Characteristics of response spectra for long-periods of main-shock recordings of the Chi-Chi earthquake

Current practice uses predictive models to extrapolate long-period response spectra based on far-field recordings in moderate and weak earthquakes. However, the spectra are not long enough and the data are often not reliable, which means that the seismic design code cannot accurately define seismic design requirements for long-period structures. The near-field recordings in the main-shock of the Chi-Chi earthquake have a large signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）, which makes them suitable for studying the long-period acceleration response spectrum up to 20 sec. The acceleration response spectra from 246 stations within 120 km of the causative fault are statistically analyzed in this paper. The influence of distance and site conditions on long-period response spectrum is discussed, and the shapes of the amplification spectra are compared with the standard spectra specified in the seismic design code of China. Finally, suggestions for future revisions to the code are proposed.

Study of characteristics of long-period ground motion response spectra by using broad-band records of the Chinese Digital Seismograph Network

Broad band and very broad band (BB and VBB) records of Chinese Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) from 65 earthquakes are used to calculate the horizontal relative displacement, relative velocity and absolute acceleration response spectra with critical damping ratio ζ =0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10, respectively. The results show that it is insufficient to obtain the credible characteristics of long-period ground motion response spectra only with the common ground acceleration records in engineering, while the broad band records of CDSN, as an important supplementary to ground acceleration records, can be used to study the characteristics of long-period ground motion response spectra.

Comparative analysis of seismic response characteristics of pile-supported structure

In order to analyze the seismic response characteristics of pile-supported structure,a computational model considering pile-soil-structure interaction effect was established by finite element method.Then,numerical implementation was made in time domain.At the same time,a simplified approximation for seismic response analysis of pile-soil-structure system was briefly presented.Furthermore,comparative study was performed for an engineering example.Through comparative analysis,it is shown that the results obtained by the simplified method well agree with those achieved by the finite element method.These results show that spectrum characteristics and intensity of input earthquakes are two important factors that can notablely influence the seismic response characteristics of superstructure.When the input ground motion acceleration amplitude gradually increases from 1 to 4 m/s2,the acceleration of pier top will increase,but it will not be simply proportional to the increase of input acceleration amplitude.

The dependence of response spectrum on the tectonic ambient shear stress field

It has been analyzed the influence of the tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum based on the previous theory. Based on the prediction equation BJF94 presented by the famous American researchers, CLB20, a new prediction formula is proposed by us, where it is introduced the influence of tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum. BJF94 is the prediction equation, which mainly depends on strong ground motion data from western USA, while the prediction equation SEA99 is based on the strong ground motion data from exten-sional region all over the world. Comparing these two prediction equations in detail, it is found that after BJF94′s prediction value lg(Y) minus 0.16 logarithmic units, the value is very close to SEA99′s one. This case demonstrates that lg(Y) in extensional region is smaller; the differences of prediction equation are mainly owe to the differences of tectonic ambient shear stress value. If the factor of tectonic ambient shear stress value is included into the pre-diction equation, and the magnitude is used seismic moment magnitude to express, which is universal used around the world, and the distance is used the distance of fault project, which commonly used by many people, then re-gional differences of prediction equation will become much less, even vanish, and it can be constructed the uni-versal prediction equation proper to all over the world. The error in the earthquake-resistant design in China will be small if we directly use the results of response spectrum of USA (e.g. BJF94 or SEA99).

Comparison between Different Shapes of Structure by Response Spectrum Method of Dynamic Analysis

Several procedures for non-linear static and dynamic analysis of structures have been developed in recent years. In this paper, the response spectrum analysis is performed on two different shapes i.e. regular and irregular shape of structure by using STAAD PRO. And the comparison results are studied and compared accounting for the earthquake characteristics and the structure dynamic characteristics. As the results show that the earthquake response peak values and the main response frequencies are very close and comparable. It can be referred to by the engineering applications.

Characteristics of near-fault ground motion containing velocity pulses

There are many reports about the research on near-fault velocity pulses, which focus on the generation of velocity pulse and simplify the velocity pulse so as to be used in the seismic design of structure, However few researches have put emphasis on the characteristics of near-fault ground motions containing velocity pulses, especially the characteristics relevant with the design response spectrum prescribed by the code. Through collection of a large number of near-fault records containing velocity pulses, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of records containing no pulses are compared with those of records containing pulses. Response spectra of near-fault records are compared with standard spectra given by code; furthermore, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of each earthquake are compared with that given by code. The result shows that at long periods （longer than 1.5 s）, the response spectrum of pulse-containing records is bigger than the response spectrum of no-pulse-containing records; when the characteristic period of near-fault records is calculated, the method that does not fix frequency is more reasonable because the T1 and T2 have a lagging tendency; regardless of the site Ⅰ and site Ⅱ, the characteristic period of pulse-containing records is over twice bigger than the characteristic period given by the code,

New national seismic zoning map of China

A new set of seismic zoning maps were published in August 1, 2001. It includes two maps, one is the seismic zon-ing map of peak acceleration, and the other is the zoning map of the characteristic period of the response spectrum. The exceeding probability of the map is 10% within 50 years. The scale of the map is 1:4 000 000. These maps serve as the national standard. The background of this project, technical approach and key scientific measures, the basic feature and the application of the maps are introduced in this paper.

The Great Gulf of Aqaba 1995 Earthquake Design Response Spectra over Sinai Peninsula and Some Jordanian Soils

The Gulf of Aqaba area is considered one of the most terrific touristic areas in the Middle East. The aim of the present work is to determine the amount of seismic hazards that the constructions may suffer due to seismic activities. This is done by determining the design response spectrum for this area from available earthquake response spectra, then taking into consideration the soil response for some Egyptian and Jordanian soils. The main shock of the November 22, 1995, the Gulf of Aqaba and its aftershocks were mainly used in producing the design response spectrum. This earthquake was considered as the biggest earthquake that hit this area since 160 years. Its magnitude was determined as Mw = 7.2. Thousands of aftershocks with intermediate magnitude followed the main shock, such as the aftershock that occurred on November 23, 1995 with a local magnitude of ML = 5.4. The best estimate of the focus location was determined in the area between Dahab and Nuweiba cities. This great earthquake was felt in Lebanon, Syria and Israel in the North and Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan in the South. The touristic areas surrounding the Gulf of Aqaba were mostly affected. Different accelerograms for this great earthquake were collected and soil responses spectra for Sinai Peninsula and some Jordanian soils were calculated. The design response spectrum shows an average spectral acceleration of about 250 cm/sec2 for frequency range between 1 - 10 HZ. Soil Amplifications were then calculated using Microtremors site response technique and maximum spectral accelerations filtered by the soil were in range between 120 - 450 cm/sec2 for the study area. The analysis presented here is intended to be used in the future to allow reducing the seismic risk, help in proper structural design and detailing of buildings and structures to account for beam-column connections and shear reinforcement.

Site effect on strong-motion records of the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan

Strong-motion site effect was checked for four sites at comparable epicentral distances from the March 11, 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. The result showed that site condition had a significant impact on peak acceleration, and on maximal amplitude and characteristic period of its response spectrum. Shorter-period seismic waves were amplified mainly in shallower soils, while longer-period waves in deeper soft rocks and soils, where the characteristic periods of response spectra were longer than those on ground surface.

Seismic Analysis for Rigid-Framed Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Bridge in Tianjin Light Railway

The seismic analysis of a rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge in Tianjin Light Railway is performed. A 3-D dynamic finite element model of the bridge is established considering the weakening effect caused by the soft soil foundation. After the dynamic characteristics are calculated in terms of natural frequencies and modes, the seismic analysis is carried out using the modal response spectrum method and the time-history method, respectively. Based on the calculated results, the reasonable design values are finally suggested as the basis of the seismic design of the bridge, and meanwhile the problems encountered were also analyzed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as: 1) Despite the superiority of rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge, the upper and lower ends of the piers of the bridge are proved to be the crucial parts of the bridge, which are easily destroyed under designed earthquake excitations and should be carefully analyzed and designed; 2) The soft soil foundation can possibly result in rather weakening of the lateral rigidity of the rigid-framed bridge, and should be paid considerable attention; 3) The modal response spectrum method, combined with time-history method, is suggested for the seismic analysis in engineering design of the rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge.

基于黑龙江经验场地模型的地震动放大效应研究

局部场地效应是抗震设计规范中的重要内容,以场地类别为基础的场地效应划分结果较为粗略。为解决这一问题,以黑龙江地区土层分布及其剪切波速、土动力特性和密度等资料为基础,统计出场地土参数随深度的变化特征,利用统计结果建立深度从10~80 m不等的15个经验场地模型。以黑龙江地区典型基岩加速度反应谱为目标谱,人工合成地震动作为输入,为了消除随机相位的影响,每一目标谱合成400条地震动加速度时程。分别计算这15个经验场地模型的地震反应,得到不同超越概率水准下地表峰值加速度统计值以及加速度反应谱标定谱的动力放大系数统计值。计算结果表明:随着场地厚度的增加,场地周期在逐渐增加,场地峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)放大倍数呈现减小的趋势;随输入地震动强度的增加,场地PGA放大倍数减小的趋势呈现出非线性,动力放大系数随场地覆盖层变厚呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随着地震动强度的增加,动力放大系数逐渐减小且随土层厚度的变化趋势趋于平缓。动力放大系数结果不是定值2.5,场地较薄并且地震动较小的情况下,动力放大系数远超2.5;场地较厚并且地震动较强时,动力放大系数大多趋于2.5。

新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥动力性能分析

对一种新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥结构开展了动力特性及抗震性能分析;以鄄城黄河大桥跨中箱梁段为例,建立组合箱梁桥的多尺度有限元模型,并与实测值进行了对比,验证了多尺度模型的有效性;基于此设计了该新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁的截面参数,采用多尺度建模方法研究了各参数变化对箱梁动力特性的影响规律,通过地震反应谱法分析了该结构在各向地震作用下的结构响应。结果表明:箱梁横隔板的数量和厚度是结构动力特性的敏感参数,对结构的扭转刚度影响很大;增大波形钢腹板厚度可有效提高结构刚度,且刚度增大对频率的影响程度大于质量增大对频率的影响,建议腹板厚度宜设为20~30 mm;槽形钢板可有效提高截面的抗弯刚度,尤其对结构竖向弯曲模态影响较大;横向地震作用对混凝土顶板和横隔板应力的影响最大,纵向地震力对波形钢腹板应力的影响最大,竖向地震力对混凝土底板和槽形钢板的应力影响较大。

考虑周期折减的结构弹性时程分析调整方法

针对结构弹性时程分析时无法考虑周期折减的问题展开研究,通过对比结构时程分析的过程中,地震波的选取是否考虑周期折减的差异,提出采用增大系数放大时程分析法输入地震波有效峰值加速度以及地震响应;考虑弹性时程分析过程中,周期折减对结构地震作用的增大效应。理论分析增大系数取值的影响因素,并基于单自由度体系对比两种调整方法的效果及差异,采用实际算例以验证所提出弹性时程分析中考虑周期折减调整方法的有效性。结果表明:增大系数的取值与周期折减系数、结构自振周期及场地特征周期等因素有关;对于单自由度体系,两种调整方法具有完全相同的调整效果;按文章提出方法考虑周期折减的算例结构,弹性时程分析所得各楼层地震剪力及层间位移角与考虑周期折减的反应谱(CQC)计算结果均较为接近。

基于Matlab的地震动参数综合确定

本文主要介绍了基于Matlab编写的用于确定场地地震动参数的程序,从输入、处理和输出3大框架模块,结合笔者理解与经验对设计地震参数的确定过程进行较为详细分析。程序使用1个Excel文件整体控制输入参数,综合考虑了峰值加速度、场地类别、设计地震分组、区划图调整系数等因素,简化繁杂的反应谱数据处理过程,使用了不同规范推荐的规准谱,实现了钻孔反应谱的自动标定、自动保存图件并导出地震动参数表格;程序可对不同设计基准期、不同超越概率水准的多个钻孔、多条土层反应谱数据一次性综合分析,在处理区域性地震安全性评价等多场点工程项目时十分高效。文中对地震安全性评价工作中的实例进行了应用分析,程序既可以处理基岩反应谱,也可以对钻孔反应谱进行整体分析或单独分析,得到较为合理的场地地震动参数,有助于场地地震影响评价工作的开展。

分段布索预应力柱面巨型网壳结构基本抗震性能研究

以分段布索预应力柱面巨型网壳结构为研究对象,首先,通过模态分析对其动力特性和预应力体系的引入对柱面巨型网壳结构各方向刚度的影响规律进行了分析;然后,通过时程分析对其在三维地震作用下的地震响应进行了研究;最后,对该结构时程分析中所需考虑的地震作用维数、反应谱法的适用性及合理的振型组合数进行了探究。结果表明,预应力体系的引入使结构横向和竖向刚度得到明显增强,而对纵向刚度影响较小,且结构频谱十分密集,各方向振型耦合作用明显;三维地震作用下,位移动力放大系数约为1.32,大部分杆件内力动力放大系数约为1.2,主节点区个别杆件动内力放大系数可能较大,设计中仅按静力分析结果进行截面设计可能会偏于不安全;可采用二维XY向地震输入或振型挑选反应谱法对此类结构的位移及关键杆件内力的地震响应进行简化分析,且参与组合的振型阶数需在46阶以上。

不同场地类别对反应谱特征周期的影响

为探究不同场地类别对反应谱特征周期的影响,建立了包含四种场地类别的180个计算剖面,在现行《建筑抗震设计规范》GB 50011—2010中场地分类的基础上按照土的软硬程度进一步细分,以不同幅值的El Centro地震动作为输入地震动,采用一维等效线性化方法进行土层反应分析,计算得到场地地震动反应谱,规准化得到反应谱特征周期。结果表明:①在同一类别场地中,随着等效剪切波速的增大,特征周期呈减小的趋势;②在同一类别场地中,随着输入地震动强度的增大,特征周期也相应增大;③在不同类别场地中,输入相同的地震动,场地类别从Ⅰ类到Ⅳ类,反应谱特征周期逐渐增大。最后,根据细分后的场地类型给出了其反应谱特征周期建议值,并进行了验证。

抗震设计反应谱的标定方法

抗震设计反应谱是结构抗震设计的主要依据,设计反应谱的标定是确定地震动输入的重要环节。文中详细地总结了设计反应谱标定的基本原理和几种常用的设计反应谱标定方法,介绍了我国建筑抗震设计反应谱参数的确定方法和"统一抗震设计反应谱"的研究现状及应用前景;对不同设计反应谱标定方法中存在的问题进行了评述;提出抗震设计反应谱标定方法中有待进一步研究的问题。

特高压电气设备抗震试验共振拍波适用性及合理地震动输入研究

为研究地震动输入共振拍波的频率与特高压电气设备频率不一致时对设备抗震性能评估结果产生的影响,通过理论分析与数值仿真,分析了共振拍波在特高压电气设备抗震试验中的局限性和不足之处。研究结果表明,特高压电气设备在地震作用下具有较强的非线性特征,试验过程中设备基频变化比较明显,选用共振拍波已不能达到与设备共振的目的。结合特高压电气设备的特点,提出了适用于特高压电气设备抗震试验的地震加速度反应谱,该反应谱的地震动力放大系数为2.5、特征周期为0.9 s,具有广泛的场地包络性,研究成果为特高压电气设备的抗震试验提供了依据。

斜坡加速度动力响应特性的大型振动台试验研究

以"5·12"汶川地震灾区典型斜坡为原型,采用水平层状上硬下软和上软下硬2种岩性组合概念模型,设计并完成比例1:100的大型振动台试验。在满足相似律的条件下,通过输入不同地震波类型、频率、激振方向和振幅,系统地研究模型斜坡的地震动力响应特性。以输入加速度峰值0.3g为例,分析不同岩性组合模型斜坡在单向天然地震波作用下的同向加速度动力响应规律,研究结果表明,加速度沿竖直和水平方向的响应都呈现明显的非线性特征;总体上,高程对地震波具有明显的放大效应。在水平向地震波作用下,斜坡的动力响应主要出现在斜坡的中上段,而在同等强度的激振力作用下,竖直向加速度最大放大倍数仅相当于水平向加速度最大放大倍数的1/2左右,且动力响应较强部位主要出现在斜坡的中下段。不同岩性组合结构对加速度响应规律的影响也因激振方向不同而异,在水平向地震波作用下,上硬下软组合斜坡总体上要比上软下硬组合斜坡对加速度的放大程度大,在竖直向地震波作用下则相反。通过对比坡面不同高程处的加速度傅里叶谱表明,在地震波从下往上传播过程中,上硬下软斜坡对起放大作用的频段具有明显的选择性,竖直向激振条件下对2种岩性组合斜坡加速度起放大作用的卓越频率比水平向激振条件下的卓越频率大得多。

反应谱法与时程分析法抗震分析对比

为了研究反应谱法与时程分析法的地震响应对比分析,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对多层钢框架结构中的一榀钢框架建立计算模型,比较反应谱法和时程分析法在多层钢框架下的结构顶层位移、最大层间位移、层间位移角和Mises应力值等地震响应.通过计算及模拟可知,由反应谱法得到的结构顶层位移是时程分析法的1.09倍,前者的最大层间位移及层间位移角是后者的1.07倍.结果表明,反应谱法和时程分析法在多层钢框架下的地震响应均符合规范要求,反应谱法计算的地震响应比时程分析法的地震响应大,反应谱法得到的地震响应偏于安全.分析结果为多层钢框架的抗震方法提供了理论支持.