temperature gradient is,and the more the heat transferred radially outward is.

Determination of key soil characteristic parameters using angle of repose and direct shear stress test

Discrete element modelling(DEM)is a numerical method for examining the dynamic behavior of granular media.In order to build an accurate simulation model and provide more comprehensive soil characteristic parameters for the design and optimization of various soil contact machinery,in this paper,the discrete element simulation method(EDEM)combined with experimental approach is used to investigate the soil contact characteristic parameters in East Asia.In this study,Hertze-Mindlin(no slip)was used as a particle contact model by taking particle contact parameters and soil JKR(Johnson-Kendall-Roberts)surface energy as determinants,and repose angle,internal friction angle,and cohesive force as evaluation indexes.The method of Plackett-Burman,Stepest ascent,and Box-Behnken were used to gradually reduce the range of parameters needed for simulation until the most accurate value was determined.The results show that the restitution coefficient,static friction coefficient,and rolling friction coefficient between soil particles have significant effects on the DEM model,and their value of them are 0.596,0.725,and 0.16,respectively.Based on these parameters used for the repose angle test and direct shear stress test,the value of repose angle is 31.97°,the internal friction angle is 27.61°,and the cohesive force is 33.06 kPa.The relative errors with the actual measured values are 9.54%,1.87%,and 2.31%,respectively.In order to further test whether the simulation parameters of soil obtained by repose angle test and direct shear stress test are consistent with the real soil,comparison test between field test and discrete element simulation was used.The results show that the error in height of ridge between the simulated soil and the actual soil is 4.06%,which is within the acceptable range.It also indicates that the calibrated and optimized soil simulation model can accurately represent the real soil.The research provides theoretical basis and technical support for the study of soil contact parts by using the discrete element method,combined with repose angle test and direct shear stress test.

Study of Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis of Shenmu Coal at a High Heating Rate Using TG-FTIR

Coal pyrolysis is a fundamental reaction in the thermal processing and utilization of coal.Investigating the behavior and kinetics of coal pyrolysis is crucial for optimizing,designing,and developing a composite riser for the staged pyrolysis gasification process of pulverized coal.In this study,the non-isothermal pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of coal were examined at different heating rates(30,50,100,300,500,700,and 900℃/min)using thermogravimetry(TG)coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.Analysis of the TG/derivative TG(TG/DTG)curves indicated that coal pyrolysis mainly occurred between 300℃ and 700℃.Higher heating rates led to more volatiles being released from the coal,and a higher temperature was required to achieve rapid pyrolysis.Kinetic analysis showed that both the model-free methods(Friedman,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa,and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose)and the model-based method(Coats-Redfern)effectively describe the coal pyrolysis process.The change in the Ea values between the two kinetic models was consistent throughout the pyrolysis process,and the most probable mechanism was the F2 model(secondary chemical reaction).In addition,the heating rate did not change the overall reaction order of the pyrolysis process;however,a higher heating rate resulted in a decrease in the Ea value during the initial pyrolysis stage.

Load Distribution Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings During Construction with Structural Characteristic Parameter Approach

High-rise reinforced concrete buildings are in great demand in developing countries with rapid urbanization. Construction engineers are facing more and more safety control challenges. One major issue is the understanding of the load distributions, especially the maximum slab load, of structures under construction, which is time dependent. Previous methods were mainly targeted to specific examples, providing specific solutions without addressing the fundamental issues of finding general solutions for load distributions in reinforced concrete buildings with different geometrical and material characteristics during construction. The concept of a structural characteristic parameter is used here to parametedze the main geometrical and material characteristics of concrete structures for generalized assessments of load distributions during construction. The maximum slab load for 20 different construction shoring/reshoring schemes is presented. The results indicate that the traditional simplified method may underestimate or overestimate the maximum slab load, depending mainly on the shoring/reshoring schemes. The structural characteristic parameter approach was specifically developed to assist construction engineers to estimate load distributions to assure safe construction procedures.

Reconstruction of characteristic parameters of underwaterelastic composite tubular targets

By using a ray method, a physical model that the backscattering of a tube is simplilied into reflection of a plane wave on layered media is suggested and reconstruction formulas of the parameters of a metallic tube covered with sound-absorbing materials under the conditions of high frequency, fard field and thin tube are given. The internal and external radii of an aluminium tube filled by water or air and thickness of the covered material are reconstructed by using computer simulation and experimellts. The theoretical tesults obtained by this method are supported by experiments.

An Inverse Method for Equivalent Gray Gas Radiation Characteristic Parameter

Compared with non-gray model,equivalent gray model has equal calculation accuracy but much higher computing speed.To solve the existing problems of the equivalent gray method,sole ternary model was developed.In the model,coupling solving process of energy balance equations is omitted and the model zone is real closed.Meanwhile,the full furnace temperature and heat flow calculations are avoided,which makes it easier to find the relationship between the equivalent gray gas radiation characteristic parameter and the initial conditions.The radiation characteristic parameter was calculated with different temperature combinations,different model zone sizes and different partial pressures of absorbent gas.The results show the similar variations in the absorption coefficient and emissivity for the equivalent gray model,which both decrease with the increase of the gas temperature and the surface temperature（especially the former one）as well as the model zone size while increase with the increase of the partial pressure of absorbent gas.

Optical remote sensing image characteristics of large amplitude convex mode-2 internal solitary waves:an experimental study

A series of experiments are designed to propose a new method to study the characteristics of convex mode-2internal solitary waves(ISWs)in optical remote sensing images using a laboratory-based optical remote sensing simulation platform.The corresponding wave parameters of large-amplitude convex mode-2 ISWs under smooth surfaces are investigated along with the optical remote sensing characteristic parameters.The mode-2 ISWs in the experimentally obtained optical remote sensing image are produced by their overall modulation effect on the water surface,and the extreme points of the gray value of the profile curve of bright-dark stripes appear at the same location as the real optical remote sensing image.The present data extend to a larger range than previous studies,and for the characteristics of large amplitude convex mode-2 ISWs,the experimental results show a second-order dependence of wavelength on amplitude.There is a close relationship between optical remote sensing characteristic parameters and wave parameters of mode-2 ISWs,in which there is a positive linear relationship between the bright-dark spacing and wavelength and a nonlinear relationship with the amplitude,especially when the amplitude is very large,there is a significant increase in bright-dark spacing.

Self-heating tendency evaluation of sulfide ores based on nonlinear multi-parameters fusion

In order to reveal the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of unsteady self-heating process of sulfide ores, nine different kinds of sulfide ore samples from a pyrite mine in China were taken as experimental materials and their self-heating characteristics were measured in laboratory. Furthermore, the measured temperature was studied by integrating wavelet transform, nonlinear characteristic parameters extraction and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The results indicate that only the ore samples 1, 2, 6 and 9 have obvious self-heating phenomenon, and their self-heating initiative temperatures are 220 ℃, 239 ℃, 220 ℃ and 220 ℃, respectively, which means that they are difficult to produce self-heating under normal mining conditions. The correlation dimension of self-heating process is fraction and the maximum Lyapunov exponent is positive, which means that it is feasible to study the self-heating process based on chaotic dynamics theory. The nonlinearities of self-heating process of these four samples （ore samples 1, 2, 6 and 9） are 0.8227, 0.7521, 0.9401 and 0.8827 respectively and the order of the samples according to these results is： sample 6, sample 9, sample 1, sample 2, which is consistent with the measured results of self-heating characteristics. Therefore, the nonlinearity method can be used to evaluate the self-heating tendency of sulfide ores, and it is an effective verification of the reliability of measured results.

PREDICTION OF PUMP CHARACTERISTICS ACCORDING TO GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF IMPELLER AND VOLUTE CASING

The geometrical parameters of impeller or volute casing (including guide vane ofmultistage pump) have a great effect on pump characteristics, but ultimately. the pump characteris-tics are determined by the geometrical parameters of impeller and volute casing cooperatively. Inthis essay the effect of impeller and volute casing on pump characteristics will be studiedquantitatvely from the angle cf optimal matching of them.

Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Vibration Experiment of Upper-time of Flight Counter (U-ToFC)

The dynamic characteristic parameters of Up-time of Flight Counter （U-ToFC） are important for research of structure optimization and reliability. However, the current simulation is performed based on homogenous material and simplified constraint model, the correct and reliability of results are difficult to be guaranteed. The finite element method based on identification of material parameters is proposed for this investigation on dynamic analysis, simulation and vibration experiment of the U-ToFC. The structure of the U-ToFC is complicated. Its＇ outside is made of aluminum alloy and inside contains electronic components such as capacitors, resistors, inductors, and integrated circuits. The accurate material parameters of model are identified difficultly. Hence, the parameters identification tests are performed to obtain the material parameters of this structure. On the basis of the above parameters, the experiment and FEA are conducted to the U-ToFC. In terms of the flight acceptance test level, and two kinds of joints condition between the U-ToFC and fixture are considered. The natural frequencies, vibration shapes and the response of the power spectral density of the U-ToFC are obtained. The results show simulation which is based on parameters identification is similar with vibration experiment in natural frequencies and responses. The errors are less than 10%. The vibration modes of simulation and experiment are consistent. The paper provides a more reliable computing method for the dynamic characteristic analysis of large complicated structure.

Numerical Analysis of the Nonlinear Parameterization of Waves in Currents over a Submerged Sill with a Non-Hydrostatic Model

An investigation of the effects of a uniform current strength direction(following or opposing wave propagation) on the nonlinear transformation of irregular waves over a submerged trapezoidal sill is carried out using SWASH,a non-hydrostatic numerical wave model.The nonlinear parameters(i.e.,asymmetry,skewness,and kurtosis) are calculated,and the empirical formulas for these parameters are presented as a function of the local Ursell number based on the present numerical data measured.In the shoaling area of the submerged sill,the nonlinear characteristics of waves are more obvious when waves propagate in the same direction as the currents than when waves propagate in the opposite direction.Whereas nonlinear parameters grow with the strengthening of the following currents over the crest,they tend to decrease as the adverse current velocity increases over the crest area of the submerged sill.

Research on Characteristics of Reflection-type GaAs Optoelectronic Microwave Switching

In this paper the operation principle of the GaAs switch of the type of substrate-edge excitation is set forward, and the configuration parameters of the microstrip switch are designed. In the meantime, a method of producing short pulses laser with high peak power is presented. The experimental results show that the insertion loss of the microwave switching is less than 1dB and the isolation is up to 30dB.