Optimal Scheduling of PEV Charging/Discharging in Microgrids with Combined Objectives

While renewable power generation and vehicle electrification are promising solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it faces great challenges to effectively integrate them in a power grid. The weather-dependent power generation of renewable energy sources, such as Photovoltaic (PV) arrays, could introduce significant intermittency to a power grid. Meanwhile, uncontrolled PEV charging may cause load surge in a power grid. This paper studies the optimization of PEV charging/discharging scheduling to reduce customer cost and improve grid performance. Optimization algorithms are developed for three cases: 1) minimize cost, 2) minimize power deviation from a pre-defined power profile, and 3) combine objective functions in 1) and 2). A Microgrid with PV arrays, bi-directional PEV charging stations, and a commercial building is used in this study. The bi-directional power from/to PEVs provides the opportunity of using PEVs to reduce the intermittency of PV power generation and the peak load of the Microgrid. Simulation has been performed for all three cases and the simulation results show that the presented optimization algorithms can meet defined objectives.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

3D Carbon Frameworks for Ultrafast Charge/Discharge Rate Supercapacitors with High Energy‑Power Density

Carbon-based electric double layer capacitors(EDLCs)hold tremendous potentials due to their high-power performance and excellent cycle stability.However,the practical use of EDLCs is limited by the low energy density in aqueous electrolyte and sluggish diffusion kinetics in organic or/and ionic liquids electrolyte.Herein,3D carbon frameworks(3DCFs)constructed by interconnected nanocages(10-20 nm)with an ultrathin wall of ca.2 nm have been fabricated,which possess high specific surface area,hierarchical porosity and good conductive network.After deoxidization,the deoxidized 3DCF(3DCFDO)exhibits a record low IR drop of 0.064 V at 100 A g^−1 and ultrafast charge/discharge rate up to 10 V s^−1.The related device can be charged up to 77.4%of its maximum capacitance in 0.65 s at 100 A g^−1 in 6 M KOH.It has been found that the 3DCF-DO has a great affinity to EMIMBF4,resulting in a high specific capacitance of 174 F g^−1 at 1 A g^−1,and a high energy density of 34 Wh kg^−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 150 kW kg^−1 at 4 V after a fast charge in 1.11 s.This work provides a facile fabrication of novel 3D carbon frameworks for supercapacitors with ultrafast charge/discharge rate and high energy-power density.

The enhanced aerosol deposition by bipolar corona discharge arrays

The corona discharges provide an efficient way to induce precipitation or eliminate fog by increasing ion density in the open air.In this paper,one bipolar corona discharge array(positive and negative high voltage coupled simultaneously)which can generate high densities of positive and negative ions is developed.The comparison between bipolar corona discharge array and unipolar corona discharge array(positive or negative coupled only)indicates that bipolar corona discharge array can generate~3 times higher ion density than unipolar corona discharge array.More charged aerosols are produced through collisions between ions and aerosols.The collision rate between aerosols is increased substantially by the attractive forces between positively and negatively charged aerosols.The deposition of aerosols induced by bipolar discharges is 25.7%higher than that of unipolar discharges at the humidity super-saturation condition.Therefore,the bipolar corona discharge system is a new option for the large scale ion sources used for artificial weather modification.

Charge-discharge process of MnO_2 supercapacitor

Mechanochemical synthesis of α-MnO2 was carried out with KMnO4 and Mn(CH3COO)2 in 1:1 mole ratio. The electrochemical performance of MnO2 electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammograms and alternating current impedance. The charge-discharge process of MnO2 supercapacitor in 6 mol/L KOH was studied within 1.2 V at 200 mA/g, suggesting that it displays double-layer capacibility in low potential scope and pseudo-capacitance properties in high potential scope. It is found that Mn3O4, an electrochemical inert, mainly forms in the initial 40 charge-discharge cycles. During cycling, the pseudo-capacitance properties disappear and the discharge curves are close to ideal ones, indicating double-layer capability. The maximum capacitance of MnO2 electrode is as high as 416 F/g, and retains 240 F/g after 200 cycles. The equivalent series resistance increases from 17 to 41 Ω.

Effect of Barrier Materials on Discharge Properties in Air at Low Pressure

Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is widely investigated in order to obtain uniform low-temperature plasma.Many studies have proved that some barrier materials,especially electrets,can improve the uniformity of discharge.It is regarded as an available way to get atmospheric pressure glow discharge(APGD).In this paper,discharge forms with 4 different barrier materials(alumina,quartz,PTFE and PET) are investigated,and the transition of discharge form depending on the air pressure are recorded to estimate the influence of barrier materials on discharge.By using electrets as barrier materials,homogeneous discharges can be obtained in a more wide pressure range.Under the same experimental conditions,discharges with electrets are more uniform or have larger uniform areas due to the storage and desorption of charges on the surface of electrets.The electrons deposited in the surface layer can be released on next half cycle when the polarity of the applied voltage changes,and provide a number of seed electrons,which makes the discharge more homogeneous.The capacitance and the permittivity of barrier materials have no effect on the discharge form directly.

Comparison Between Thermally Stimulated Discharge Method and Photo-stimulated Discharge Method for Measuring Space Charge Traps Energy

The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials using thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) and photo-stimulated discharge (PSD) methods, respectively. The experimental results show that,there is a significant difference between the trap energy distributions obtained by the two methods, but the difference decreases with the increase of the melting point of polymers. This is attributed to the change of the trap center environment during TSD caused by the increasing movements of both main chains and branched chains in polymers. PSD method is more accurate for investigating charge trap distribution in dielectrics, especially for polymers with low melting points.

Decay characters of charges on an insulator surface after different types of discharge

In an insulating system including solid and gas dielectrics, discharge type has a strong impact on charge accumulation at the interface between two dielectrics, and hence charge decay. In order to clarify the influence, a surface charge measurement system was constructed, and three types of discharge, i.e. surface discharge, and low intensity and high intensity coronas, were introduced to cause surface charge accumulation. The decay behavior of surface charges after different types of discharge was obtained at various temperatures. It was found that total surface charges monotonically decreased with time, and the decay rate became larger as temperature increased. However, after a surface discharge or a high intensity corona, surface charge density in the local area appeared to fluctuate during the decay process. Compared with this, the fluctuation of surface charge density was not observed after a low intensity corona. The mechanisms of surface charge accumulation and decay were analysed. Moreover, a microscopic physical model involving charge production, accumulation,and decay was proposed so that the experimental results could be explained.

Characteristics of charge and discharge of PMMA samples due to electron irradiation

In this study, using a comprehensive numerical simulation of charge and discharge processes, we investigate the formation and evolution of negative charge and discharge characteristics of a grounded PMMA film irradiated by a nonfocused electron beam. Electron scattering and transport processes in the sample are simulated with the Monte Carlo and the finite-different time-domain(FDTD) methods, respectively. The properties of charge and discharge processes are presented by the evolution of internal currents, charge quantity, surface potential, and discharge time. Internal charge accumulation in the sample may reach saturation by primary electron(PE) irradiation providing the charge duration is enough. Internal free electrons will run off to the ground in the form of leakage current due to charge diffusion and drift during the discharge process after irradiation, while trapped electrons remain. The negative surface potential determined by the charging quantity decreases to its saturation in the charge process, and then increases in the discharge process. A larger thickness of the PMMA film will result in greater charge amount and surface potential in charge saturation and in final discharge state, while the electron mobility of the material has little effects on the final discharge state. Moreover,discharge time is less for smaller thickness or larger electron mobility. The presented results can be helpful for estimating and weakening the charging of insulating samples especially under the intermittent electron beam irradiation in related surface analysis or measurement.

A Repetitive Nanosecond Pulse Source for Generation of Large Volume Streamer Discharge

Using a unipolar pulse with the rise time and the pulse duration in the order ofmicrosecond as the primary pulse,a nanosecond pulse with the repetitive frequency of severalkilohertz is generated by a spark gap switch.By varying both the inter-pulse duration and thepulse frequency,the voltage recovery rate of the spark gap switch is investigated at differentworking conditions such as the gas pressure,the gas composition as well as the bias voltage.Theresults reveal that either increase in gas pressure or addition of SF6 to the air can increase thevoltage recovery rate.The effect of gas composition on the voltage recovery rate is discussed basedon the transferring and distribution of the residual space charges.The repetitive nanosecond pulsesource is also applied to the generation of large volume,and the discharge currents are measuredto investigate the effect of pulse repetition rate on the large volume streamer discharge.

Structural characteristics of spherical Ni(OH)_2 and its charge/discharge process mechanism

Spherical Ni（OH）2 particles were prepared by an aqueous solution precipitation route. The structure of spherical Ni（OH）2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and compared with that of traditional Ni（OH）2. The results show that the spherical nickel hydroxide consists of （Ni（OH）2） spheres with a reticulate structure of platelet-like, which is almost arranged radially and the crystalline grains intervene and connect with each other to form a three-dimensional net. The spherical Ni（OH）2 particle is full of pores, crannies between cleave planes. It is supposed that this structure is beneficial to the structural stability for the spherical particles during the charge/discharge processes and can improve the cycle life of the electrode; the pores and the crannies in spherical particles can shorten the proton diffusion distance and speed its velocity, which may result in that the local polarization is lowered. The electrochemical performances of the spherical Ni（OH）2 are improved by enhancing the conducting properties of the crystalline lattice due to its quick proton diffusion.

Simulation Studies of Rib Structure Effect on Discharge Characteristics of Plasma Display Panel

<正> To investigate the effect of the rib structure on the discharge characteristics of theplasma display panel,the potential distribution,particles density distribution and ions incidentangle distribution were examined by simulation of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlocollision,with two kinds of rib structure: the stripe rib structure and the Waffle rib structure.Theresults showed that the distribution of electric potential at the corner of the discharge cell wasalmost the same for these two rib structures while in the centre there was a difference between thesetwo rib structures.The striation phenomenon could be observed in both cases.The distribution ofdensity also indicated that the striation phenomenon was accompanied by the firing of discharge,and the Waffle rib structure might reduce the density humps.In the cell with a stripe rib structure,the profiles of the surface charge density along the sustained dielectric layer presented a betterfluctuating distribution than that in the cell with a Waffle rib structure.The spatial potentialand particle density in the discharge bulk showed that the Waffle ribs could weaken the striationphenomenon,which could be explained by the decrease in the particle numbers in the dischargecell.The simulation results of the ion incident angle showed that most ions impacted the sustaineddielectric layer in the normal stripe rib cell with an incident angle in the range of 6~ to 19~ whilewith the Waffle rib structure the incident angle of most ions was in the range of 4~ to 19~.TheWaffle rib structure did not affect the angle distribution of incident ions significantly.

Theoretical Study on Electronic Gain-and-loss Properties of TEMPO and Its Derivates in Charge/Discharge Processes

电子结构和 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (速度) 和它在控告 / 解除过程的 cationic 类脂化合物 derivates 的相关性质上的理论学习用密度被执行了在(U) B3LYP/6-31G 的功能的理论(DFT )(d， p ) 或 6-31+G (d， p ) 水平。在控告 / 解除过程的这些混合物的几何、电子的性质的变化和整齐详细被揭示。计算结果证明代用品组在控告 / 解除过程期间在电子结构和速度的相关性质起一个很重要的作用。发现在得到一个电子以后，速度处于汗衫状态是更稳定的，但是类脂化合物处于三位字节状态是更稳定的很有趣。为速度，费用和分泌物过程极大地影响激进的部分的 N 和 O 原子的电子性质。为 cationic 类脂化合物，分泌物过程主要影响 pyridinium 头，费用过程主要影响自由的激进的头。而且，溶剂效果在一些契约长度和自由的激进的头的费用人口起一个重要作用。另外，速度的紫外力的吸收系列和类脂化合物用在 6-31G 的 TDDFT 计算、模仿(d， p ) 或 6-31+G (d， p ) 水平，在对试验性的令人满意的同意。

Electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma actuation driven by radio frequency voltage at low pressure

The electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma driven by radio frequency voltage are investigated experimentally in this paper. The influences of operating pressure, electrode distance, and duty cycle on the discharge are studied. When pressure reaches 60 Torr(1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10~2 Pa) the transition from diffuse glow mode to constricted mode occurs. With the operating pressure varying from 10 Torr to 60 Torr, the discharge energy calculated from the charge–voltage(Q–V) Lissajous figure decreases rapidly, while it remains unchanged between 60 Torr and 460 Torr. Under certain experimental conditions, there exists an optimized electrode distance(8 mm). As the duty cycle of applied voltage increases, the voltage–current waveforms and Q–V Lissajous figures show no distinct changes.

Spectroscopic Study of a Radio-Frequency Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge with Anodic Alumina as the Dielectric

This paper presents the fabrication and a spectroscopic study of a stable radiofrequency dielectric barrier discharge(RF DBD) in Ar with a novel dielectric,anodic alumina,at atmospheric pressure.Dielectric electrodes are fabricated from commercially available low cost impure aluminum strips by a two-step anodization process in 0.3 M solution of oxalic acid.The discharge is found to be stable with excellent spatial uniformity for the RF input power range of 30~80 W.Excitation and rotational temperatures measured in the experiment range of 1472~3255 K and 434~484 K,respectively,as the input power changes from 30 W to 80 W.These temperature ranges are suitable for surface modification applications.

Correlation between surface charge and creepage discharge on polymeric dielectrics under high-frequency high-voltage stress

In the present work,creepage discharge characteristics,i.e.amplitudes,phases,and repetitiveness,and surface charge dynamic behaviors under a 20 kHz high-frequency sinusoidal waveform high-voltage electrical stress were captured in a discharge chamber with temperature and humidity control.The results showed that the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,whose maximum amplitude increased with the development of discharge.The inception voltage of the creepage discharge is independent of the frequency of the external electrical stress.Once the discharge occurred,there were a large number of positive and negative particles ionized by a high electric field.Because of the much higher velocity of electrons than positive ions,the energetic discharge-produced electrons are likely to disperse away along the surface and be accumulated through adsorption,collision,and reactions.Moreover,the positive ions join the high-conductive discharge channel and disappear though the ground electrode.Thus,after high-frequency creepage discharge,only negative charges remained on the dielectric surface,as measured.Particularly,the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,owing to the reverse electric field induced by the accumulated negative charges.With the development of creepage discharge,some large-amplitude discharges began to occur in the positive-peak-phase region.The research concluded that the synergistic effect of negative surface charges and large-amplitude discharges eroded the dielectrics and excited the streamer to creep toward the ground electrode until flashover along the surface.Therefore,the correlation between high-frequency creepage discharge and surface charge is preliminarily revealed.

Study of the influence of discharge loop parameters on anode side on generation characteristics of metal plasma jet in a pulsed vacuum discharge

In a pulsed vacuum discharge,the ejection performance of a metal plasma jet can be effectively improved by preventing charged particles from moving to the anode.In this paper,the effects of resistance and capacitance on the anode side on the discharge characteristics and the generation characteristics of plasma jet are investigated.Results show that the existence of a resistor on the anode side can increase the anode potential,thereby preventing charged particles from entering the anode and promoting the ejection of charged particles along the axis of the insulating sleeve nozzle.The application of a capacitor on the anode side can not only absorb electrons at the initial stage of discharge,increasing the peak value of the cathode hump potential,but also prevent charged particles from moving to the anode,thereby improving the ejection performance of the plasma jet.In addition,the use of a larger resistance and a smaller capacitance can improve the blocking effect on charged particles and further improve the ejection performance of the plasma jet.Results of this study will provide a reference for the improvement of the ejection performance of plasma jets and their applications.

Influence of shape effect on dynamic surface charge transport mechanism of cellular electret after corona discharge

Surface charge accumulation and transport on cellular polypropylene play an important role in nanogenerators,which could have a potential impact on energy harvesting and wearable devices for zero carbon energy systems and the internet of things.Different shapes have different charge accumulation and decay characteristics of the polymer.Therefore,we studied the influence of the sample’s shape on the surface charge decay by experiment and modeling.The surface potential of square and circular cellular polypropylene was measured by a two-dimensional surface potential measurement system with electrostatic capacitive probe.The experimental result shows that the surface potential distribution of the square sample dissipates non-uniformly from the bell shape to a one-sided collapsed shape,while that of the circular sample dissipates uniformly from the bell shape to the crater-like shape.Moreover,the simulated results of the initial surface potential distributions of the square and circular cellular polypropylene are consistent with the experimental results.The investigation demonstrates that the charge transport process is correlated with the shape of the sample,which provides significant reference for designing electret material used for highly efficient nanogenerators.

Electrical modeling of dielectric barrier discharge considering surface charge on the plasma modified material

We present the variations of electrical parameters of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)when the DBD generator is used for the material modification,whereas the relevant physical mechanism is also elaborated.An equivalent circuit model is applied for a DBD generator working in a filament discharging mode,considering the addition of epoxy resin(EP)as the plasma modified material.The electrical parameters are calculated through the circuit model.The surface conductivity,surface potential decay,trap distributions and surface charge distributions on the EP surface before and after plasma treatments were measured and calculated.It is found that the coverage area of micro-discharge channels on the EP surface is increased with the discharging time under the same applied AC voltage.The results indicate that the plasma modified material could influence the ignition of new filaments in return during the modification process.Moreover,the surface conductivity and density of shallow traps with low trap energy of the EP samples increase after the plasma treatment.The surface charge distributions indicate that the improved surface properties accelerate the movement and redistribution of charge carriers on the EP surface.The variable electrical parameters of discharge are attributed to the redistribution of deposited surface charge on the plasma modified EP sample surface.

Burst pulses for positive corona discharges in atmospheric air:the collective movement of charged species

Positive corona burst pulses are an unstable pulse mode.They appear in a small range of the onset stage,and their current pulses result from the collective movement of charged species.This paper focused on the connections between these pulses and the collective movement of charged species.The movement of species is divided into four parts with respect to time:the(1)initial growth of species,(2)formation and development of the streamer region and negative ion sheath,(3)dead time(the time interval between the pulses),and(4)rapid re-growth of species.The movement of the species in the four parts and the correspondence with the current pulse were analyzed.The numerical results indicated the following:the rapid rising of the species matched the rising edge of the pulses,the streamer region,and negative ion sheath appeared in the falling edge of the primary pulse,and the rapid re-growth of species matched the re-ignition of the pulses.The results were in qualitative agreement with deductions and experimental observations in the literature.