This paper was to study the effect of irrigation and rainfall on water consumption characteristics and yield of high yield highland barley in Tibet river valley.In pots, highland barley-25 of Tibet was used as the tes...This paper was to study the effect of irrigation and rainfall on water consumption characteristics and yield of high yield highland barley in Tibet river valley.In pots, highland barley-25 of Tibet was used as the test material to provide eight water stress treatments： normal water, slight water stress, middle water stress, and severe water stress in two environmental conditions（the whole growth period water stress and the rainwater irrigation after filling stage）. Test results indicated that water consumption increased with soil water rise. The maximum consumption of water was at the joining stage and filling stage. And then, the results showed that under rainwater irrigation treatment, the more the soil moisture was, the more the water consumption was. The water stress in whole highland barely growth period reduced biomass and yield. Compared with that of normal water treatment, biomass of slight water stress, middle water stress and severe water stress treatment was decreased by 29.9%, 41.7% and 47.6%, respectively, and yield of the three treatments was decreased by 15.8%, 43.7% and 57.2%, respectively. But rainfall after filling stage was beneficial to biomass and yield of highland barely. Compared with water stress on whole growth period, the biomass and yield of rainfall treatments after the filling stage were increased by 13%, 75.8%, 128.1%, 157.8% and 42.8%, 84%, 201.6%,and 269.5%. The results indicated that biomass and yield of rainwater irrigation after the filling stage had compensatory effect for highland barley growth under water stress, and could improve the water use efficiency. Therefore, properly rainwater usage is beneficial to the increase of yield and water use efficiency of Tibet highland barley-25 under water stress.展开更多
To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2...To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2000, with the LI 1600 Steady Porometer and the general weather information. The daily variation of transpiration in black locust forest ( Robinia pesudoacacia L.) is modeled by Penman Monteith equation. As a result of the model, a continuous daily transpiration in the growth season was calculated. The net radiation, intercepted by black locust forest canopy, was acquired from a semi empirical equation of measuring net radiation R n with the extinction coefficient k and leaf area index LAI . The canopy integral stomatic resistance is a mimesis with an empirical equation of measuring data. Compared with measuring data, the relative error of the modeled ones is less than 12% averagely. At last, the total transpiration of black locust forest during the period of 1998 and 2000 in the growth season of May to October, as an average transpiration of the different density stands, were 192 46, 187 07 and 195 59?mm respectively.展开更多
Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of til...Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.展开更多
Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an impo...Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013-2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.展开更多
为明确宽幅精播条件下冬小麦高产高效的适宜施氮量,于2020—2022年在山东省兖州小麦试验站进行田间试验,供试品种为济麦22。在宽幅精播条件下,设置5个处理,分别为不施氮(N0)、施氮150 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、210 kg hm^(-...为明确宽幅精播条件下冬小麦高产高效的适宜施氮量,于2020—2022年在山东省兖州小麦试验站进行田间试验,供试品种为济麦22。在宽幅精播条件下,设置5个处理,分别为不施氮(N0)、施氮150 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、210 kg hm^(-2)(N3)、240 kg hm^(-2)(N4),研究施氮量对冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶衰老特性、荧光特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,N2处理显著增加了60~120 cm土层土壤水分的吸收利用,与N3和N4处理相比,N2处理有效减少了开花前无效分蘖的水分消耗,降低了总耗水量。N2处理开花后日耗水量高,显著增加了旗叶抗氧化酶活性,其开花后14~28 d旗叶荧光参数显著高于其他处理。N2和N3处理籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,但N2处理氮肥农学效率最高,较N1、N3、N4处理分别高6.88%、10.60%、45.37%(2020—2021年)和7.03%、13.56%、43.71%(2021—2022年)。综上所述,施氮180 kg hm^(-2)处理可提高冬小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收利用,增加开花至成熟期阶段耗水量,延缓旗叶衰老,提高籽粒产量与水氮利用效率,是本试验条件下的最优处理。展开更多
基金Supported by National Barley and Highland Barley Industry Technology System Program(CARS-05-01A)~~
文摘This paper was to study the effect of irrigation and rainfall on water consumption characteristics and yield of high yield highland barley in Tibet river valley.In pots, highland barley-25 of Tibet was used as the test material to provide eight water stress treatments： normal water, slight water stress, middle water stress, and severe water stress in two environmental conditions（the whole growth period water stress and the rainwater irrigation after filling stage）. Test results indicated that water consumption increased with soil water rise. The maximum consumption of water was at the joining stage and filling stage. And then, the results showed that under rainwater irrigation treatment, the more the soil moisture was, the more the water consumption was. The water stress in whole highland barely growth period reduced biomass and yield. Compared with that of normal water treatment, biomass of slight water stress, middle water stress and severe water stress treatment was decreased by 29.9%, 41.7% and 47.6%, respectively, and yield of the three treatments was decreased by 15.8%, 43.7% and 57.2%, respectively. But rainfall after filling stage was beneficial to biomass and yield of highland barely. Compared with water stress on whole growth period, the biomass and yield of rainfall treatments after the filling stage were increased by 13%, 75.8%, 128.1%, 157.8% and 42.8%, 84%, 201.6%,and 269.5%. The results indicated that biomass and yield of rainwater irrigation after the filling stage had compensatory effect for highland barley growth under water stress, and could improve the water use efficiency. Therefore, properly rainwater usage is beneficial to the increase of yield and water use efficiency of Tibet highland barley-25 under water stress.
基金SupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(39970 6 2 2 )andtheTeachingandResearchAwardProgramforYongCadremanTeachersinHigherEducationInstitutionsofMOE P .R .China
文摘To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2000, with the LI 1600 Steady Porometer and the general weather information. The daily variation of transpiration in black locust forest ( Robinia pesudoacacia L.) is modeled by Penman Monteith equation. As a result of the model, a continuous daily transpiration in the growth season was calculated. The net radiation, intercepted by black locust forest canopy, was acquired from a semi empirical equation of measuring net radiation R n with the extinction coefficient k and leaf area index LAI . The canopy integral stomatic resistance is a mimesis with an empirical equation of measuring data. Compared with measuring data, the relative error of the modeled ones is less than 12% averagely. At last, the total transpiration of black locust forest during the period of 1998 and 2000 in the growth season of May to October, as an average transpiration of the different density stands, were 192 46, 187 07 and 195 59?mm respectively.
基金the supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171498 and 31401334)the Project of Technology System in Modern Wheat Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, China (CARS-3-1-19)
文摘Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203031)。
文摘Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013-2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.
文摘为明确宽幅精播条件下冬小麦高产高效的适宜施氮量,于2020—2022年在山东省兖州小麦试验站进行田间试验,供试品种为济麦22。在宽幅精播条件下,设置5个处理,分别为不施氮(N0)、施氮150 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、210 kg hm^(-2)(N3)、240 kg hm^(-2)(N4),研究施氮量对冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶衰老特性、荧光特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,N2处理显著增加了60~120 cm土层土壤水分的吸收利用,与N3和N4处理相比,N2处理有效减少了开花前无效分蘖的水分消耗,降低了总耗水量。N2处理开花后日耗水量高,显著增加了旗叶抗氧化酶活性,其开花后14~28 d旗叶荧光参数显著高于其他处理。N2和N3处理籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,但N2处理氮肥农学效率最高,较N1、N3、N4处理分别高6.88%、10.60%、45.37%(2020—2021年)和7.03%、13.56%、43.71%(2021—2022年)。综上所述,施氮180 kg hm^(-2)处理可提高冬小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收利用,增加开花至成熟期阶段耗水量,延缓旗叶衰老,提高籽粒产量与水氮利用效率,是本试验条件下的最优处理。
