Experiment Study on the Ending Criteria of Charge and Discharge of Nickel-Hydride Battery

Charge and discharge characteristics of Ni/MH batteries are investigated with experiments. During battery’s working, the voltage, capacity, temperature and internal resistance were recorded, corresponding curves were depicted. Variations of the aforementioned four parameters are differently obvious. Ending criteria of charge and discharge of Ni/MH batteries are discussed on the basis of the curves. Voltage, capacity and temperature of a battery can be used as ending criteria during charge. When discharge takes place, voltage, capacity and internal resistance can be chosen as ending criteria. As a whole, capacity is more suitable for being used as ending criteria of charge and discharge than the other three parameters. At last, the capacity of a battery is recommended to be ending criteria of charge and discharge. The conclusions will provide references to different capacity Ni/MH batteries for electric vehicles.

Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

Simulation Studies of Rib Structure Effect on Discharge Characteristics of Plasma Display Panel

To investigate the effect of the rib structure on the discharge characteristics of the plasma display panel, the potential distribution, particles density distribution and ions incident angle distribution were examined by simulation of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision, with two kinds of rib structure： the stripe rib structure and the Waffle rib structure. The results showed that the distribution of electric potential at the corner of the discharge cell was almost the same for these two rib structures while in the centre there was a difference between these two rib structures. The striation phenomenon could be observed in both cases. The distribution of density also indicated that the striation phenomenon was accompanied by the firing of discharge, and the Waffle rib structure might reduce the density humps. In the cell with a stripe rib structure, the profiles of the surface charge density along the sustained dielectric layer presented a better fluctuating distribution than that in the cell with a Waffle rib structure. The spatial potential and particle density in the discharge bulk showed that the Waffle ribs could weaken the striation phenomenon, which could be explained by the decrease in the particle numbers in the discharge cell. The simulation results of the ion incident angle showed that most ions impacted the sustained dielectric layer in the normal stripe rib cell with an incident angle in the range of 6° to 19° while with the Waffle rib structure the incident angle of most ions was in the range of 4° to 19°. The Waffle rib structure did not affect the angle distribution of incident ions significantly.

Characteristics of Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges in Atmospheric Helium Microplasmas

Microplasmas are very interesting due to their unique properties and achievable regimes maintained at atmospheric pressures. Due to the small scales, numerical modeling could contribute to the understanding of underlying phenomena as it provides access to local parameters--and complements experimental global characteristics. A self-consistent formalism, applied to nanosecond pulsed atmospheric non-equilibrium helium plasmas, reveals that several successive discharges can persist as a result of a combined volume and dielectric surface effects. The valuable insights provided by the spatiotemporal simulation results show the critical importance of coupled gas and plasma dynamics--namely gas heating and electric field reversals.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Electrical Discharges in Planetary Atmospheres： Review and Selected Experiments

Beyond Earth,electrical discharges have also been observed,or postulated to exist,on other bodies of the Solar System.In this work the state of the art of research on electrical discharges in the atmosphere of several planets and one moon is reported.The main charging mechanisms as well as the discharge characteristics and its effect on the atmosphere are discussed.Some of the current research activities being carried out by the author’s team are also reported.The lab simulations can achieve realistic plasma parameters;for example:the arc temperature in the lab was found to be 33 000 K which compares favourably with field observations reporting temperatures～30 000K.The lab work with a synthetic Mars atmosphere allow us to predict that the conjunction of electrostatic discharges and the presence of water ice could lead to the production of methane with an efficiency of up to 1021molecules per joule of applied energy.

Flow-rate Characteristics Measurement of Regulators Based on the Pressure Response in an Isothermal Tank

Regulators are important components in pneumatic system, and their flow-rate characteristics are the key parameters for designers. According to the correlatively international standard and national standard of China, which describe the flow-rate characteristics measurement method of pneumatic regulators, the pressure and the flow are measured point by point, and then the flow-rate characteristics curve is plotted point to point. This method has some disadvantages, such as equipment complexity, much air consumption, and low efficiency. To settle the problems presented above, this paper puts forward a new high efficient and energy saving flow-rate characteristics measurement method of regulators, which is based on the pressure response when charging and discharging to an isothermal tank without any flow meters. The measurement principle, the system and the steps are introduced. And the tracking differentiator is used for the data processing of the pressure difference. Two typical kinds of regulators were experimentally investigated, and their flow-rate characteristics curves were obtained with the new and the conventional method, respectively. Comparatively, it＇s proved that this new method is feasible because it is not only able to meet the demand of the measurement precision, but also to save energy and improve efficiency. Compared to the conventional method, the new method takes only about 1/10 amount of time and consumes about only 1/30 amount of air. Hopefully it will be able to serve as an international standard of flow-rate characteristics measurement method of regulators.

Study on performance of a packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage unit integrated with solar water heating system

In thermal systems such as solar thermal and waste heat recovery systems, the available energy supply does not usually coincide in time with the process demand. Hence some form of thermal energy storage (TES) is necessary for the most effective utilization of the energy source. This study deals with the experimental evaluation of thermal performance of a packed bed latent heat TES unit integrated with solar flat plate collector. The TES unit contains paraffin as phase change material (PCM) filled in spherical capsules, which are packed in an insulated cylindrical storage tank. The water used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) to transfer heat from the solar collector to the storage tank also acts as sensible heat storage material. Charging experiments were carried out at varying inlet fluid temperatures to examine the effects of porosity and HTF flow rate on the storage unit performance. The performance parameters such as instantaneous heat stored, cumulative heat stored, charging rate and system efficiency are studied. Discharging experiments were carried out by both continuous and batchwise processes to recover the stored heat, and the results are presented.

Discharge Characteristics of Long SF6 Gas Gap with and Without Insulator in GIS Under VFTO and LI

Gas insulator switchgears(GISs),widely used in electric power systems for decades,have many advantages due to their compactness,minimal environmental impact,and long maintenance cycles.However,very fast transient overvoltage(VFTO)increases caused by a rise in voltage levels can lead to GIS insulation failures.In this paper,a generating system of VFTO and standard lightning impulse(LI)is established.The insulation characteristics of SF6 gas with and without insulators under VFTO and standard LI are investigated.Experimental results show that the 50%breakdown voltages of the inhomogeneous electric field rod-plane gap under positive VFTO and standard LI are higher than that under negative VFTO and standard LI.The research shows that the 50%breakdown voltage under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI at 0.5 MPa for the negative polarity.Moreover,the polarity effect of the insulator without defect is different from that with defect.Similarly,the breakdown voltage of the defective insulator under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI by 8%.The flashover channel under VFTO is seen as more than that under standard LI.Based on the analysis of discharge images and experimental results,it is concluded that the polarity effect is related to the distortion effect of ion clusters formed by SF6 on the electric field.Additionally,the steepness and front time of impulse plays an important role in the initiation and further development of discharge on insulator surface.Finally,the research shows that different discharge characteristics between VFTO and standard LI may be caused by different wave fronts and oscillation on the tails of the impulses.

Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.

Recent developments in thermal characteristics of surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators driven by sinusoidal high-voltage power

Flow control using surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD)plasma actuators driven by a sinusoidal alternating-current power supply has gained significant attention from the aeronautic industry.The induced flow field of the plasma actuator,with the starting vortex in the wall jet,plays an important role in flow control.However,the energy consumed for producing the induced flow field is only a small fraction of the total energy utilized by the plasma actuator,and most of the total energy is used in gas heating and dielectric heating.Therefore,an in-depth analysis of the thermal characteristics of the plasma actuator is the key to develop its potential capability further.In addition,compared with the investigation on the aerodynamic characteristics of the plasma actuator,there is a relative lack of detail in the study of its thermal characteristics.Understanding the thermal characteristics of the plasma actuator is of great interest for providing a deeper insight into the underlying working principles,advancing its numerical simulation model,prolonging its life,and achieving several potential engineering applications,such as antiicing and deicing.The present paper reviews the thermal characteristics of the plasma actuator,summarizes the influence of the dielectric film and actuation parameters on heating,and discusses the formation and transfer mechanism of the induced heating based on the discharge regimes of the plasma actuator in one cycle.

纳米多孔碳孔径对SrBr_(2)化学蓄放热性能的影响

溴化锶(SrBr_(2))被认为是化学蓄热领域最有前景的材料之一。为探究载体孔径大小对SrBr_(2)蓄放热性能的影响,分别以孔径为10、30、50和100 nm的纳米多孔碳(NCP)为载体,采用浸渍法制备多孔碳基SrBr_(2)复合材料。通过XRD、SEM和BET对复合材料的微观形貌结构进行表征,并通过水合实验和同步热分析对其蓄放热性能进行测试。结果表明,复合材料的吸水量和蓄热密度随孔径先增大后减小,存在最优载体孔径。其中,NCP50-SrBr_(2)具有最优的平衡吸水量和蓄热密度,分别为0.703 g/g和1198.62 kJ/kg。NCP50-SrBr_(2)表现出更快的反应速率,在水合反应30min后蓄热密度可达945.34kJ/kg。研究结果可为纳米尺度定向调控化学蓄热材料性能提供理论依据。

电力推进船舶磷酸铁锂电池工作性能研究

介绍了船舶电力推进系统的优势及应用,比较了磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂、钴酸锂、镍酸锂等常见锂电池的参数,阐述了电力推进船舶采用磷酸铁锂电池的优势与特点,分析了磷酸铁锂电池的应用前景。最后,设计磷酸铁锂电池充放电实验、充放电特性实验以及开路电压特性实验,分别研究了磷酸铁锂电池的容量特性、充放电特性以及开路电压特性,为后继开展更深入的研究提供了参考。

高功率密度中高频变压器绝缘与散热研究进展与展望

围绕大容量电力电子变压器的发展需求,针对其中关键部件“高功率密度中高频变压器”的绝缘与散热研究进行综述分析。高功率密度对固体绝缘与散热性能提出新的挑战。首先,论述了高功率密度中高频变压器设计与应用时绝缘和散热的矛盾。其次,主要论述了高频绝缘失效的研究进展,包括绝缘击穿、局部放电、沿面放电、电树枝劣化等特性。然后,分析了目前高频绝缘的失效机理研究,包括热击穿、空间电荷效应、高频电导与自由体积效应。最后,论述了高频绝缘寿命的研究,分析了频率、温度、电压变化率du/dt等对绝缘耐电晕寿命的影响以及寿命模型。基于研究进展,提出了高频绝缘与散热的研究展望。该文综述研究对大容量电力电子变压器的设计与应用具有重要意义。

大功率充电连接器相变冷却换热特性研究

直流大功率快充技术可显著缩短电动汽车充电时间,缓解充电焦虑,然而在高电压、大电流下,充电连接器的温度短时间内急剧上升,将降低连接器使用寿命且易引发安全问题。为此,提出一种适用于大功率充电连接器的高效相变冷却技术,分别对单相和相变冷却性能进行数值建模分析,研究了冷却液种类、流量、套管厚度等参数对冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明,充电时长为5 min,加载电流为600 A时,采用40℃水单相冷却可将电缆温度降低至69℃,而采用R134a两相相变冷却则可将电缆温度降低至40℃以下。电缆温度随两相冷却液流量增加而降低,随套管厚度增加而增加,套管厚度相较冷却液流量对电缆温度的影响更为显著。

基于风冷的锂离子电池充放电设备热特性影响研究

针对锂离子电池充放电设备内电池组温升过高、温度一致性不好的问题,以风冷系统充放电设备为研究对象,基于数值传热学理论,建立热力学计算模型并结合测试验证。通过抽象充放电设备散热特征,提取了两个影响电池组热特性的主要因素。针对不同托盘通风结构及不同风机布局分别设计了研究方案,并分析了不同托盘通风孔、不同托盘环形风口、不同风机位置及不同风机数量对电池组热特性及充放电设备流场的影响。结果表明:充放电设备放电温升测试数据与仿真数据接近,说明热力学模型准确;托盘通风孔对电池组热特性有一定积极影响,但作用有限;托盘环形风口通过提升电池表面湍动能强度,增强电池表面对流换热效果,从而对电池组热特性起关键作用;风机位置正对电池时,电池组具备更好的换热效果;风机数量与电池组热特性呈正相关关系,当风机数量为6时,既能满足电池组热特性,又能提高系统能耗。研究结果可为锂离子电池充放电设备的热特性管理提供一定的指导。

面向并联环流最小化的垂直式矩阵型重力储能系统多机协调控制

重力储能利用高度落差对固体重物储能介质进行升降,实现储能系统的充放电。和抽水蓄能相比,由于其具有不依赖水资源、选址灵活等特点,应用前景广泛。为提高重力储能系统的充放电运行效率,研究了面向多机并联功率环流最小化的垂直式矩阵型重力储能系统多机协调控制问题。首先,基于PSCAD/EMTDC构建垂直式矩阵型重力储能系统模型,分析了其充放电特性;其次,通过对重力储能系统多机并联运行时产生的机组间功率环流机理及抑制问题进行分析,提出了基于重力储能系统双层控制架构的多个机组间协调控制方法,该控制方法可在快速满足电网侧功率充放电需求的同时,实现并联运行机组间的功率环流最小化,提高了重力储能系统的充放电运行效率,最后,仿真结果验证了上述多机协调控制策略的有效性。

空间等离子体环境对高压太阳电池静电放电特性研究

随着3D打印等新技术的空间应用,新一代航天装备对能源系统的功率需求将日益增加。运行于低地球轨道航天器将面临低能高密度等离子体环境,导致高压太阳电池阵产生静电放电效应。通过模拟低轨道等离子体环境特点,测试了不同等离子体能量、密度以及电池偏置电压下高压太阳电池静电放电试验,揭示了等离子体参数对放电特性的影响规律。研究结果显示,当高压太阳电池的偏置电压达到-70 V时,静电放电现象开始显现,并且随着偏置电压幅值的增加,静电放电频次也相应增多。此外,空间等离子体的密度越大,越容易诱发静电放电,而轨道等离子体的能量对静电放电次数的影响则相对较小。

极限工况下储能电池包热适应性

对液冷储能电池包进行室温环境下热仿真分析,与相同工况下电池包热测试结果进行对比分析,并结合实际工艺水平对热仿真参数进行调整以对标测试结果,保证测点的仿真值与实验值误差在1℃之内。利用相同热仿真参数对高温及低温的极限环境工况对电池包进行热仿真计算,其中高温工况电芯发热状态为放电末态,低温工况为电芯静置状态。计算结果表明高温工况下电芯平均温度为39.2℃,最高温度为41.2℃,低温工况下电芯平均温度为7.8℃,最低温度为3.7℃,表明该型液冷电池包产品在极限环境下均可以让电芯处在正常工作温度区间。运用本文所述热仿真方法可以较为全面地分析电池包在极限环境下电池包的热状态,在实验成本较高或条件无法满足的情况下评估储能系统热性能。

具有优异储能性能与充放电特性的类线性NaNbO_(3)基无铅弛豫反铁电陶瓷

反铁电材料由于电场诱导的反铁电-铁电相变而在高性能介质储能电容器应用中显示出极大的潜力。然而,场致相变带来大的极化滞后使得反铁电材料难以同时获得高储能密度(Wrec)和高储能效率(η)。本工作通过在0.76NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)中引入第三组元Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)调控其弛豫特性,改善了NaNbO_(3)基无铅反铁电陶瓷的储能性能。采用传统固相合成法制备了(0.76–x)NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)-xBi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)无铅弛豫反铁电陶瓷材料,并研究了该材料的相结构、微观形貌以及介电、储能和充放电特性。结果表明,引入Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)在不改变基体反铁电正交R相结构的基础上明显增强了陶瓷的介电弛豫特性,显著减小了陶瓷的极化滞后性。特别是在x=0.050组成中实现了具有极低滞后的类线性电滞回线。同时,陶瓷的显微形貌还得到明显改善,介电常数降低,击穿场强显著提高。因此,x=0.050的组成在30 kV/mm的中等电场下同时获得了高的储能密度Wrec=3.5 J/cm^(3)与储能效率η=93%。此外,x=0.050组成还显示出优异的充放电特性,在20 kV/mm下具有高功率密度PD=131(1±1%)MW/cm^(3)、高放电能量密度WD=1.66(1±6%)J/cm^(3)以及快的放电速率t0.9<290 ns。该充放电特性在25~125℃的宽温区内保持良好的稳定性。这些研究结果表明,0.71NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)-0.050Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)陶瓷是一种非常有应用潜力的高功率储能电容器介质材料。