I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of H...I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides: "Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence." This means (1) the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; (2) it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and (3) the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.展开更多
For the suppliers of concerned services, theories about infrastructure pricing: SAT (Stand Alone economists such as Laffont, Tirole, etc. developed Test), ECPR (Efficient Component Pricing Rule). Especially, Sida...For the suppliers of concerned services, theories about infrastructure pricing: SAT (Stand Alone economists such as Laffont, Tirole, etc. developed Test), ECPR (Efficient Component Pricing Rule). Especially, Sidak, Spulber, put forward M-ECPR (Market Efficient Component Pricing Rule) method for bottleneck infrastructures. In this article, we bring the M-ECPR principles into the study of Chinese railways pricing of its network infrastructures. Combined with our Engineer Model and Opportunity Cost Model, we analyzed the special conditions faced by Chinese railways, and developed a model for sharing infrastructure fees among freight and passenger transportations. Engineer Model split Variable Cost (VC) and Fixed Cost (FC) into freight and passenger activities, and Opportunity Cost Model take the insufficient supply of infrastructure capacity into consideration. Of course, the subsidy from the government greatly affected the price standard for bottleneck facilities, or so-called network infrastructures.展开更多
文摘I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides: "Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence." This means (1) the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; (2) it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and (3) the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.
文摘For the suppliers of concerned services, theories about infrastructure pricing: SAT (Stand Alone economists such as Laffont, Tirole, etc. developed Test), ECPR (Efficient Component Pricing Rule). Especially, Sidak, Spulber, put forward M-ECPR (Market Efficient Component Pricing Rule) method for bottleneck infrastructures. In this article, we bring the M-ECPR principles into the study of Chinese railways pricing of its network infrastructures. Combined with our Engineer Model and Opportunity Cost Model, we analyzed the special conditions faced by Chinese railways, and developed a model for sharing infrastructure fees among freight and passenger transportations. Engineer Model split Variable Cost (VC) and Fixed Cost (FC) into freight and passenger activities, and Opportunity Cost Model take the insufficient supply of infrastructure capacity into consideration. Of course, the subsidy from the government greatly affected the price standard for bottleneck facilities, or so-called network infrastructures.