Space Charges Effect of Static Induction Transistor

The space charge effect (SCE) of static induction transistor (SIT) that occurs in high current region is systematically studied.The I V equations are deduced and well agree with experimental results.Two kinds of barriers are presented in SIT,corresponding to channel voltage barrier control (CVBC) mechanism and space charge limited control (SCLC) mechanism respectively.With the increase of drain voltage,the gradual transferring of operational mechanism from CVBC to SCLC is demonstrated.It points out that CVBC mechanism and its contest relationship with space charge barrier makes the SIT distinctly differentiated from JFET and triode devices,etc.The contest relationship of the two potential barriers also results in three different working regions,which are distinctly marked and analyzed.Furthermore,the extreme importance of grid voltage on SCE is illustrated.

Design of Electrostatic Focusing for Space Electron Beam Welding Gun

The developmental situation of space welding technology at home and abroad is introduced. Then it is put forward that the designing scheme and the computer aided design （CAD） method of main single lens of the domestic space electron beam gun with equal-diameter three-cylinder simple lens, and the flowing-pipe way of calculating the space charge density of the main lens area ,in the electron gun is analyzed. The parameters calculation of the focusing system is completed through Language C utilizing computer programming and a satisfying result is gotten. The result shows that the calculation and design method are correct ： the dispersed focusing current of electron beam is less, the beam section is less in the deflected magnetic field, the minimal radius of beam spot on the workpiece is about 0.65615mm, and all these can meet the requirements of the space welding and cutting.

Electron beam modeling and analyses of the electric field distribution and space charge effect

In electron beam technology, one of the critical focuses of research and development efforts is on improving the measurement of electron beam parameters. The parameters are closely related to the generation, emission, operation environment, and role of the electron beam and the corresponding medium. In this study, a field calculation method is proposed, and the electric field intensity distribution on the electron beam’s cross-section is analyzed. The characteristics of beam diffusion caused by the space charge effect are investigated in simulation, and the obtained data are compared with the experiment. The simulation demonstrated that the cross-sectional electric field distribution is primarily affected by the electron beam current, current density distribution, and electron beam propagation speed.

Forming of Space Charge Wave with Broad Frequency Spectrum in Helical Relativistic Two-Stream Electron Beams

We elaborate a quadratic nonlinear theory of plural interactions of growing space charge wave （SCW） harmonics during the development of the two-stream instability in helical relativistic electron beams. It is found that in helical two-stream electron beams the growth rate of the two-stream instability increases with the beam entrance angle. An SCW with the broad frequency spectrum, in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes, forms when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much less than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability. For helical electron beams the spectrum expands with the increase of the beam entrance angle. Moreover, we obtain that utilizing helical electron beams in multiharmonic two-stream superheterodyne free-electron lasers leads to the improvement of their amplification characteristics, the frequency spectrum broadening in multiharmonic signal generation mode, and the reduction of the overall system dimensions.

Influence of sub-bandgap illumination on space charge distribution in CdZnTe detector

The space charge accumulation in CdZnTe crystals seriously affects the performance of high-flux pulse detectors.The influence of sub-bandgap illumination on the space charge distribution and device performance in CdZnTe crystals were studied theoretically by Silvaco TCAD software simulation.The sub-bandgap illumination with a wavelength of 890 nm and intensity of 8×10−8 W/cm2 were used in the simulation to explore the space charge distribution and internal electric field distribution in CdZnTe crystals.The simulation results show that the deep level occupation faction is manipulated by the sub-bandgap illumination,thus space charge concentration can be reduced under the bias voltage of 500 V.A flat electric field distribution is obtained,which significantly improves the charge collection efficiency of the CdZnTe detector.Meanwhile,premised on the high resistivity of CdZnTe crystal,the space charge concentration in the crystal can be further reduced with the wavelength of 850 nm and intensity of 1×10−7 W/cm2 illumination.The electric field distribution is flatter and the carrier collection efficiency of the device can be improved more effectively.

Effect of Space Charge on the Propagation Path of Air Gap Discharge

The existence of space charge may be addressed as one of the reasons that could cause shielding failure of transmission lines. In order to study the effect of space charge on discharge propagation path, a new experimental system, including mainly DC high voltage generator, impulse voltage generator as well as rod-plane electrode, has been established. The space charge was generated around the rod by means of pre-applying DC high voltage, and the air gap dis- charge experiments were conducted with and without pre-applying DC high voltage, respectively. Meanwhile, high speed cameras worked simultaneously from the front and lateral side to record the discharge propagation path so as to obtain the curvature. After statistical analysis, it is shown that the curvature increases in the middle and lower portions of the propagation path when the effect of space charge is taken into account.

Plural interactions of space charge wave harmonics during the development of two-stream instability

We construct a cubically nonlinear theory of plural interactions between harmonics of the growing space charge wave（SCW） during the development of the two-stream instability. It is shown that the SCW with a wide frequency spectrum is formed when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much lower than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability.Such SCW has part of the spectrum in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes. We analyze the dynamics of the plural harmonic interactions of the growing SCW and define the saturation harmonic levels. We find the mechanisms of forming the multiharmonic SCW for the waves with frequencies lower than the critical frequency and for the waves with frequencies that exceed the critical frequency.

Measurement of the secular motion frequency and the space charge density in the linear ion trap

This paper reports that a cloud of laser-cooled ^40Ca^＋ is successfully trapped and manipulated in the home-built linear ion trap constructed for quantum information processing （QIP）. The frequency of the secular motion and the space charge density of the ion cloud are measured, which help knowing the characteristic of the trapping potential and are the prerequisite of QIP with the trapped ions.

Quantitative evaluation of space charge effects of laser-cooled three-dimensional ion system on a secular motion period scale

In this paper,we introduce a method of quantitatively evaluating and controlling the space charge effect of a lasercooled three-dimensional（3 D） ion system in a linear Paul trap.The relationship among cooling efficiency,ion quantity,and trapping strength is analyzed quantitatively,and the dynamic space distribution and temporal evolution of the 3 D ion system on a secular motion period time scale in the cooling process are obtained.The ion number influences the eigen-micromotion feature of the ion system.When trapping parameter q is ～ 0.3,relatively ideal cooling efficiency and equilibrium temperature can be obtained.The decrease of axial electrostatic potential is helpful in reducing the micromotion heating effect and the degradation in the total energy.Within a single secular motion period under different cooling conditions,ions transform from the cloud state（each ion disperses throughout the envelope of the ion system） to the liquid state（each ion is concentrated at a specific location in the ion system） and then to the crystal state（each ion is subjected to a fixed motion track）.These results are conducive to long-term storage and precise control,motion effect suppression,high-efficiency cooling,and increasing the precision of spectroscopy for a 3 D ion system.

Space Charge Layer Eff ect in Sulfide Solid Electrolytes in All-Solid-State Batteries: In-situ Characterization and Resolution

All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)have advantages of safety and high energy density,and they are expected to become the next generation of energy storage devices.Sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)with high ionic conduc-tivity and low grain boundary resistance exhibit remarkable practical application.However,the space charge layer(SCL)eff ect and high interfacial resistance caused by a mismatch with the current commercial oxide cathodes restrict the develop-ment of sulfide SSEs and ASSLBs.This review summarizes the research progress on the SCL eff ect of sulfide SSEs and oxide cathodes,including the mechanism and direct evidence from high performance in-situ characterizations,as well as recent progress on the interfacial modification strategies to alleviate the SCL eff ect.This study provides future direction to stabilize the high performance sulfide-based solid electrolyte/oxide cathode interface for state-of-the-art ASSLBs and future all-SSE storage devices.

Space Charge Effects in CSL Gauge——with previously assumed charge distribution

The "cascade static lens （CSL） gauge" has a high sensitivity（S） because the emitted electrons repeat the go and back oscillation before they are received by the electrodes. (S=18.6 Pa-1 (2480 Torr-1 in a

Silicon Solar Cell Space Charge Region and Capacitance Behavior under Electric Field

This paper investigates theoretically the behavior of the space charge region of a silicon solar cell and its associated capacitance under the effect of an external electric field. The purpose of this work is to show that under illumination the solar cell’s space charge region width varies with both operating point and the external induced electric field and how the solar cell capacitance varies with the space charge region width. Based on a 1D modelling of the quasi-neutral p-base, the space charge region width is determined and the associated capacitance is calculated taking into account the external electric field and the junction dynamic velocity. Based on the above calculations and simulations conducted with Mathcad, we confirmed the linear dependence of the inverse capacitance with space charge region width for thin space charge region and we exhibit an exponential dependence for large space charge region.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Identifying the relationships between subsurface absorber defects and the characteristics of kesterite solar cells

Understanding the defect characteristics that occur near the space-charge regions(SCRs)of kesterite(CZTSSe)solar cells is important because the recombination loss at the CZTSSe/CdS interface is considered the main cause of their low efficiency.CZTSSe surfaces with different elemental compositions were formed without polishing(C00)and with polishing for 20 s(C20)and 60 s(C60).For C60,a specific region near the SCR was excessively Cu-rich and Zn-poor compared to C00 and C20.Various charged defects formed where the elemental variation was large.As the main deep acceptor defect energy level(E_(a2))near the SCR increased,the efficiency,open-circuit voltage deficit,and current density degraded,and this phenomenon was especially rapid for large E_(a2) values.As the E_(a2) near the SCR became deep,the carrier diffusion length decreased more for the CZTSSe solar cells with a low carrier mobility than for the CuInGaSe_(2)(CIGSe)solar cells.The large amplitude of the electrostatic potential fluctuation in the CZTSSe solar cells induced a high carrier recombination and a short carrier lifetime.Consequently,the properties of the CZTSSe solar cells were more strongly degraded by defects with deep energy levels near the SCR than those of the CIGSe solar cells.

Investigation of the Behavior of a Photovoltaic Cell under Concentration as a Function of the Temperature of the Base and a Variable External Magnetic Field in 3D Approximation

The photovoltaic (PV) cell performances are connected to the base photogenerated carriers charge. Some studies showed that the quantity of the photogenerated carriers charge increases with the increase of the solar illumination. This situation explains the choice of concentration PV cell (C = 50 suns) in this study. However, the strong photogeneration of the carriers charge causes a high heat production by thermalization, collision and carriers charge braking due to the electric field induced by concentration gradient. This heat brings the heating of the PV cell base. That imposes the taking into account of the temperature influence in the concentrator PV cell operation. Moreover, with the proliferation of the magnetic field sources in the life space, it is important to consider its effect on the PV cell performances. Thus, when magnetic field and base temperature increase simultaneously, we observe a deterioration of the photovoltage, the electric power, the space charge region capacity, the fill factor and the conversion efficiency. However the photocurrent increases when the base temperature increases and the magnetic field strength decreases. It appears an inversion phenomenon in the evolution of the electrical parameters as a function of magnetic field for the values of magnetic field B> 4×10-4 T.

Nonlinear Current-Voltage Characteristics and Electroluminescence of cBN Crystal

The current-voltage（I-V） characteristics of cBN crystal sandwiched between two metallic electrodes are measured and found to be nonlinear. Over 20 samples are measured at room temperature with various electrodes, and the resulting curves are all similar in shape. When a voltage of about 560V is applied to the cBN crystal, the emitted light is visible to the naked eye in a dark room. We explain these phenomena by the space charge limited current and the electronic transition between the X and Г valleys of the conduction band.

基于PIC-MCC法的真空灭弧室电弧放电机理(英文)

With the raise of voltage level in electric power grid,the phenomena of high voltage gas insulation has received extensive attention from all over the world.The research on the breakdown mechanism of vacuum which is the main insulation gas in high voltage level is one of the most important issues.It is also important to the study of vacuum arc in vacuum switch.But for the limitations of available method used in analyzing the breakdown mechanism of vacuum,the main research on vacuum breakdown is macroscopic experiment.The experiments are greatly influenced by environmental factors and high vacuum degree is difficult to be ensured.So the data from the experiments are dispersive and the complex physical change in vacuum breakdown can not be revealed.The purpose of this work is to analyze the mechanism of vacuum breakdown quantitatively by microscopic numerical simulation.The particle in cell and Monte Carlo methods are used here to solve microscopic dynamic equation of gas.Based on the field emission theory in vacuum,electrons produced by the cathode and ions produced by the collision between electron and metal vapor molecule are the objects of this study.The motions of microscopic particles which are at the functions of the applied and self-consistent electric filed are traced in time and two space dimensions.Mont Carlo method is used here to cope with the collisions between electrons and metal vapor molecules.The cross sections of the collision which is related with the energy are all from the experiments.The secondary electron emission,exciting,elastic and ionizing collisions between electrons and metal vapor molecules have been considered in this paper.By the simulation,the number densities of electron and ion are acquired and the microscopic dynamic electric field produced by space charge is also calculated. The effect of vacuum degree on discharge voltage is also discussed here.According to the simulation data,we draw the conclusion that the main reason for vacuum arc formation is metal vapor ionization and large amount of metal gas is from high energy electrons' collision with the anode.

Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry System for Clinical Biomarker Analysis

The accurate and efficient measurement of small molecule disease markers for clinical diagnosis is of great importance.In this study,a quadrupole-linear ion trap(Q-LIT)tandem mass spectrometer was designed and built in our laboratory.Target precursor ions were first selected in the quadrupole,and then injected,trapped,and fragmented simultaneously in the linear ion trap(LIT)to reduce the space charge effect,enrich the target product ions,and promote sensitivity.The targeted analytes were measured with selected reaction monitoring using a positive scan mode with electrospray ionization(ESI).Ions with a mass-to-charge ratio(m/z)ranging from 195 to 2022 were demonstrated.When scanning at 1218amu.s^(-1),unit resolution and an accuracy of higher than m/z 0.28 was obtained for m/z up to 2000.The dimensionless Mathieu parameter(q)value used in this study was 0.40 for collision-induced dissociation(CID),which was activated by resonance excitation.And an overall CID efficiency of 64%was achieved(activation time,50 ms).Guanidinoacetic acid(GAA)and creatine(CRE)were used as model compounds for small molecule clinical biomarkers.The limits of quantification were 1.0 and 0.2 nmol.L^(-1)for GAA and CRE,respectively.A total of 77 actual samples were successfully analyzed by the home-built ESI-Q-LIT tandem mass spectrometry system.The developed method can reduce matrix interference,minimize space charge effects,and avoid the chromatographic separation of complex samples to simplify the pretreatment process.This novel Q-LIT system is expected to be a good candidate for the determination of biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and therapeutics.

Chemical structure of grain-boundary layer in SrTiO_3 and its segregation-induced transition: A continuum interface approach

Grain-boundary（GB） structures are commonly imaged as discrete atomic columns, yet the chemical modifications are gradual and extend into the adjacent lattices, notably the space charge, hence the two-dimensional defects may also be treated as continuum changes to extended interfacial structure. This review presents a spatially-resolved analysis by electron energy-loss spectroscopy of the GB chemical structures in a series of SrTiO3 bicrystals and a ceramic, using analytical electron microscopy of the pre-Cs-correction era. It has identified and separated a transient layer at the model Σ5 grain-boundaries（GBs） with characteristic chemical bonding, extending the continuum interfacial approach to redefine the GB chemical structure. This GB layer has evolved under segregation of iron dopant, starting from subtle changes in local bonds until a clear transition into a distinctive GB chemistry with substantially increased titanium concentration confined within the GB layer in 3-unit cells, heavily strained, and with less strontium. Similar segregated GB layer turns into a titania-based amorphous film in SrTiO3 ceramic, hence reaching a more stable chemical structure in equilibrium with the intergranular Ti2O3 glass also. Space charge was not found by acceptor doping in both the strained Σ5 and amorphous GBs in SrTiO3 owing to the native transient nature of the GB layer that facilitates the transitions induced by Fe segregation into novel chemical structures subject to local and global equilibria. These GB transitions may add a new dimension into the structure–property relationship of the electronic materials.

A new method of cut-blasting for vertical shaft excavation and its experimental study

Based on cutting principle and technology development of vertical blasthole cutby stage and deck in vertical shaft excavation, combined with the merits of middle spacecharging and toe space charging, the reinforced cutting effect of central large-diameterblasthole and the method of cutting blast by stage and deck toe space charging for thevertical large-diameter blastholes was put forward and analyzed theoretically.This new cutblasting method is provided with the advantages of high blasthole using ratio, big cavitybulk, low rate of chunk, even lumpiness, and relatively high energy using ratio.The parameterchoices and practical effects of this cutting method were discussed after in situexperiment.It shows that the decked delay time of 75～100 ms is applicable.