Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Shaxi Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits, Anhui Province

The Shaxi porphyry copper (gold) deposits are a typical example of porphyry copper deposits associated with diorite in eastern China. Quartz diorite, which hosts the deposits, has a Rb-Sr isochron age of 127.9 ± 1.6 Ma. Geochemically, the rock is rich in alkalis (especially sodium), light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), and has a relatively low initial strontium isotopic ratio (Isr=0.7058); thus it is the product of differentiation of crust-mantle mixing source magma. The model of alteration and mineralization zoning is similar to the Hollister (1974) diorite model. The ore fluids have a relatively high salinity and contain significant amounts of CO2, Ca2+, Na+ and ***CI?. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions for the main mineralization stage range from 280 to 420°C, the δ18O values of the ore fluids vary from 3.51 to 5.52 %, the δD values are in the range between ?82.4 and ?59.8 %, the δ34S values of sulphides vary from ?0.3 to 2.49 %, and the δ13C values of CO2 in inclusions range between ?2.66 and ?6.53 %. Isotope data indicate that the hydrothermal ore fluids and ore substances of the Shaxi porphyry copper (gold) deposits were mainly derived from magmatic systems.

Geological and geochemical characteristics of Middle Jurassic granites in Bengbu uplift, Southeast of North China craton

1 Introduction The early formation and evolution of the North China craton has been widely concerned by scientists.The Bengbu uplift belt is located in the southeast of the craton,theresearch degree of the belt is relatively low and received increasing attention from many scholars in recent years.Through the author’s practical work and combined with

Geological and geochemical characteristics and metallogenic model of the Wenquan molybdenum deposit

The Wenquan molybdenum deposit is a kind of large-sized porphyry molybdenum deposit found in re-cent years.In this paper,on the basis of deposit geology,geochemistry and isotope geochronology data,the metal-logenic model of this deposit was established.The Wenquan granitic batholith belongs to the K-rich(alkali-rich) calc-alkaline rock series,which is the mineralization parent rock.The rock massif shows the characteristics of both crust-remelting granite and mantle-source granite.At the same time,the data of REE contents,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and inclusion temperatures showed that the metallogenic hydrothermal solution is a mixed mesothermal solution of magmato-hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water.Mineralization was dated at 214±7.1 Ma,basically identical with the parent rock's age(207-226 Ma).This reflects that molybdenum mineralization has a close relation to tectonic magmatism evoked by orogenic processes,and molybdenum mineralization occurred mainly at the petrogenesis stage at the late stage of magma emplacement.Mixing with meteoric water led to a decrease in the sa-linity of magmato-hydrothermal solution and changes in other physical and chemical properties.During the tectonic process,ore-bearing hydrothermal solution ascended along favorable fault structure channels.With physicochemical changes,it filled in the surrounding rock joints on both sides of faults,forming ore deposits.

Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of picritic rocks in Permian Tiaohu Formation from Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

1 Introduction Santanghu Basin is located between the Armantai and Karamaili suture zone,at the junction of the Siberia,Kazakhstan and Tarim plates(Chen and Jahn,2004;Xiao et al.,2008).As an important part of the Central Asian

The abundance,distribution,and enrichment mechanism of harmful trace elements in coals from Guizhou,Southwestern China

Coal seams can enrich a variety of harmful trace elements under specific geological conditions.The spatial distribution of harmful trace elements in coal is extremely uneven,and the distribution characteristics of each element content are different.The harmful elements released in the process of coal mining and utilization will cause serious harm to the environment and the human body.It is of great resource significance to study the geochemistry of coal that affects the enrichment and distribution characteristics of harmful trace elements.Based on the domestic and foreign literature on coal geochemistry in Guizhou published by previous investigators,this study counted 1097 sample data from 23 major coal-producing counties in Guizhou Province,systematically summarized the relevant research results of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou,and revealed the overall distribution and enrichment characteristics of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou.The results show that the average contents of Cd,Pb,Se,Cu,Mo,U,V,As,Hg,and Cr in coal of Guizhou are higher than those in Chinese coal and world coal.A variety of harmful trace elements in the coal of Guizhou have high background values,especially in Liupanshui,Xingyi and Qianbei coalfield.The enrichment of various harmful trace elements in the Late Permian coal in Guizhou is mainly related to the combined action of various geological and geochemical factors.The supply of terrigenous debris and sedimentary environment may be the basic background of the enrichment of harmful elements in western Guizhou,while low-temperature hydrothermal activity and volcanic ash deposition may be the main reasons for the enrichment of harmful elements in southwestern Guizhou.

Prediction and quantification of effective gas source rocks in a lacustrine basin:Western Depression in the Liaohe Subbasin,China

Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas,estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential.However,the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine successions complicates the prediction of the presence and geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks.In this paper,the Liaohe Subbasin of Northeast China is used as an example to construct a practical methodology for locating effective gas source rocks in typical lacustrine basins.Three types of gas source rocks,microbial,oil-type,and coal-type,were distinguished according to the different genetic types of their natural gas.A practical three-dimensional geological model was developed,refined,and applied to determine the spatial distribution of the mudstones in the Western Depression of the Liaohe Subbasin and to describe the geochemical characteristics(the abundance,type,and maturation levels of the organic matter).Application of the model in the subbasin indicates that the sedimentary facies have led to heterogeneity in the mudstones,particularly with respect to organic matter types.The effective gas source rock model constructed for the Western Depression shows that the upper sequence(SQ2)of the Fourth member(Mbr 4)of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Fm)and the lower and middle sequences(SQ3 and SQ4)of the Third member(Mbr 3)form the principal gas-generating interval.The total volume of effective gas source rocks is estimated to be 586 km^(3).The effective microbial,oil-type,and coal-type gas source rocks are primarily found in the shallow western slope,the central sags,and the eastern slope of the Western Depression,respectively.This study provides a practical approach for more accurately identifying the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of effective natural gas source rocks,enabling a precise quantitative estimation of natural gas reserves.

Post-subdution evolution of the Northern Lhasa Terrane, Tibet: Constraints from geochemical anomalies, chronology and petrogeochemistry

Bangong-Nujiang collisional zone(BNCZ)is an older one in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and resulted in the famous Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt,which plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of plateau.The northern and central Lhasa Terrane composed the southern part of the BNCZ.Since ore deposits can be used as markers of geodynamic evolution,the authors carried 1∶50000 stream sedimental geochemical exploration in the Xiongmei area in the Northern Lhasa Terrane to manifest the mineralization,and based on this mineralization with geochemical and chronological characteristics of related magmatic rocks to constrain their geodynamics and connection with the evolution of the Lhasa Terrane.The authors find Early Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo mineralization,Late Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo,and W mineralization in the studying area.The results suggest a southward subduction,slab rolling back and break-off,and thickened lithosphere delamination successively occurred within the Northern Lhasa Terrane.

Geochemical Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Generation Modeling of the Paleocene Source Rocks in the Jiaojiang Sag,East China Sea Basin

Jiaojiang sag in the East China Sea Basin is at the earlier exploration stage,where characterizing hydrocarbon generation of source rocks is important to understand oil-gas exploration potential.Utilizing geochemical and basin modeling analysis,hydrocarbon generation capacity and process of the Paleocene E_(1)y,E_(1)l and E_(1)m formations were investigated.Results show that E_(1)y and E_(1)l mudstones are high-quality source rocks with Type Ⅱ kerogen,which is dominated by both aquatic organisms and terrestrial higher plants deposited in sub-reduced environment.E_(1)m mudstone interbedded with thin carbonaceous mudstone and coal is poor-quality source rock with Type Ⅲ kerogen,whose organic matter was originated from terrestrial higher plants under oxidized environment.Controlled by burial and maturity histories,E_(1)y and E_(1)l source rocks experienced two hydrocarbon generation stages,which took place in the Late Paleocene and in the Middle to Late Eocene,respectively,and had high hydrocarbon generation capacity with cumulative hydrocarbon volume of 363 and 328 mg/g,respectively.E_(1)m source rock only had one hydrocarbon generation process in the Late Eocene,which had low hydrocarbon generation capacity with cumulative hydrocarbon volume of only 24 mg/g.The future oil-gas exploration in the Jiaojiang sag should focus on hydrocarbon generation center and select targets in the central uplift formed before the Miocene with high-quality traps.

CHARACTERISTICS AND METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION OF AILAOSHAN GOLD METALLOGENIC BELTS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Observations made in different superlarge\|large gold deposits in Ailaoshan gold metallogenic belts, Yunnan Province, China, on the eastern margin of the Qingzang (Himalayas—Karakoram—Tibet) were investigated. Geotectonically, the study area is situated in the conjoint between the Tethys and Himalayas tectonic domain, characterized by very complex geological structure, with strongly influenced by the Himalayas in late development.1\ Regional geology and gold deposits\;Ailaoshan gold metallogenic belts is localized between Ailaoshan super lithospheric faults and Jiujia—Anding brittle\|ductile shear zone, with NNW\|trending about 250km long. To southward, Zhenyuan supergiant gold deposits, Mojiang large gold deposits, and Daping giant gold deposits hosted in low metamorphic volcanic\|sedimentary rocks (D—C). Ore types include gold\|bearing quartz veins, gold\|bearing altered rocks, and the mixing of the two types. Most of gold orebodies took their positions in the substructures of the brittle\|ductile shear zone.

Application of isolation forest to extract multivariate anomalies from geochemical exploration data

Constructing a statistical model that best fits the background is a key step in geochemical anomaly identification. But the model is hard to be constructed in situations where the sample population has unknown and/or complex distribution. Isolation forest is an outlier detection approach that explicitly isolates anomaly samples rather than models the population distribution. It can extract multivariate anomalies from huge-sized high-dimensional data with unknown population distribution. For this reason,we tentatively applied the method to identify multivariate anomalies from the stream sediment survey data of the Lalingzaohuo district,an area with a complex geological setting,in Qinghai Province in China. The performance of the isolation forest algorithm in anomaly identification was compared with that of a continuous restricted Boltzmann machine. The results show that the isolation forest model performs superiorly to the continuous restricted Boltzmann machine in multivariate anomaly identification in terms of receiver operating characteristic curve,area under the curve,and data-processing efficiency. The anomalies identified by the isolation forest model occupy 19% of the study area and contain 82% of the known mineral deposits,whereas the anomalies identified by the continuous restricted Boltzmann machine occupy 35% of the study area and contain 88% of the known mineral deposits. It takes 4. 07 and 279. 36 seconds respectively handling the dataset using the two models. Therefore,isolation forest is a useful anomaly detection method that can quickly extract multivariate anomalies from geochemical exploration data.

阿尔金山冰沟一带花岗岩地球化学特征及对大地构造的演化启示

本文对出露于阿尔金山冰沟构造岩浆岩带内冰沟序列花岗岩进行了岩石学、地球化学、和锆石SHRIMP UPb年代学研究。地球化学特征显示:花岗岩高硅、钠,低铁、镁、钙的特征,铝饱和指数为0.88~1.01,为准铝质“I”型花岗岩;富集Rb,Th和LREE,亏损Ta,Nb,Zr,Hf和HREE;大多具负铕异常,δEu值为0.52~0.62。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示:冰沟序列侵入岩中花岗闪长岩年龄为(410.7±11.9)Ma,二长花岗岩年龄为(418.5±9.6)Ma,辉长岩年龄为(449.5±10.9)Ma。结合区域地质、地球化学特征揭示花岗岩岩体形成于后碰撞伸展阶段,认为同碰撞挤压造山阶段向后碰撞伸展转换阶段时间节点约为440 Ma,后碰撞伸展作用和偏碱性岩浆活动时代为440~410 Ma,持续约30 Ma。晚奥陶世北阿尔金古洋盆闭合,在有限洋盆造山带(冰沟序列侵入岩)形成规模较大的消减活动板块边缘(岛弧或活动大陆边缘)构造岩浆岩带。

青海上庄含碳酸岩杂岩体的地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海上庄杂岩体为磷、铁、稀土矿化岩体,且磷矿石是磷肥生产的重要材料。上庄杂岩体包括超镁铁质岩、碱性正长岩和碳酸岩,碳酸岩主要为方解石碳酸岩,次为白云石碳酸岩,前人对辉石岩进行了详细的研究,然而,辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩整体的岩石成因和矿化机制还不清楚。文章开展了岩相学、全岩主微量元素、C-O-Sr-Nd同位素的研究。岩相学研究表明,岩石形成顺序为辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩。方解石碳酸岩的Sr、Ba含量分别为10928.13×10^(-6)、14293.18×10^(-6),δ^(13)C值为-4.72‰,表明其为火成碳酸岩。辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Sr、Ba,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf亏损,相似的微量元素配分型式及Sr-Nd同位素特征表明杂岩体具有共同的地幔源区,该地幔源区曾被俯冲物质交代而富集。研究表明,上庄偏碱性辉石岩-碱性正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体形成于俯冲向伸展环境转变的构造体制,幔源偏碱性碳酸质基性岩浆由于镁铁质矿物及磷灰石结晶形成Fe-P-REE富集的单斜辉石岩,残余熔体成分向长英质端元分异,形成正长岩,随后碳酸岩熔体可能由不混溶作用产生,形成碳酸岩,碳酸岩出溶的流体对正长岩交代可能是交代正长岩具较高稀土含量的原因。

赣南铁山垅一带水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向探讨

本文基于对铁山垅一带1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作,分析测试了19种元素,并分析总结了各元素地球化学的分布特征、异常特征。结果表明,该区W、Bi、As、Sb、Bi、Co、Se等元素相对富集,Hg、Ag等元素亏损较强;根据元素组合的特征,可将元素分为四组,即W、Sn、Mo、Bi、F高温元素组合,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd中温元素组合,Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg低温元素组合,Mn、Cr、Co、Ni亲铁元素组合;圈定了综合异常22处,找矿远景区2处;在铁山垅—白鹅钨铜多金属找矿远景区可主攻石英脉型钨铜多金属矿,石下—胎子岽钨找矿远景区可主攻隐爆角砾岩型钨矿。

北大别木子店地区早白垩世辉长岩地球化学特征及其对构造环境的指示

为揭示大别造山带基性岩的成因及构造背景,应用LA-ICP-MS锆石定年和地球化学分析,探讨了北大别木子店地区雷家湾辉长岩的成岩年龄、地球化学特征,并通过与安徽段基性—超基性岩对比,揭示了大别造山带基性—超基性岩成因和构造环境。结果显示,北大别木子店地区雷家湾辉长岩成岩年龄为122.3±1.0 Ma。雷家湾辉长岩的SiO2含量介于45.00%~50.69%之间,平均值为48.02%;Mg#值变化范围在45.62~53.49之间,平均值为47.86;K2O+Na2O含量变化于4.68%~7.03%之间,平均值为6.31%,属于碱性系列;富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Zr、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素;与安徽段基性—超基性岩具有相似的野外特征和岩石地球化学性质。岩石成因研究显示,雷家湾辉长岩的幔源母岩浆有地壳物质的加入,作用方式应该为源区的混合,地壳物质的加入可能与三叠纪以来扬子板块向华北板块俯冲后加厚岩石圈的拆沉作用有关。大别造山带130 Ma左右基性—超基性岩的出现可能暗示构造体制由挤压向伸展转换。

新疆伊宁地块坎苏一带LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄新资料及其地层归属

新疆伊宁地块坎苏一带原划泥盆纪坎苏组(变质)火山岩缺乏时代依据,前人或将其归为长城纪,或归为中—晚泥盆世,或归为晚石炭世,地层名称和区域对比也受此影响使用极混乱。在本区进行1∶5万区域地质调查时,对该套地层进行了层序恢复、原岩恢复,并对火山岩类进行了元素地球化学分析和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。研究认为,该套原划泥盆纪坎苏组(变质)火山岩中浅紫红色粗面岩和灰白色云母化英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为315.6±1.6 Ma和306.6±1.2 Ma,侵入于火山岩中的正长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为298.2±1.5 Ma,限定该套火山岩地质时代为晚石炭世。该套火山岩尽管遭受了较强烈的花岗岩类叠加变质和混染作用,但仍显示出大陆裂谷构造环境信息,总体与区域上的晚石炭世伊什基里克组可对比。据此,将原划泥盆纪坎苏组新厘定为晚石炭世伊什基里克组,为该套火山地层时代归属及区域对比提供了确凿证据。

水热活动带下的隧道热害特征与成因分析

滇西地区的地热资源丰富,部分隧道工程在穿越水热活动带时会面临高温挑战,严重影响施工质量与进度。为揭示水热活动带下的隧道热害特征,以腾越隧道为例,采用地质构造勘察法和温泉地球化学分析方法对该区域内的水热活动循环模式进行了研究;基于大地热流值对区域地温带进行了划分,利用SiO_(2)地热温标对隧道热害进行了预测。分析结果表明:受地质构造影响,该区域水热活动的热源来自火山岩浆,褶皱与断裂是热水循环增温的主要通道,水源补给则来自大气降雨,热水循环、增温、径流期间的水岩反应导致水体Ca^(2+)上升;腾越隧道沿线以中、低温地热系统为主,该区域内的热量传递以热传导为主,隧道全线的热害占比高达87.3%。

广西藤县古奔地区化探异常特征和金矿找矿前景预测

广西藤县古奔地区位于大瑶山成矿带中东部,区域上成矿地质背景良好,金矿点分布较多,已发现和进行开采的金矿床(点)多为中、小型,数量达30多处,矿床类型主要为石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩。基于前人基础地质工作和矿床研究,与区域上典型金矿的地质特征及矿床成因进行对比,结合本次化探异常特征进行了研究,分析古奔地区已发现未进行开采金矿体的地质特征和成矿预测,提出了该区寻找金矿的找矿前景。

A组煤底板灰岩地质异常体地震响应特征研究

淮南矿区A组煤的安全高效开采是保证华东地区能源供应的重要前提,准确掌握地下煤层的构造形态、发育情况是安全生产和减少事故发生的必要条件。以张集矿1613A工作面为工程背景,采用被动成像和噪声成像技术,对工作面顶底板的微地震监测资料进行分析,工作面已注浆治理的断层破碎带附近微地震事件较多,最深达到工作面下方约80 m的位置,有效验证了该断层破碎带的存在。通过反演的方法分析检波器中接收到的波形信号,获取工作面附近的波速场信息;利用西二、西三_(1)煤采区三维偏移数据体,计算了多种属性,研究了已揭示地质异常体的地震响应特征和属性特征,发现本区构造与地质异常体的研究需要特别注意蚂蚁体、最大曲率、最小曲率、局部异常、落差5个属性的指示作用。研究表明,以三维偏移数据体为基础,提取的各个属性对大断层均有显示,能够进行有效解释;对落差较小断层显示较好的属性是蚂蚁体属性和最大曲率、最小曲率、局部异常、落差属性。

Rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion in Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit, Tongling area, Anhui province, China

Dongguashan deposit is a large porphyry-skarn copper（gold） deposit in Tongling ore district. The Qingshanjiao intermediate acid intrusion of Yanshanian had a direct genetic relationship with mineralization. The magma origin, rock-forming dynamic background and rock-forming process were studied, and the rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion was discussed, based on geological characteristics, detailed observation of petrography and systematic investigation of petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics of Qingshanjiao intrusion. The results show that Qingshanjiao rock body belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series with higher LREE elements, Th, Rb and Sr abundance, but depleted in HREE elements, Ba, Nb and Ta. The primary magma originated from the mantle-crust mixtures which were caused by basaltic magma of mantle mixing with syenite magma of partial melting of the lower crust, and the formation environment of Qingshanjiao intrusion was emplaced in the transitional environment from compression to extension. The Harker diagram and hybrid structures of plagioclase and potassium feldspar indicate that the fractional crystallization occurred in the process of magmatic evolution. The petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics indicate that the magma was contaminated by crustal material during the rock-forming. These results suggested that the Qingshanjiao intrusion was formed by fractional crystallization and assimilation and hybridization of mantle-crust magma in the transitional environment from compression to extensional.

甘肃省徽县孙家沟金锑矿地球化学特征及找矿标志

徽县孙家沟金锑矿大地构造位于秦祁昆造山系-秦岭弧盆系-泽库前陆盆地,属岷县鹿儿坝-两当广金坝金汞锑成矿带内崖湾-大桥锑金成矿带的东延(五级成矿带)。区域地层复杂、构造发育,岩浆岩活动强烈,成矿地质背景良好,成矿条件有利。在总结成矿地质背景、地球化学特征的基础上,提出了找矿标志,为今后地质勘查提供一定的参考。