High-throughput characterization methods for lithium batteries

The development of high-performance lithium ion batteries requires the discovery of new materials and the optimization of key components.By contrast with traditional one-by-one method,high-throughput method can synthesize and characterize a large number of compositionally varying samples,which is able to accelerate the pace of discovery,development and optimization process of materials.Because of rapid progress in thin film and automatic control technologies,thousands of compounds with different compositions could be synthesized rapidly right now,even in a single experiment.However,the lack of rapid or combinatorial characterization technologies to match with high-throughput synthesis methods,limit the application of high-throughput technology.Here,we review a series of representative highthroughput characterization methods used in lithium batteries,including high-throughput structural and electrochemical characterization methods and rapid measuring technologies based on synchrotron light sources.

Research progress on multiscale structural characteristics and characterization methods of iron ore sinter

At present,blast furnace ironmaking is still the main process for producing molten iron,and sinters are the main raw material for blast furnace ironmaking.A sinter with good metallurgical performance can not only ensure smooth operation of the blast furnace but also reduce the blast furnace fuel ratio and increase the molten iron production.Structure is the most important factor affecting the metallurgical properties of the sinter.Thus,the research progress of sinter pore and mineral phase structures was reviewed and the mechanism by which they influence sinter properties was expounded.Multiscale characterization methods for the sinter and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced,and the future research direction of sinter was discussed.

Screening,Preparation,Characterization and Solubility of Polymorphic Forms of Ethinyl Estradiol

Ethinyl estradiol（EE） as a contraceptive,（17α）-19-nopregna-1,3,5-（10）-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol（formula： C（20）H（24）O2, molecular weight： 296.4, CAS number： 57-63-6）, is known to have different pseudo-polymorphic forms. Some EE polymorphs have been synthesized by means of physical or chemical methods, characterized by X-ray powder diffraction（XRPD）, thermogravimetric（TG）, differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and IR spectra. Dissolution profile was tested by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）. Meanwhile, the crystal structure of the new EE solvate（formamide） was characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis（SXRD）. The results confirmed that EE existed polymorphism. Five crystal forms of EE were presented and two of them were reported firstly. Furthermore, five polymorphs＇ dissolution curves were drawn and they could be identified by several analysis methods. Our study on polymorphs of EE could provide a variety of crystal material composition, preparation methods and solubility.

Characterization of interfaces: Lessons from the past for the future of perovskite solar cells

A photovoltaic technology historically goes through two major steps to evolve into a mature technology. The first step involves advances in materials and is usually accompanied by the rapid improvement of power conversion efficiency. The second step focuses on interfaces and is usually accompanied by significant stability improvement. As an emerging generation of photovoltaic technology, perovskite solar cells are transitioning to the second step of their development when a significant focus shifts toward interface studies and engineering. While various interface engineering strategies have been developed, interfacial characterization is crucial to show the effectiveness of interfacial modification. Here, we review the characterization techniques that have been utilized in studying interface properties in perovskite solar cells. We first summarize the main roles of interfaces in perovskite solar cells, and then we discuss some typical characterization methodologies for morphological, optical,and electrical studies of interfaces. Successful experiences and existing problems are analyzed when discussing some commonly used methods. We then analyze the challenges and provide an outlook for further development of interfacial characterizations. This review aims to evoke strengthened research devotion on novel and persuasive interfacial engineering.

A Noveland Simple Creep Testing Method and Its Use in Measuring the Creep of Solder

A simple creep testing method is presented which involves using coiled specimens. With this method, a single experiment can give all the data required for a plot of strain rate versus stress. The value of the stress-expo-nent of room temperature steady-state creep a Pb-61. 5wt %Sn solder was measured in this way to be 1. 06,aselected from a diffusion creep mechanism.

Structural,electrical and magnetic studies on Y-Fe-O system

The compounds of iron substituted yttrium oxide systems have been prepared for the importance in the field of magneto electric materials.The polycrystalline samples of Y2–xFexO3–y(x=0.1,0.2) were prepared by solid-state reaction method.The single-phase formation of these compounds was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies.It was found that the samples crystallized in tetragonal phase and the lattice parameters were calculated as a=1.0559(7) nm,c=1.0832(9) nm for Y1.9Fe0.1O3–y and a=1.0545(6) nm,c=1.0841(8)...

Charactering and optimizing cathode electrolytes interface for advanced rechargeable batteries:Promises and challenges

With the advancement of secondary batteries,interfacial properties of electrode materials have been recognized as essential factors to their electrochemical performance.However,the majority of investigations are devoted into advanced electrode materials synthesis,while there is insufficient attention paid to regulate their interfaces.In this regard,the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)at anode part has been studied for 40 years,already achieving remarkable outcomes on improving the stability of anode candidates.Unfortunately,the study on the cathode electrolyte interfaces(CEI)remains in infancy,which constitutes a potential restriction to the capacity contribution,stability and safety of cathodes.In fact,the native CEI generally possesses unfavorable characteristics against structural and compositional stability that requires demanding optimization strategies.Meanwhile,an in-depth understanding of the CEI is of great significance to guide the optimization principles in terms of composition,structure,growth mechanism,and electrochemical properties.In this literature,recent progress and advances of the CEI characterization methods and optimization protocols are summarized,and meanwhile the mutually-reinforced mechanisms between detection and modification are explained.The criteria and the potential development of the CEI characterization are proposed with insights of novel optimization directions.

Characterization of mechanothermal-synthesized hydroxyapatite-magnesium titanate composite nanopowders

Hydroxyapatite-magnesium titanate composite nanopowders have been developed using a mechanothermal process.Thermal treatment of the milled powders at 700℃resulted in the formation of HAp/MgTiO_(3)-MgO nanocomposite.X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized powders.The results revealed that the dominant phases after mechanical activation were hydroxyapatite,anatase(TiO_(2))and periclase(MgO);while after thermal annealing process at 700℃,hydroxyapatite along with geikielite(MgTiO_(3))and periclase(MgO)were the major phases.Based on the XRD analysis,the evaluation of structural features of the samples indicated that the average crystallite sizes of hydroxyapatite after 10 h of milling and subsequent thermal treatment at 700℃were about 21 nm and 34 nm,respectively.Microscopic observations illustrated that the synthesized powders contained large agglomerates which consisted of significantly finer particles with spheroidal morphology.It is concluded that the mechanothermal method can be used to produce hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposite with appropriate structural and morphological features.

Preparation of ZnO/GO composite material with highly photocatalytic performance via an improved two-step method

ZnO/graphene oxide（ZnO/GO） composite material,in which ZnO nanoparticles were densely coated on the GO nanosheets,was successfully prepared by an improved two-step method and characterized by IR, XRD,TEM,and UV-vis techniques.The improved photocatalytic property of the ZnO/GO composite material,evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange（MO） under UV irradiation,is ascribed to the intimate contact between ZnO and GO,the enhanced adsorption of MO,the quick electron transfer from excited ZnO particles to GO sheets and the activation of MO molecules viaπ-πinteraction between MO and GO.

Low frequency ultrasonic multi-mode Lamb wave method for characterizing the ultra-thin transversely isotropic laminate composite: Theory and experiment

A low-frequency multi-mode ultrasonic Lamb wave method suitable for character- izing the thickness, the density and the elastic constants of the ultra-thin transversely isotropic laminate composite is presented. The 'ultra-thin' here means that the thickness of the plate is much less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave so that the echoes from the front and back faces of the plate can't be separated in the time domain. The dispersion equations for the low frequency ultrasonic Lamb waves with the propagation directions parallel and vertical to the fiber direction are derived. In conjunction with the least square algorithm method, the secant algorithm is used to estimate the parameters of the ultra-thin fiber-reinforced composite layer. The evaluation errors and the sensitivity of the method to different paramters of the thin composite are analyzed. The technique has been used to characterize the ultra-thin grass fiber reinforced PES composite with thickness down to ten percents of the ultrasonic wavelength. It is observed that the agreement between the nominal and the estimation values is reasonably good.

Recognition results classification and post-processing methods for painted characters on billet surface

Automatic identification of characters marked on billets is very important for steelworks to achieve manu- facturing and logistics informatization management. Due to the presence of adhesions, fractures, blurs, and other problems in characters painted on billets, character recognition accuracy with machine vision is relatively low, and hardly meets practical application requirements. To make the character recognition results more reliable and accu- rate, an identification results classification and post-pro- cessing method has been proposed in this paper. By analyzing issues in the image segmentation and recognition stage, the recognition result classification model, based on character encoding rules and recognition confidence, is built, and the character recognition results can be classified as correct, suspect, or wrong. In the post-processing stage, a human-machine-cooperation mechanism with a post- processing interface is designed to eliminate error infor- mation in suspect and wrong types. The system was developed and experiments conducted with images acquired in an iron and steel factory. The results show the character recognition accuracy to be approximately 89% using the character recognizer. However, this result cannot be directly applied in information management systems. With the proposed post-processing method, a human worker will query the suspect and wrong results classified by the system, determine whether the result is correct or wrong, and then, correct the wrong result through the post-processing interface. Using this method, the character recognition accuracy ultimately improves to 99.4%. Thus, the results will be more reliable applied in a practical system.

Wet chemical synthesis of La_(9.83–x)Sr_xSi_6O_(26+δ)(0≤x≤0.50) powders, characterization of intermediate and final products

In this paper we reported the preparation and extensive characterization of La9.83–x Sr x Si6O26＋δ（0≤x≤0.50） precursors, intermediate and final products. The sintering reactions, the phase formation, the structure as well as the powders＇ morphology were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Moreover, the effect of stoichiometry on precursor＇s structure and morphology as well as on intermediate and final products was reported. As was concluded pure La9.83Si6O26＋δ, La9.38Sr0.45Si6O26＋δ and La9.33Sr0.50Si6O26＋δ could be prepared after sintering at 1400 °C for 20 h while La9.68Sr0.15Si6O26＋δ and La9.53Sr0.30Si6O26＋δ compounds contained minor traces（〈3.5%） of La2Si2O7 secondary phase. Concerning the synthesis, there have been no previous reports on the preparation of pure La9.83Si6O26＋δ, La9.38Sr0.45Si6O26＋δ and La9.33Sr0.50Si6O26＋δ compounds. The final powders consisted of spherical particles and an increase of Sr content seemed to inhibit sintering phenomena. The existence of interstitial oxygen at intermediate crystallographic positions of apatite structure had great effect on Si O4 sub-structure distortion. The increase of Sr content led to a major reduction of interstitial oxygen quantity and the refutation of silicon tetrahedron distortion.

Synthesis of ester-capped carbosilane dendrimers via a hybrid divergent–convergent method

A series of novel ester-capped carbosilane dendrimers（G0-COOCH3–G2-COOCH3） were designed and successfully synthesized via a hybrid divergent–convergent method through a facile hydrosilylation reaction. The structures of these dendrimers were confirmed by FTIR,1H NMR, and HRMS analyses.

High-throughput,microscopy-based screening and quantification of genetic elements

Synthetic biology relies on the screening and quantification of genetic components to assemble sophisticated gene circuits with specific functions.Microscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing complex cellular phenotypes with increasing spatial and temporal resolution to library screening of genetic elements.Microscopy-based assays are powerful tools for characterizing cellular phenotypes with spatial and temporal resolution and can be applied to large-scale samples for library screening of genetic elements.However,strategies for high-throughput microscopy experiments remain limited.Here,we present a high-throughput,microscopy-based platform that can simultaneously complete the preparation of an 8×12-well agarose pad plate,allowing for the screening of 96 independent strains or experimental conditions in a single experiment.Using this platform,we screened a library of natural intrinsic promoters from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and identified a small subset of robust promoters that drives stable levels of gene expression under varying growth conditions.Additionally,the platform allowed for single-cell measurement of genetic elements over time,enabling the identification of complex and dynamic phenotypes to map genotype in high throughput.We expected that the platform could be employed to accelerate the identification and characterization of genetic elements in various biological systems,as well as to understand the relationship between cellular phenotypes and internal states,including genotypes and gene expression programs.

Failure mechanisms in flexible electronics

The rapid evolution of flexible electronic devices promises to revolutionize numerous fields by expanding the applications of smart devices.Nevertheless,despite this vast potential,the reliability of these innovative devices currently falls short,especially in light of demanding operation environment and the intrinsic challenges associated with their fabrication techniques.The heterogeneity in these processes and environments gives rise to unique failure modes throughout the devices'lifespan.To significantly enhance the reliability of these devices and assure long-term performance,it is paramount to comprehend the underpinning failure mechanisms thoroughly,thereby,enabling,optimal design solutions.A myriad of investigative efforts have been dedicated to unravel these failure mechanisms,utilizing a spectrum of tools from analytical models,numerical methods,to advanced characterization methods.This review delves into the root causes of device failure,scrutinizing both the fabrication process and the operation environment.Next,We subsequently address the failure mechanisms across four commonly observed modes:strength failure,fatigue failure,interfacial failure,and electrical failure,followed by an overview of targeted characterization methods associated with each mechanism.Concluding with an outlook,we spotlight ongoing challenges and promising directions for future research in our pursuit of highly resilient flexible electronic devices.

石墨烯基金属单原子催化剂:综述

单原子催化剂具有较高的活性、选择性和稳定性,已成为多相催化领域的一个新兴前沿趋势.通过将催化反应中活性金属原子的尺寸减小到单原子尺度,单原子催化剂可以大幅提高活性金属原子在众多催化反应中的有效性.石墨烯基金属单原子催化剂也因其独特的晶格结构和物理化学性质而备受关注,使其在一些化学反应中表现出了优异的活性和选择性.本文综述了近年来石墨烯基金属单原子催化剂的制备方法、先进表征手段及优点,重点介绍了其在一氧化碳氧化、苯氧化制苯酚、析氢反应、甲醇氧化反应、氧还原反应、加氢及光电催化等方面的应用.最后,我们对石墨烯基金属单原子催化剂未来的产业化发展提出了建议.

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS)： A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances （HULIS） are not only an unresolved mixture of macro- organic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters （PMs）; impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen spedes （ROS）. Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties （hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal） and possible sources of HULIS. This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of iron-organic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes,

Revisiting lithium-storage mechanisms of molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)),a typical two-dimensional transition metallic layered material,attracts tremendous attentions in the electrochemical energy storage due to its excellent physicochemical properties.However,with the deepening of the research and exploration of the lithium storage mechanism of these advanced MoS_(2)-based anode materials,the complex reaction process influenced by internal and external factors hinders the exhaustive understanding of the lithium storage process.To design stable anode material with high performance,it is urgent to review the mechanisms of reported anode materials and summarize the related factors that influence the reaction processes.This review aims to dissect all possible side reactions during charging and discharging process,uncover internal and external factors inducing various anode reactions and finally put forward strategies of controlling high cycling capacity and super-stable lithium storage capability of MoS_(2).This review will be helpful to the design of MoS_(2)-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) with excellent cycle performance to enlarge the application fields of these advanced electrochemical energy storage devices.

Single Crystal Fibers:Diversified Functional Crystal Material

Single crystal fibers(SCF)are considered to be a combination of bulk crystals and conventional fibers,thereby possessing the stable physical and chemical properties accompanied with excellent waveguide properties.This paper gives a detailed introduction to the development history of single crystal fibers,including the evolution of the growth technique and the optimization of the growth process.Laser-heated pedestal growth(LHPG)and Micro-pulling-down(μ-PD)methods are considered to be the most widely used growth techniques for growing single crystal fibers,and the advantages of the two methods are also introduced in detail.The second part of this paper describes the characterization of single crystal fibers,including diameter fluctuation,crystal quality and optical losses.A series of cladding approaches for SCF,such as magnetron sputtering,sol-gel,liquid phase epitaxy,co-drawing LHPG,ion implantation and micro-structure cladding will be reviewed.In addition,the research status of single crystal fiber laser and single crystal fiber sensor are also summarized in view of the current research foundation.

Nanocrystalline Growth Activation Energy of Zirconia Polymorphs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Technique

The synthesis of ZrO2 by mechanochemical reaction using ZrCI4 and CaO as raw materials and subsequent annealing of the products were investigated. The effect of thermal treatment on the structural evolution and morphological characteristics of the nanopowders was studied by X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and Rietveld refinement. The results showed that the average crystallite size of Zr02 was less than 100 nm up to around 1100 ℃. The activation energy for ZrO2 nanocrystallite growth during calcination was calculated to be about 13,715 and 27,333 J/too Mechanism of the nanocrysta for tetragonal （t-ZrO2） and monoclinic （m-Zr02） polymorphs, respectively. ite growth of the ZrO2 polymorphs during annealing is primarily investigated.