On the long-term joint distribution of characteristic wave height and period and its application

By analysing the scatter diagrams of characteristic the wave height H and the period T on the basis of instrumental data from various ocean wave stations, we found that the conditional expectation and standard deviation of wave period for a given wave height can be better predicted by using the equations of normal linear regression rather than by those based on the log- normal law. The latter was implied in Ochi' s bivariate log-normal model(Ochi. 1978) for the long-term joint distribution of H and T. With the expectation and standard deviation predicted by the normal linear regression equations and applying proper types of distribution, we have obtained the conditional distribution of T for given H. Then combining this conditional P(T / H) with long-term marginal distribution of the wave height P(H) we establish a new parameterized model for the long-term joint distribution P(H,T). As an example of the application of the new model we give a method for estimating wave period associated with an extreme wave height.

Blast wave characteristics of multi-layer composite charge:Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and experimental validation

This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.

Study on Wave Characteristics from the South Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Guinea Based on Short-Term Numerical Simulation in Winter Season

Waves play a major role in the ocean phenomena in the Gulf of Guinea(GoG). In order to reveal the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and the propagation mechanism of waves from the South Atlantic Ocean to the GoG, 4typical points located in mid-latitude of South Atlantic(14°30′W, 30°0′S), south of the GoG(10°30′W, 15°0′S), offshore of the GoG(0°0′, 0°0′) and near shore of the GoG(6°4′58.8″W, 4°3′36″S) are selected, and waves from Atlantic Ocean to GoG are simulated by using a two-layer-nesting wave numerical model SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore). The results show that the hybrid waves(waves hereafter) and the swells have strong relationship with local wind in Roaring Forties and at mid-latitude of South Atlantic Ocean, while there is no obvious correlation between waves and local winds in the GoG. Swells are generated in the South Atlantic Ocean and propagate into the GoG. 2D wave spectra at the four selected typical points are simulated. The spectral pattern and wave component structure indicate that the wave system in GoG is dominated by the S-SW swells generated from Roaring Forties and mid-latitude of South Atlantic, whether it is at maximum(2.2-2.8 m), medium(1.8-2.2 m) or minimum(1.2 m) significant wave height in the GoG during simulation period.

Optical remote sensing image characteristics of large amplitude convex mode-2 internal solitary waves:an experimental study

A series of experiments are designed to propose a new method to study the characteristics of convex mode-2internal solitary waves(ISWs)in optical remote sensing images using a laboratory-based optical remote sensing simulation platform.The corresponding wave parameters of large-amplitude convex mode-2 ISWs under smooth surfaces are investigated along with the optical remote sensing characteristic parameters.The mode-2 ISWs in the experimentally obtained optical remote sensing image are produced by their overall modulation effect on the water surface,and the extreme points of the gray value of the profile curve of bright-dark stripes appear at the same location as the real optical remote sensing image.The present data extend to a larger range than previous studies,and for the characteristics of large amplitude convex mode-2 ISWs,the experimental results show a second-order dependence of wavelength on amplitude.There is a close relationship between optical remote sensing characteristic parameters and wave parameters of mode-2 ISWs,in which there is a positive linear relationship between the bright-dark spacing and wavelength and a nonlinear relationship with the amplitude,especially when the amplitude is very large,there is a significant increase in bright-dark spacing.

Wave Characteristics at the South Part of the Radial Sand Ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea

Based on one-year wave field data measured at the south part of the radial sand ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea, the wave statistical characteristics, wave spectrum and wave group properties are analyzed. The results show that the significant wave height （H1/3） varies from 0.15 to 2.22 m with the average of 0.59 m and the mean wave period （Tmean） varies from 2.06 to 6.82 s with the average of 3.71 s. The percentage of single peak in the wave spectra is 88.6 during the measurement period, in which 36.3% of the waves are pure wind waves and the rest are young swells. The percentage with the significant wave height larger than 1 m is 12.4. The dominant wave directions in the study area are WNW, W, ESE, E and NW. The relationships among the characteristic wave heights, the characteristic wave periods, and the wave spectral parameters are identified. It is found that the tentative spectral model is suitable for the quantitative description of the wave spectrum in the study area, while the run lengths of the wave group estimated from the measured data are generally larger than those in other sea areas.

The grouping characteristics of sea waves in the Shijiu Port

A review concerning the methods of studying and describing wave groups is presented in this paper. After analysing 78 field records collected in the Shijiu Port, China, the measured parameters of wave groups and some factors describing wave groupness and their variations are given. Moreover, these results are compared with those of theory.

Wind Wave Characteristics and Engineering Environment of the South China Sea

Wave simulation was conducted for the period 1976 to 2005 in the South China Sea （SCS） using the wave model, WAVEWATCH-III. Wave characteristics and engineering environment were studied in the region. The wind input data are from the objective reanalysis wind datasets, which assimilate meteorological data from several sources. Comparisons of significant wave heights between simulation and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and buoy data show a good agreement in general. By statistical analysis, the wave characteristics, such as significant wave heights, dominant wave directions, and their seasonal variations, were discussed. The largest significant wave heights are found in winter and the smallest in spring. The annual mean dominant wave direction is northeast （NE） along the southwest （SW）-NE axis, east northeast in the northwest （NW） part of SCS, and north northeast in the southeast （SE） part of SCS. The joint distributions of wave heights and wave periods （directions） were studied. The results show a single peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and periods, and a double peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and mean directions. Furthermore, the main wave extreme parameters and directional extreme values, particularly for the 100-year return period, were also investigated. The main extreme values of significant wave heights are larger in the northern part of SCS than in the south- ern part, with the maximum value occurring to the southeast of Hainan Island. The direction of large directional extreme Hs values is focus in E in the northem and middle sea areas of SCS, while the direction of those is focus in N in the southeast sea areas of SCS.

Numerical simulation for propagation characteristics of shock wave and gas flow induced by outburst intensity

In order to analyze the propagation characteristics of shock wave and gas flow induced by outburst intensity, the governing equations of shock wave and gas flow propagation were put forward, and the numerical simulation boundary condition was obtained based on outburst characteristics. The propagation characteristics of shock wave and gas flow were simulated by Fluent software, and the simulation results were verified by experiments. The results show that air shock wave is formed due to air medium compressed by the transient high pressure gas which rapidly expands in the roadway; the shock wave and gas flow with high velocity are formed behind the shock wave front, which significantly decays due to limiting effect of the roadway wall. The attenuation degree is greater in the early stage than that in the late stage, and the velocity of gas convection transport is lower than the speed of the shock wave.The greater the outburst intensity is, the greater the pressure of the shock wave front is, and the higher the speed of the shock wave and gas flow is.

Study on Wave Field Characteristics and Imaging of Collapse Column in Three-Dimensional Detection with Love Channel Wave Reflected outside the Working Face

The safety accidents caused by collapse column water diversion occur frequently, which has great hidden danger to the safety production of coal mine. Limited by the space of underground, the detection of collapse column on the outside of working face has been a difficult problem. Based on this, numerical simulation and imaging research were carried out in this paper. The results indicate that when a seismic source near the roadway is excited, a part of seismic wave propagates along the roadway direction, namely direct P-wave, direct S-wave and direct Love channel wave. When the body waves and Love channel wave propagating to the outside of working face meet the interface of collapse column, the reflected Love channel wave and reflected body waves are generated. Reflection body waves and direct waves are mixed in time domain, which is difficult to identify in seismic records, while reflected Love channel wave whose amplitude is relatively strong. The reflected Love channel wave which has a large interval from other wave trains in the time domain is easily recognizable in seismic record, which makes it suitable for advanced detection of collapse column. The signal-to-noise ratio of X component is higher than that of Y component and Z component. According to the seismic records, polarization filtering was carried out to enhance the effective wave, which removed the interference waves, and the signal was migrated to get the position parameters of collapse column interface, which was basically consistent with the model position.

Long-term trend analysis of wave characteristics in the Bohai Sea based on interpolated ERA5 wave reanalysis from 1950 to 2020

Reasonably understanding of the long-term wave characteristics is very crucial for the ocean engineering.A feedforward neural network is operated for interpolating ERA5 wave reanalysis in this study,which embodies a detailed record from 1950 onwards.The spatiotemporal variability of wave parameters in the Bohai Sea,especially the significant wave height(SWH),is presented in terms of combined wave,wind wave and swell by employing the 71 years(1950–2020)of interpolated ERA5 reanalysis.Annual mean SWH decreases at−0.12 cm/a estimated by Theil-Sen estimator and 95th percentile SWH reflecting serve sea states decreases at−0.20 cm/a.Inter-seasonal analysis shows SWH of wind wave has steeper decreasing trend with higher slopes than that of swell,especially in summer and winter,showing the major decrease may attribute to the weakening of monsoon.The inner Bohai Sea reveals a general decreasing trend while the intersection connecting with the Yellow Sea has the lower significance derived by Mann-Kendall test.Meanwhile,95th percentile SWH decreases at a higher rate while with a lower significance in comparison with the mean state.The frequencies of mean wave directions in sub-sector are statistically calculated to find the seasonal prevailing directions.Generally,the dominant directions in summer and winter are south and north.A similar variation concerning to SWH,the trend of the mean wave period is provided,which also shows a decrease for decades.

Theoretical solution for wave diffraction by wedge or corner with arbitrary reflection characteristics

An exact analytic solution for wave diffraction by wedge or corner with arbitrary angle (rπ) and reflection coefficients (R0 and Rr) is presented in this paper. It is expressed in two forms-series and integral representations, corresponding recurrence relation and asymptotic expressions are also derived. The solution is simplified for some special cases of rπ. For Rr= R0,r= 1/N and Rr≠R0,r = 1/2N, the solution can be reduced to linear superpositions of incident and partially reflected waves, hence a nonlinear solution of forth order for this problem can be obtained by using the author's theory of nonlinear interaction among gravity surface waves. The given solution is related to inhomogeneous Robin boundary conditions, which include the Neumann boundary conditions usually accepted in wave diffraction theory.

A Comparative Study of Dispersion Characteristics Determination of a Trapezoidally Corrugated Slow Wave Structure Using Different Techniques

The linear dispersion relation of a trapezoidally corrugated slow wave structure （TCSWS） is analyzed and presented. The size parameters of the TCSWS are chosen in such a way that they operate in the x-band frequency range. The dispersion relation is solved by utilizing the Rayleigh-Fourier method by expressing the radial function in terms of the Fourier series. A highly accurate synthetic technique is also applied to determine the complete dispersion characteristics from experimentally measured resonances （cold test）. Periodic structures resonate at specific frequencies when the terminals are shorted numerical calculation, synthetic technique and cold appropriately. The dispersion characteristics obtained from test are compared, and an excellent agreement is achieved.

The Characteristics of the Shear-Vibrating Quartz Crystal Resonator

<正>According to the piezoelectric equation and the vibration theory of the quartz crystal,the relations between the vibrating frequency and structural parameters under the thickness-shear-vibration of AT-cut quartz crystal have been studied. The frequency conditions under which quartz crystal resonator formed stationary wave inside the electrode district and the transmission characteristics of wave outside the electrode district have also been discussed.A quartz crystal resonator was developed based on this analysis.The experiment showed that the force-sensing characteristics were independent of the fixation of the crystal edge.The detecting distinguish ability was up to 0.001°,and the short-term frequency stability was up to 1.38×10~ (-10)/min.

Laboratory-scale investigation of response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations under dynamic loading

In underground rock engineering,water-bearing faults may be subjected to dynamic loading,resulting in the coupling of hydraulic and dynamic hazards.Understanding the interaction mechanism between the stress waves induced by dynamic loadings and liquid-filled rock joints is therefore crucial.In this study,an auxiliary device for simulating the liquid-filled layer was developed to analyze the dynamic response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints in laboratory.Granite and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)specimens were chosen for testing,and high-amplitude shock waves induced by a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)were used to produce dynamic loadings.Impact loading tests were conducted on liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations.The energy propagation coefficient and peak liquid pressure were proposed to investigate the energy propagation and attenuation of waves propagating across the joints,as well as the dynamic response characteristics of the liquid in the liquid-filled rock joints.For the inclination angle range considered herein,the experimental results showed that the energy propagation coefficient gently diminished with increasing joint inclination,and smaller coefficient values were obtained for granite specimens compared with PMMA specimens.The peak liquid pressure exhibited a gradually decreasing trend with increasing joint inclination,and the peak pressure for granite specimens was slightly higher than that for PMMA specimens.Overall,this paper may provide a considerably better method for studying liquid-filled rock joints at the laboratory scale,and serves as a guide for interpreting the underlying mechanisms for interactions between stress waves and liquid-filled rock joints.

A Predictive 6G Network with Environment Sensing Enhancement:From Radio Wave Propagation Perspective

In order to support the future digital society,sixth generation(6G)network faces the challenge to work efficiently and flexibly in a wider range of scenarios.The traditional way of system design is to sequentially get the electromagnetic wave propagation model of typical scenarios firstly and then do the network design by simulation offline,which obviously leads to a 6G network lacking of adaptation to dynamic environments.Recently,with the aid of sensing enhancement,more environment information can be obtained.Based on this,from radio wave propagation perspective,we propose a predictive 6G network with environment sensing enhancement,the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics prediction enabled network(EWave Net),to further release the potential of 6G.To this end,a prediction plane is created to sense,predict and utilize the physical environment information in EWave Net to realize the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics prediction timely.A two-level closed feedback workflow is also designed to enhance the sensing and prediction ability for EWave Net.Several promising application cases of EWave Net are analyzed and the open issues to achieve this goal are addressed finally.

Dynamic Characteristics and Simplified Numerical Methods of An All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

There has been a growing trend in the development of offshore deep-water ports in China. For such deep sea projects, all-vertical-piled wharves are suitable structures and generally located in open waters, greatly affected by wave action. Currently, no systematic studies or simplified numerical methods are available for deriving the dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of all-vertical-piled wharves under wave cyclic loads. In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf with those of a traditional inshore high-piled wharf through numerical analysis; our research reveals that the vibration period of an all-vertical-piled wharf under cyclic loading is longer than that of an inshore high-piled wharf and is much closer to the period of the loading wave. Therefore, dynamic calculation and analysis should be conducted when designing and calculating the characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf. We establish a dynamic finite element model to examine the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and compare the results with those under wave equivalent static load; the comparison indicates that dynamic amplification of the structure is evident when the wave dynamic load effect is taken into account. Furthermore, a simplified dynamic numerical method for calculating the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf is established based on the P-Y curve. Compared with finite element analysis, the simplified method is more convenient to use and applicable to large structural deformation while considering the soil non-linearity. We confirmed that the simplified method has acceptable accuracy and can be used in engineering applications.

ON FREE WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC LAYERED MEDIA

The method of reverberation-ray matrix （MRRM） is extended and modified for the analysis of free wave propagation in anisotropic layered elastic media. A general, numerically stable formulation is established within the state space framework. The compatibility of physical variables in local dual coordinates gives the phase relation, from which exponentially growing functions are excluded. The interface and boundary conditions lead to the scattering relation, which avoids matrix inversion operation. Numerical examples are given to show the high accuracy of the present MRRM.

Hydrodynamic Analysis of Elastic Floating Collars in Random Waves

As the main load-bearing component of fish cages, the floating collar supports the whole cage and undergoes large deformations. In this paper, a mathematical method is developed to study the motions and elastic deformations of elastic floating collars in random waves. The irregular wave is simulated by the random phase method and the statistical approach and Fourier transfer are applied to analyze the elastic response in both time and frequency domains. The governing equations of motions are established by Newton＇s second law, and the governing equations of deformations are obtained based on curved beam theory and modal superposition method. In order to validate the numerical model of the floating collar attacked by random waves, a series of physical model tests are conducted. Good relationship between numerical simulation and experimental observations is obtained. The numerical results indicate that the transfer function of out-of-plane and in-plane deformations increase with the increasing of wave frequency. In the frequency range between 0.6 Hz and 1.1 Hz, a linear relationship exists between the wave elevations and the deformations. The average phase difference between the wave elevation and out-of-plane deformation is 60° with waves leading and the phase between the wave elevation and in-plane deformation is 10° with waves lagging. In addition, the effect of fish net on the elastic response is analyzed. The results suggest that the deformation of the floating collar with fish net is a little larger than that without net.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Surface Tidal Currents in the Southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M2 is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M2 tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity(PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity(MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.

Performance Evaluation of Advanced Wave Energy Converters in the Nearshore Areas of the North Indian Ocean

The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is a profound measure for mankind,whilst its development is severely restricted by the energy shortage of surrounding countries.As the core construction area of Maritime Silk Road,the North Indian Ocean is rich in wave energy.The development and utilization of wave energy not only can overcome energy shortage,but also promote communication between peripheral countries.However,previous researchers often focused on wave energy itself,without combining devices to analyze wave energy resources.Therefore,we conducted an overall assessment of wave energy resources using 20-year ERA5 data and determined the sites considered as superior for the construction of Wave Energy Farm(WEF)in the coastal areas.In order to point out which type of Wave Energy Converter(WEC)is best suited for the sites,we carried out the performance evaluation of eight advanced WECs using three parameters:the mean power output,the capacity factor and the capture width ratio.The results show that the performance of Wave Star is superior to other devices,which is supposed to be the primary consideration of the Wave Energy Farms(WEFs)in the future.