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Charging China’s Cars
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作者 Denis Green 《ChinAfrica》 2014年第9期59-59,共1页
THE Chinese Government recently stated it wants 5 million electric and hybrid cars on the roads of China by 2020. At the moment this figure seems a long way away, but with gathering interest in the electric vehi- cle ... THE Chinese Government recently stated it wants 5 million electric and hybrid cars on the roads of China by 2020. At the moment this figure seems a long way away, but with gathering interest in the electric vehi- cle (EV) market, car makers such as Geely and Tesla are focusing on their technological and innovation facilities in order to gain a firm foothold in this growing market. EVs run on electricity only. They are propelled by one or more electric motors powered by rechargeable battery packs, and have several advantages over vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs). EVs are extremely energy efficient and environmentally friendly as they emit no tailpipe (exhaust gas) pollutants, 展开更多
关键词 charging China’s Cars EV
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Classical Electromagnetic Fields of Moving Charges as a Vehicle to Probe the Connection between the Elementary Charge and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 被引量:2
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作者 Vernon Cooray Gerald Cooray 《Natural Science》 2017年第7期219-230,共12页
The radiation fields generated when a charged particle is incident on or moving away from a perfectly conducting plane are obtained. These fields are known in the literature as transition radiation. The field equation... The radiation fields generated when a charged particle is incident on or moving away from a perfectly conducting plane are obtained. These fields are known in the literature as transition radiation. The field equations derived thus are used to evaluate the energy, momentum and the action associated with the radiation. The results show that for a charged particle moving with speed ν, the longitudinal momentum associated with the transition radiation is approximately equal to ΔU/c for values of ?1- ν/c smaller than about 10-3 where ΔU is the total radiated energy dissipated during the interaction and cis the speed of light in free space. The action of the radiation, defined as the product of the total energy dissipated and the duration of the emission, increases as 1- ν/c decreases and, for an electron, it becomes equal to h/4π when ν = c - νm where νm is the speed pertinent to the lowest possible momentum associated with a particle confined inside the universe and?h is the Planck constant. Combining these results with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, an expression that predicts the value of the elementary charge is derived. 展开更多
关键词 Transition Radiation Heisenberg’s Uncertainty PRINCIPLE Electronic chargE ELEMENTARY chargE size of the UNIVERsE
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Regulation on the Protection of Fossils Issued by the State Council of the People's Republic of China:Scientists' Researches Protected Legally—Further Explanation 被引量:1
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作者 Hao Ziguo,Fei Hongcai and Liu Lian 《Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第2期532-532,共1页
With large-scale engineering projects being carried out in China, a large number of fossil localities have been discovered and excavated by responsible agencies, but still some important fossils of great value have be... With large-scale engineering projects being carried out in China, a large number of fossil localities have been discovered and excavated by responsible agencies, but still some important fossils of great value have been removed and smuggled into foreign countries. In the last three years, more than 1345 fossil specimens have been intercepted by Customs in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing and elsewhere, and more than 5000 fossils, most of which are listed as key fossils, 展开更多
关键词 Further Explanation Regulation on the Protection of Fossils Issued by the state Council of the People’s Republic of China Researches Protected legally
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A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge 被引量:3
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作者 Nader Butto 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2021年第3期1190-1201,共12页
Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented... Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units <i>ε</i><sub>0</sub> ML<sup>3</sup>/T<sup>2</sup>. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results. 展开更多
关键词 Electric charge Irrotational Vortex Coulomb’s Law Volume Flow Rate charge Density
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GU'S FUNCTION SCALE OF ION HYDRATION FORCE AND CHARGE SIZE
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作者 顾宏堪 《Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1997年第2期186-191,共6页
Water Vapor Chemistry" as a new science was discovered and established from trace analysis in Gu’s laboratory(Gu, 1991; Gu et al., 1991). Gu’s Function shows that the trace metal ion concentration in water vapo... Water Vapor Chemistry" as a new science was discovered and established from trace analysis in Gu’s laboratory(Gu, 1991; Gu et al., 1991). Gu’s Function shows that the trace metal ion concentration in water vapor has positive correlation to"specific electron affinity constant"last ionization potential Iz/ion valence Z and negative correlation to ion volume V and coordination number N(Gu, 1994). Gu’s Func-tion C=f[(Iz/Z)/VN]of the bond parameter in water vapor chemistry corresponds to the potential energy function Z’ e2/r in the Schrodinger Equation of quantum chemistry. In different ions with the same 2+ charge, the ion concentration of water-water vapor transfer may be much different. This shows that the 2+ charge of different ions has different attractive force (hydration force). This different attractive force of the charge can be scaled with the relative energy or charge size from Gu’s Function. 展开更多
关键词 water vapor chemistry Gu′s function sCALE ION hydration FORCE ION chargE sIZE
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Class of Charged Fluid Balls in General Relativity 被引量:2
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作者 A. Sah Prakash Chandra 《International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 2016年第4期494-511,共18页
In the present study, we have obtained a new analytical solution of combined Einstein-Maxwell field equations describing the interior field of a ball having static spherically symmetric isotropic charged flu... In the present study, we have obtained a new analytical solution of combined Einstein-Maxwell field equations describing the interior field of a ball having static spherically symmetric isotropic charged fluid within it. The charge and electric field intensity are zero at the center and monotonically increasing towards the boundary of the fluid ball. Besides these, adiabatic index is also increasing towards the boundary and becomes infinite on it. All other physical quantities such as pressure, density, adiabatic speed of sound, charge density, adiabatic index are monotonically decreasing towards the surface. Causality condition is obeyed at the center of ball. In the limiting case of vanishingly small charge, the solution degenerates into Schwarzchild uniform density solution for electrically neutral fluid. The solution joins smoothly to the Reissner-Nordstrom solution over the boundary. We have constructed a neutron star model by assuming the surface density . The mass of the neutron star comes  with radius 14.574 km. 展开更多
关键词 Exact solution Einstein’s Field Equations charged Fluid Ball Compact star General Relativity
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CuMn_(2)O_(4)/石墨炔S型异质结上锚定氧化助催化剂促进曙红敏化光催化析氢
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作者 杨成 李鑫 +2 位作者 李梅 梁桂杰 靳治良 《Chinese Journal of Catalysis》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第1期88-103,共16页
半导体光催化剂有效的电荷分离及利用是光催化制氢的关键.单一半导体催化剂由于光生电子-空穴对的快速复合导致低的光催化活性,构建异质结是提高光生电荷分离以及电子转移效率的有效方法.此外,助催化剂的引入同样能够促进光催化剂表面... 半导体光催化剂有效的电荷分离及利用是光催化制氢的关键.单一半导体催化剂由于光生电子-空穴对的快速复合导致低的光催化活性,构建异质结是提高光生电荷分离以及电子转移效率的有效方法.此外,助催化剂的引入同样能够促进光催化剂表面电子和空穴的分离,并且其协同效应可促使更多载流子流向相应的助催化剂位点而增强光催化性能.因此,同时构建异质结及合适的氧化位点成为解决光生电子-空穴对有效分离及利用的重要研究方向.本文报道了一种同时构建S型异质结和氧化位点促进CuMn_(2)O_(4)光生电子-空穴对有效分离及利用的可行性策略.虽然在制备CuMn_(2)O_(4)的过程中通过调控制备温度能够自身诱导生成具有氧化能力的Mn_(2)O_(3)来作为氧化位点,但是只存在氧化位点时不能很好地克服光生电子-空穴对的重组现象而导致光催化活性较低.基于此,本文巧妙地利用CuMn_(2)O_(4)自身诱导生成氧化位点的特性并引入石墨炔还原端而构建S型异质结,在氧化位点及S型异质结同时存在的情况下增强光生电子的有效转移.此外,在自身诱导生成氧化位点和S型异质结的协同作用下,促进了复合光催化剂中的光生电子和光生空穴精确定向迁移到相应的还原位点和氧化位点.傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱证实成功制备了石墨炔.X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)等结果表明,成功制备了600-CuMn_(2)O_(4)/GDY-40%(6-CG-40%)样品(600°C焙烧,石墨炔质量百分含量为40%).经过组分优化的复合光催化剂6-CG-40%的催化性能达到1586.54μmol g^(‒1)h^(‒1),是CuMn_(2)O_(4)(106.73μmol g^(‒1)h^(‒1))和石墨炔(70.57μmol g^(‒1)h^(‒1))产氢活性的13.86倍和21.48倍高.利用UV-vis光谱、电化学性能和接触角测试等分析6-CG-40%复合光催化剂产氢性能提升的原因,并通过密度泛函理论计算和相关实验表征验证Mn_(2)O_(3)作为氧化助催化剂的合理性.结果表明,原位诱导生成的Mn_(2)O_(3)氧化助催化剂和引入石墨炔构建的S型异质结有效抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合,从而优化了光生载流子转移效率,最终增强了曙红敏化6-CG-40%光催化析氢性能.综上所述,在控制诱导因子原位生成Mn_(2)O_(4)氧化助催化剂的基础上引入石墨炔还原端构建了S型异质结,在助催化剂与异质结两者的协同作用下极大程度地改善了光生电子-空穴对的严重复合现象,这项工作为解决光催化制氢领域中制约光催化剂制氢能力的关键问题提供了可行性思路. 展开更多
关键词 石墨炔 氧化助催化剂 电荷分离 s型异质结 光催化制氢
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双聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)/Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)S型异质结增强光催化产氢性能
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作者 杨婷婷 汪静 +2 位作者 王中辽 张金锋 代凯 《Chinese Journal of Catalysis》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第3期157-167,共11页
利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为化学能,以应对当今社会所面临的环境污染和能源挑战,是一种极具发展潜力的策略.因此,研发高效光催化剂成为当务之急.在众多光催化剂中,金属硫化物受到广泛关注.其中,CdS因其出色的产氢性能而被视为一种具有... 利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为化学能,以应对当今社会所面临的环境污染和能源挑战,是一种极具发展潜力的策略.因此,研发高效光催化剂成为当务之急.在众多光催化剂中,金属硫化物受到广泛关注.其中,CdS因其出色的产氢性能而被视为一种具有前景的光催化剂,并备受关注.然而,CdS易发生光腐蚀,导致S2‒阴离子容易被产生的空穴氧化,从而影响了其光化学稳定性,限制了其应用.为解决上述问题,本课题组尝试用(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(3)‒代替S2‒合成了不易受光腐蚀且相对稳定的聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(CdTMT),CdTMT是一种对可见光有良好响应的大分子配位聚合物,在光催化制氢方面表现出较好的催化性能.本文以八面体CdTMT为基底,通过生长棒状Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(ZnTMT),利用简便的一步原位水热法制备了不同比例的CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及透射电镜对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌以及组成元素进行了表征,并利用X射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜和电子顺磁共振等技术对复合材料的电子传输行为进行了详细分析.结果表明,在黑暗状态下,电子由CdTMT转移到ZnTMT,当光照时电子由ZnTMT转移到CdTMT,证实了CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的成功构建.同时,拉曼光谱证明了三嗪环的存在.此外,考察了纯样品和复合材料的光催化析氢性能.结果表明,在光照下S型CdTMT/ZnTMT异质结的光催化析氢效率相较于单一催化剂ZnTMT与CdTMT有显著提升,最高达到45.24 mmol·g^(‒1)·h^(‒1),分别是ZnTMT和CdTMT的215.43倍和1.76倍.CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力以及π共轭轨道之间存在协同作用,不仅保留了CdTMT导带上电子与ZnTMT价带上空穴的强氧化还原能力,而且通过重新配置氧化还原活性较低的光生电子和空穴,实现了更高的电子-空穴分离效率,从而增强了复合材料的光催化活性.上述结果与表征和密度泛函理论计算结果一致.鉴于聚合物体系在自然环境中的无序性,研究聚合物的电子传递机制仍具有一定的挑战性.本文通过成功构建双聚合物S型异质结,在显著优化光催化剂性能的同时,也为设计聚合物电子转移机制和优化聚合物光催化剂性能提供了新思路. 展开更多
关键词 s型异质结 光催化析氢 电荷转移 ZnTMT CdTMT
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Tuning the type of charge carriers in N-heterocyclic carbene-based molecular junctions through electrodes
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作者 Ming-Lang Wang Chuan-Kui Wang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第11期290-296,共7页
Designing tunable molecular devices with different charge carriers in single-molecule junctions is crucial to the nextgeneration electronic technology.Recently,it has been demonstrated that the type of charge carriers... Designing tunable molecular devices with different charge carriers in single-molecule junctions is crucial to the nextgeneration electronic technology.Recently,it has been demonstrated that the type of charge carriers depends on and can be tuned by controlling the molecular length and the number of interfacial covalent bonds.In this study,we show that the type of charge carriers can also be tuned by controlling the material and shape of electrodes.N-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)have attracted attention because of their ability to form strong,substitutional inert bonds in a variety of metals.Also,NHCs are more stable than the widely used thiol group.Therefore,we use electrodes to tune the type of charge carriers in a series of NHCs with different side groups.The ab initio calculations based on non-equilibrium Green’s formalism combined with density functional theory show that the dominant charge carrier switches from electrons to holes when gold electrodes are changed into platinum ones.The nature of the charge carriers can be identified by variations in the transport spectra at the Fermi level(EF),which are caused by the side groups.The projections of transport spectra onto the central molecules further validate our inferences.In addition,the transmission coefficient at EF is found to be dependent on the atomic interface structure.In particular,for the NHC without methyl or ethyl side groups,connecting a protruding atom on the electrode surface significantly enhances the transportability of both electrode materials.Overall,this study presents an effective approach to modifying transport properties,which has potential applications in designing functional molecular devices based on NHCs. 展开更多
关键词 molecular electronics charge carriers side groups non-equilibrium Green’s function
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Research Progress of Modern Children's Outdoor Play Areas and Relevant Legal Framework
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作者 GENG Fengming SHEN Xiaohui 《Journal of Landscape Research》 2013年第Z2期40-42,共3页
By briefing history and current situation of researches,designs and construction of children’s outdoor play areas in the United States and Japan,and legislative framework of children’s welfare in the United Nations ... By briefing history and current situation of researches,designs and construction of children’s outdoor play areas in the United States and Japan,and legislative framework of children’s welfare in the United Nations and developed countries,the relationship between sound relationship and Children’s outdoor play areas was elaborated.Suggestions were given for the development of childrens’outdoor spaces in China. 展开更多
关键词 City OUTDOOR Children’s OUTDOOR PLAY area legal framework
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Free, Bound, and Mobile Charge Density
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作者 Glyn Kennell 《Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications》 2017年第5期73-89,共17页
Questions and difficulties are presented pertaining to the quantitative characterization of the electric field in certain scenarios. Specific examples concerning electrolytes are explored. Newton’s third law is invok... Questions and difficulties are presented pertaining to the quantitative characterization of the electric field in certain scenarios. Specific examples concerning electrolytes are explored. Newton’s third law is invoked and the concept of mobile charge density is presented in relation to free charge density and bound charge density. The notion of mobile charge density is utilized to develop a theory and model for the electric field coupled with electrolytic properties and transport. Validations, simulations, and implications of the model are presented and discussed, including: is it possible to extend Maxwell’s equations to a more generalized form? 展开更多
关键词 Electrolytic TRANsPORT Electric Field chargE DENsITY Maxwell’s EQUATIONs
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Resonant charge transfer in slow Li^+–Li(2s) collisions
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作者 李铁成 刘春华 +5 位作者 屈一至 刘玲 吴勇 王建国 Liebermann H.P. Buenker R.J. 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第10期143-148,共6页
The resonant charge transfer process for Li+-Li(2s) collision is investigated by the quantum-mechanical molecular orbital close-coupling(QMOCC) method and the two-center atomic-orbital close-coupling(AOCC) meth... The resonant charge transfer process for Li+-Li(2s) collision is investigated by the quantum-mechanical molecular orbital close-coupling(QMOCC) method and the two-center atomic-orbital close-coupling(AOCC) method in an energy range of 1.0 e V/u-104e V/u. Accurate molecular structure data and charge transfer cross sections are given. Both the allelectron model(AEM) and one-electron model(OEM) are used in the QMOCC calculations, and the discrepancies between the two models are analyzed. The OEM calculation can also give a reliable prediction of the cross sections for energies below 1 ke V/u. 展开更多
关键词 resonant charge transfer Li+-Li(2s collisions cross section
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S型CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)微球异质结的理性设计及其高效光催化CO_(2)还原
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作者 许修涛 邵春风 +2 位作者 张金锋 王中辽 代凯 《物理化学学报》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2024年第10期39-42,共4页
人工半导体光催化CO_(2)转化被广泛认为是模拟自然碳循环的最有前途的策略之一。其中,Bi_(2)MoO_(6)具有光催化CO_(2)转化的潜力。然而,由于其光生电荷载体的快速复合,其催化性能仍然不足。因此,改善Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的催化效率是一个紧迫... 人工半导体光催化CO_(2)转化被广泛认为是模拟自然碳循环的最有前途的策略之一。其中,Bi_(2)MoO_(6)具有光催化CO_(2)转化的潜力。然而,由于其光生电荷载体的快速复合,其催化性能仍然不足。因此,改善Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的催化效率是一个紧迫的问题。在这项研究中,我们通过水热法合成了Bi_(2)MoO_(6)纳米片,并在其表面同时生长了CeO_(2)纳米颗粒,形成了Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)离子桥接修饰的S型异质结。时间分辨光致发光光谱和光电化学测试揭示了这种异质结的增强电荷分离效应。此外,原位X射线光电子能谱分析和理论计算进一步证实,光生电子转移路径遵循S型机制,从氧化型半导体Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的导带转移到还原型半导体CeO_(2)的价带。实验结果表明,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)、Bi_(2)MoO_(6)和CeO_(2)的光催化CO_(2)还原为CO的效率分别为65.3、14.8和1.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)。与纯Bi_(2)MoO_(6)相比,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)复合催化剂将CO_(2)光催化还原为CO的催化效率提高了3.12倍。这项工作为设计和构建新型S型异质结光催化剂提供了独特的见解。 展开更多
关键词 光催化CO_(2)转化 CeO_(2) Bi_(2)MoO_(6) s型异质结 电荷转移
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Understanding the Effects of Various Factors on the Public Response to Congestion Charge: A Latent Class Modeling Approach
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作者 Sugiarto Sugiarto Tomio Miwa +1 位作者 Hitomi Sato Takayuki Morikawa 《Journal of Transportation Technologies》 2015年第2期76-87,共12页
The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an in... The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage. 展开更多
关键词 Respondent’s CHOICE Behavior LATENT Types of REsPONDENTs LATENT Class CONGEsTION chargE
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China's Real-Estate Legal System——Interview with Construction Minister Hou Jie about the Real-Estate Administration Law
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作者 Ren Xiaoqiang Staff Reporter 《China's Foreign Trade》 1995年第3期47-48,共2页
The City Real-Estate Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Real-Estate Administration Law) was adopted at the Eighth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National... The City Real-Estate Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Real-Estate Administration Law) was adopted at the Eighth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress, and will come into force on January 1, 1995. For the public, especially overseas investors, to understand the law, the reporter had an interview with Mr. Hou Jie, Minister of Construction. Q: Real estate has been an 展开更多
关键词 REAL China’s Real-Estate legal system
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Coulomb Force, Charge, and Electric Properties under Collision Space-Time
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作者 Espen Gaarder Haug 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2023年第3期686-704,共19页
We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated... We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis. 展开更多
关键词 Coulomb’s Law Elementary charge Planck charge Electric Units Collision space-Time
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Broken Charges Associated with Classical Spacetime Symmetries under Canonical Transformation in Real Scalar Field Theory
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作者 Susobhan Mandal 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2019年第1期167-180,共14页
We know from Noether’s theorem that there is a conserved charge for every continuous symmetry. In General Relativity, Killing vectors describe the spacetime symmetries and to each such Killing vector field, we can as... We know from Noether’s theorem that there is a conserved charge for every continuous symmetry. In General Relativity, Killing vectors describe the spacetime symmetries and to each such Killing vector field, we can associate conserved charge through stress-energy tensor of matter which is mentioned in the article. In this article, I show that under simple set of canonical transformation of most general class of Bogoliubov transformation between creation, annihilation operators, those charges associated with spacetime symmetries are broken. To do that, I look at stress-energy tensor of real scalar field theory (as an example) in curved spacetime and show how it changes under simple canonical transformation which is enough to justify our claim. Since doing Bogoliubov transformation is equivalent to coordinate transformation which according to Einstein’s equivalence principle is equivalent to turn on effect of gravity, therefore, we can say that under the effect of gravity those charges are broken. 展开更多
关键词 Noether’s Theorem KILLING Vector Field Einstein’s EQUIVALENCE Broken chargEs
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Gauss's Law for Magnetism &Law of Universal Magnetism: Calculate the Charge of a Monopole
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作者 Greg Poole 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2018年第4期581-587,共7页
This paper describes a mathematical proof that Gauss’s Law for Magnetism can be derived from the Law of Universal Magnetism [1]. A second reciprocal proof also shows that the Law of Universal Magnetism can be derived... This paper describes a mathematical proof that Gauss’s Law for Magnetism can be derived from the Law of Universal Magnetism [1]. A second reciprocal proof also shows that the Law of Universal Magnetism can be derived from Gauss’s Law for Magnetism. These two complimentary proofs confirm that the Law of Universal Magnetism is a valid equation rooted in Gaussian law. The paper also confirms the theoretical existence of the magnetic monopole and calculates its magnetic charge using the ratio of the electromagnetic field and the speed of light. Using the mass-to-charge ratio of an electron, the mass and radius of the magnetic monopole are determined. The monopole is found to have the same radius as the electron and can also be found in the electromagnetic spectrum range known as gamma rays. Lightning is a natural source of gamma rays and could prove fruitful in the search for monopoles. 展开更多
关键词 Gausss LAW for MAGNETIsM LAW of UNIVERsAL MAGNETIsM Magnetic chargE Density Permeability MONOPOLE
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Initial Analysis on the Legal Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests in Network Transaction
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作者 Xiaoqing Ren 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2016年第7期5-7,共3页
With the development of network technology and information technology, electronic commerce as a new business model wiht itsnew trading ideas-+, In changing the traditional business structure,but also gradually changi... With the development of network technology and information technology, electronic commerce as a new business model wiht itsnew trading ideas-+, In changing the traditional business structure,but also gradually changing people’s shopping patterns and consumptionpatterns,Online shopping has become the preferred way of shopping.Changes in consumption patterns will inevitably lead to new problems inthe process of consumption,and the development speed of the problem in sync with the development speed of network economy,as far as therenewal speed of laws and regulations is concerned,this asymmetric development is bound to bring great inconvenience to the consumer rights innetwork transactions.In this paper, from the angle of legal protection,the protection of consumer rights and interests in network transactions areexpounded,analysis of the current situation and reasons of the consumers’ rights and interests are infringed upon in the network transaction,learnfrom the experience of foreign consumer rights and interests protection,In order to put forward effective suggestions on the system constructionof the protection of consumer rights and interests. 展开更多
关键词 network transaction consumer’s rights and interests legal prote
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China's Legal Protection of Cultural Relics
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作者 lixiaodong 《China & The World Cultural Exchange》 1996年第3期11-13,共3页
关键词 In China’s legal Protection of Cultural Relics
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