A spatiotemporal evolution model of a short-circuit arc to a secondary arc based on the improved charge simulation method

The initial shape of the secondary arc considerably influences its subsequent shape.To establish the model for the arcing time of the secondary arc and modify the single-phase reclosing sequence,theoretical and experimental analysis of the evolution process of the short-circuit arc to the secondary arc is critical.In this study,an improved charge simulation method was used to develop the internal-space electric-field model of the short-circuit arc.The intensity of the electric field was used as an independent variable to describe the initial shape of the secondary arc.A secondary arc evolution model was developed based on this model.Moreover,the accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparison with physical experimental results.When the secondary arc current increased,the arcing time and dispersion increased.There is an overall trend of increasing arc length with increasing arcing time.Nevertheless,there is a reduction in arc length during arc ignition due to short circuits between the arc columns.Furthermore,the arcing time decreased in the range of 0°-90°as the angle between the wind direction and the x-axis increased.This work investigated the method by which short-circuit arcs evolve into secondary arcs.The results can be used to develop the secondary arc evolution model and to provide both a technical and theoretical basis for secondary arc suppression.

Analysis of Conductors＇ Surface Electric Field of UHVDC Transmission Lines Based on Optimized Charge Simulation Method

The choice of the UHV lines depends on surface electric field of the bundle conductors.Based on existing calculation methods,the optimized charge simulation method is used to calculate the conductors' surface electrical field of±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines in this paper.During calculation,the offset distance is set as the variance of the objective function,the position and the quantity of the simulation charges are optimized with the gold section method,and the surface electrical field is calculated when the charge is in the optimal position.The result shows that the distribution of the surface electrical field and its maximal value can be calculated accurately with this method,although less number of simulation charges is used in this proposed method and the calculation is simple.

Assessing cutter-rock interaction during TBM tunnelling in granite:Large-scale standing rotary cutting tests and 3D DEM simulations

The widespread utilisation of tunnel boring machines(TBMs)in underground construction engineering requires a detailed investigation of the cutter-rock interaction.In this paper,we conduct a series of largescale standing rotary cutting tests on granite in conjunction with high-fidelity numerical simulations based on a particle-type discrete element method(DEM)to explore the effects of key cutting parameters on the TBM cutter performance and the distribution of cutter-rock contact stresses.The assessment results of cutter performance obtained from the cutting tests and numerical simulations reveal similar dependencies on the key cutting parameters.More specifically,the normal and rolling forces exhibit a positive correlation with penetration but are slightly influenced by the cutting radius.In contrast,the side force decreases as the cutting radius increases.Additionally,the side force shows a positive relationship with the penetration for smaller cutting radii but tends to become negative as the cutting radius increases.The cutter's relative effectiveness in rock breaking is significantly impacted by the penetration but shows little dependency on the cutting radius.Consequently,an optimal penetration is identified,leading to a low boreability index and specific energy.A combined Hertz-Weibull function is developed to fit the cutter-rock contact stress distribution obtained in DEM simulations,whereby an improved CSM(Colorado School of Mines)model is proposed by replacing the original monotonic cutting force distribution with this combined Hertz-Weibull model.The proposed model outperforms the original CSM model as demonstrated by a comparison of the estimated cutting forces with those from the tests/simulations.The findings from this work that advance our understanding of TBM cutter performance have important implications for improving the efficiency and reliability of TBM tunnelling in granite.

An insulated-gate bipolar transistor model based on the finite-volume charge method

A finite-volume charge method has been proposed to simulate PIN diodes and insulated-gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)devices using SPICE simulators by extending the lumped-charge method.The new method assumes local quasi-neutrality in the undepleted N^(-)base region and uses the total collector current,the nodal hole density and voltage as the basic quantities.In SPICE implementation,it makes clear and accurate definitions of three kinds of nodes—the carrier density nodes,the voltage nodes and the current generator nodes—in the undepleted N^(-)base region.It uses central finite difference to approximate electron and hole current generators and sets up the current continuity equation in a control volume for every carrier density node in the undepleted N^(-)base region.It is easy to increase the number of nodes to describe the fast spatially varying carrier density in transient processes.We use this method to simulate IGBT devices in SPICE simulators and get a good agreement with technology computer-aided design simulations.

Measurement of Electric Field of Space Charge Under Positive Lightning Impulse Voltage

很多绝缘问题本质上都与电场相关,电场测量是高电压领域的重要研究手段。空间电荷导致电场畸变是流注理论的基础,因此定量测量空间电荷的泊松电场对于研究空气间隙的放电机制有重要意义。利用光电集成电场传感器测量了1m棒–板间隙未发生放电条件下各点的轴向电场,并与数值仿真结果进行对比,验证了电场传感器进行定量测量的可靠性;对3种电极条件下1m棒–板间隙空间电荷区域外部轴线上各点的电场时域波形进行测量,将空间电荷形成的泊松电场与外加电压形成的拉普拉斯电场分开,定量测量了不同电压幅值下、不同空间位置的泊松电场幅值与变化规律。研究结果为建立并验证空间电荷模型奠定了基础。

CSM水泥土墙施工数值模拟及环境影响性分析

围护墙施工引发的地层变形在整个基坑施工变形中的占比不容忽视,CSM工法作为一种新型地层改良工法近年来在我国逐步得到推广应用,目前对其成墙施工数值模拟方面还缺乏深入的研究。首先根据CSM施工工艺分析了水泥土墙施工过程中双铣轮下沉注水切削成槽、上提喷浆搅拌成墙、水泥土硬化成墙3个主要施工工序流程的力学演化过程;结合某超深CSM深搅墙试验段项目的现场施工参数,建立对其合理描述的3D弹塑性有限元模型,对软土地层采用了修正剑桥本构模型,对砂性土地层采用了莫尔-库仑模型,分析超深CSM成墙施工对周边地层的变形影响性态;计算结果表明CSM施工的环境影响范围在槽段垂向为1.0倍槽段深度,沿槽段方向为1.5倍槽段深度;分析了泥浆重度γb=12kN/m3、流态水泥土重度γwcs=15kN/m3条件下施工过程中的土压力平衡情况;对不同流态系数下的槽壁稳定性以及周边地层变形量加以讨论。

Application of Space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method in Intake and Exhaust Flows of High Power Density Diesel Engine

A one-dimensional pipe flow model of single-cylinder diesel engine is established to investigate the intake and exhaust flow characteristics of diesel engine in the condition of high power density(HPD).A space-lime conservation element and solution element(CE/SE)method is used to derive the discrete equations of the partial differential equation for the intake and exhaust systems.The performance parameters of diesel engine with speed of 2100 r/min are simulated.The simulated results are in accordance with the experimental data.The effect of increased power density on charging coefficient is analyzed using a validated model.The results show that the charging coefficient is slowly improved with the increase in intake pressure,and is obviously reduced with the increase in engine speed.

基于Simulink的三元锂电池建模与仿真研究

为了方便实时估算三元锂电池的荷电状态,对三元锂电池建立二阶RC模型,结合混合脉冲充放电试验并通过最小二乘法对二阶RC模型进行参数识别,提出基于安时积分法策略的扩展卡尔曼滤波的荷电状态估算方法.在Matlab/Simulink中建立仿真模型,仿真结果表明,与实际的荷电状态值相比,该估算方法可以估计电池的荷电状态,误差在3%以内.

Improved Method of Power Loss and Electric Field Calculations of HVAC Transmission Lines

An improved method for calculating the corona power loss and the ground-level electric field on HVAC transmission lines induced by corona is proposed.Based on a charge simulation method combined with a method of successive images,the proposed method has the number and location of the simulated charges not arbitrary.When the surface electric field of a conductor exceeds the onset value,charges are emitted from corona into the space around,and the space ions and the surface charges on each sub-conductor are simulated by using the images of the other sub-conductors.The displacements of the space ions are calculated at every time step during corona periods in both the positive and the negative half cycles.Several examples are calculated by using the proposed method,and the calculated electric field at the ground level and the corona power loss agree well with previous measurements.The results show that simulating 12 charges in each conductor during 600 time steps in one cycle takes less time while guarantees the accuracy.The corona discharge from a 220 kV transmission line enhances slightly(less than 2%) the electric field at the ground level,but this effect is little from a 500 kV line.The improved method is a good compromise between the time cost and the accuracy of calculation.

基于电场传感器阵列的输电线路电压非接触式测量方法

电压作为表征线路运行状态的重要参量,实现其灵活准确的测量对保证电力系统稳定运行至关重要。传统的接触式电压测量方法,因电压互感器体积较大、会产生电磁谐振和高频振荡、额外测量需断电安装等问题,对于海量化测量并不便利。相比较而言,非接触式测量不接触导线,更加安全和便捷,将成为未来电压测量的发展方向。文中提出了基于电场传感器阵列的输电线路电压非接触式测量方法,该方法为了解决导线位置信息未知的问题,设计了与导线方向垂直排列的电场传感器阵列;求解了含导线未知信息量的方程组;构建了比例系数矩阵,反推出导线电压瞬时值;分析了电场传感器对测量的影响;最后,进行了10 kV电压等级电压瞬时值仿真验证,结果显示最大测量误差为2.219%。

多连通区域到狭缝圆环域的共形映射计算法

基于模拟电荷法,研究了将具有高连通度的有界区域映射到带有对数螺旋狭缝单位圆环域的共形映射计算法.提出利用BiCR(bi-conjugate residual)算法求解由Dirichlet边界条件建立的约束方程组,得到模拟电荷,进而构造出高精度的近似共形映射函数.数值实验验证了该文算法的有效性,并成功将该共形映射计算法应用到绕流仿真模拟中,模拟了有界高连通度区域内螺旋点涡的绕流.

PBX-3造型粉颗粒压制成型过程仿真分析

为了探究3号高聚物粘结炸药(PBX-3)压制成型过程中的颗粒演变行为和密度演化规律,采用多颗粒有限元法(MPFEM)结合Johnson-Cook(J-C)模型对PBX-3粉末在压制过程中的致密化行为进行了模拟仿真;将仿真结果与Heckel方程拟合,分析了压制过程中粉体的温度与压紧力大小对粉体颗粒致密化质量的影响,并讨论了粉末颗粒中的应力和应变分布。结果表明:在PBX-3致密化过程的滑移阶段、变形阶段以及压实阶段中,升高压制温度能有效减小压制过程中所需的压紧力,并提高药柱成型密度。

粉末X射线衍射法解析晶体结构的三种常用方法简介

介绍了X射线粉末衍射法解析晶体结构的三种常用方法:直接法、模拟退火法和电荷翻转法的基本原理和处理方法。直接法是典型的倒易空间法,利用倒易空间的衍射强度建立初始结构;模拟退火法则在实空间产生随机模型并进行全局优化获得初始模型;电荷翻转法为双空间迭代法,分别在倒空间和实空间进行微扰并在二者间进行傅里叶循环得到结构模型。文中以三个实例Ba_(3)BPO_(7),MgSO_(4)·2.5H_(2)O以及MgSO_(4)∙2H_(2)O的结构解析分别进行简要说明。

锂离子动力电池不同调荷方式下放电性能的研究

结合实际项目经验,针对锂离子电池在开发过程中采用Pack环模进行低温放电功率标定后对整车冬季低温放电性能进行验证时两者存在差异的现象,通过采用二阶Thevenin等效电路模型来研究分析电池的充放电机理,并根据电芯的脉冲充放电的实测结果对电池的极化现象进行研究与分析,识别出了不同调荷方式下对放电性能带来的差异。采用控制变量法重新采用不同的调荷方式对Pack环模低温功率标定方法进行调整及验证后,最终Pack环模得到的放电性能结果和整车进行低温放电性能的验证结果一致,从而可为后续Pack环模进行低温放电功率标定试验来模拟整车冬季低温放电性能验证的方法设计及改善整车低温的动力性提供指导,并能一定程度上提前识别整车开发问题及风险,对于缩短电动汽车整车的开发周期具有重要意义。

某反应堆压力容器顶盖锻件热处理模拟研究

针对某反应堆压力容器一体化顶盖锻件研制工作,通过计算机模拟锻件在加热升温及淬火冷却过程中锻件内部温度场、应力场的变化,以及不同装炉方式下高温保温过程中锻件内部应变场,验证热处理规范工艺对锻件加热充分均匀,确定锻件加热时宜采用开口向上、五点支承的装炉方式。

板坯连铸及热送过程传热数值模拟

热送热装技术作为可以实现炼钢与轧钢一体化、高效化的新技术,有着提产增效、节能减排的重要作用。以河钢集团邯钢公司能嘉新区板坯热送热装工艺为研究对象,通过对板坯的连铸过程、辊道热送过程进行数学建模,利用有限差分法,使用Python语言进行编程求解,得到板坯从连铸机到加热炉前的全流程传热数值模型。研究了拉速、辊道空冷时间、保温罩内保温材料层数对铸坯热送温度的影响,通过制定合理工艺,提高了热送温度。

基于有限元法和模拟电荷法的高压输电线路工频电场研究

为更好地研究高压输电线路工频电场效应在不同气象条件下的变化规律,运用有限元法和模拟电荷法,结合高压输电线下工频电场相关理论知识,在高压输电线路下,分析车辆对人体的电击效应。首先,对人体的暂态电击电流峰值、暂态放电能量和稳态电击电流进行精确计算。其次,应用有限元法,仿真和分析小型车对人体所产生的暂态电击电流峰值以及暂态放电能量,并比较最终仿真结果。结果表明:理论计算值与仿真分析值之间存在10%左右的误差,当人所处的电场强度为5~10kV/m,且接触小型车时,由于该场强没有超出人体的疼痛阈值,人体仅仅出现触电感觉,不会危及人体生命安全。高压输电线路工频电场场强低于人体疼痛阈值,安全可靠,并不会对人体造成生命危险。该研究成果能够为相关人员提供有益的借鉴和参考。

基于修正Gram-Schmidt法的双连通区域数值保角逆变换计算法

研究基于模拟电荷法的双连通区域的数值保角逆变换问题。利用修正Gram-Schmidt法求解双连通区域数值保角逆变换中的约束方程组,解得模拟电荷量和逆变换半径,构造出近似保角逆变换函数。通过数值实验验证算法的有效性。

基于模拟电荷法对500 kV输电线路跨越民房时导线高度的计算

500 kV输电线路跨越民房时,民房处电场畸变成为制约输电线路对地高度的重要因素。文章采用模拟电荷法计算了不同排列方式的500 kV输电线路跨越不同高度民房时的电场,给出了满足4 kV/m控制限值的导线对地最低高度。结果表明,不同塔型下导线对地最低高度的变化与楼层高度的变化基本一致。上述结果为线路设计和了解输电线路跨越民房时的电场分布提供了参考数据。