Clinical usefulness of the baby vision test in young children and its correlation with the Snellen chart

AIM:To investigate the efficacy of a new visual acuity(VA)screening method,the baby vision test for young children.METHODS:A total 105 eyes of 65 children aged 2-8y were included in the study.Acuity testing was conducted using a standardized recognition acuity chart(Snellen visual chart:at 3 m)and the baby vision model assessment.The baby vision device includes a screen,a near infrared camera and a computer.Children were seated at a measured distance of 33-40 cm from a display for testing.VA was estimated according to the highest resolution the children could follow.Decimal VA data were converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)for statistical analysis.The VA results for each child were recorded and analyzed for consistency.RESULTS:The mean VA measured using the Snellen visual chart was 0.62±0.32,and that assessed using the baby vision test was 0.66±0.27.The 95%limit of agreement was-0.609 to 0.695,with 95.2%(100/105)plots within the 95%limits of agreement.VA values of the baby vision test were significantly correlated with those of the Snellen chart(R=0.274,P=0.005).CONCLUSION:The baby vision test can be used as a relatively reliable method for estimating VA in young children.This new acuity assessment might be a valid predictor of optotype-measured acuity later in preverbal children.

Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

Exploring Variability in Sea Level at a Tide Gauge Station through Control Charts

Monitoring temporal changes in sea level is important in assessing coastal risk.Sea level anomalies at a tide gauge station,if kinematically conceived,include systematic variations such as trend,acceleration,periodic oscillations,and random disturbances.Among them,the non-stationary nature of the random sea level variations of known or unknown origin at coastal regions has been long recognized by the sea level community.This study proposes the analyses of subgroups of random residual statistics of a rigorously formulated kinematic model solution of tide gauge variations using X-bar and S control charts.The approach is demonstrated using Key West,Florida tide gauge records.The mean and standard errors of 5-year-long subgroups of the residuals revealed that sea level changes at this location have been progressively intensifying from 1913 to the present.Increasing oscillations in sea level at this locality may be attributed partly to the thermal expansion of seawater with increasing temperatures causing larger buoyancy-related sea level fluctuations as well as the intensification of atmospheric events including wind patterns and the impact of changes in inverted barometer effects that will alter coastal risk assessments for the future.

巧用Star Chart软件开展交互式可视化物理教学——以“行星的运动”为例

手机软件因其性能优良、携带方便等优点,是实现交互式可视化物理教学的得力助手。探讨了利用手机软件“Star Chart”开展交互式可视化物理教学的三个方法:模型与过程可视化、尺度与角度交互、信息共享交互,可为教师开展交互式可视化教学提供参考。

Effect of Measurement Error on the Multivariate CUSUM Control Chart for Compositional Data

Control charts(CCs)are one of the main tools in Statistical Process Control that have been widely adopted in manufacturing sectors as an effective strategy for malfunction detection throughout the previous decades.Measurement errors(M.E’s)are involved in the quality characteristic of interest,which can effect the CC’s performance.The authors explored the impact of a linearmodel with additive covariate M.E on the multivariate cumulative sum(CUSUM)CC for a specific kind of data known as compositional data(CoDa).The average run length(ARL)is used to assess the performance of the proposed chart.The results indicate that M.E’s significantly affects themultivariate CUSUM-CoDaCCs.The authors haveused theMarkov chainmethod to study the impact of different involved parameters using six different cases for the variance-covariance matrix(VCM)(i.e.,uncorrelated with equal variances,uncorrelated with unequal variances,positively correlated with equal variances,positively correlated with unequal variances,negatively correlatedwith equal variances and negatively correlated with unequal variances).The authors concluded that the error VCM has a negative impact on the performance of themultivariate CUSUM-CoDa CC,as the ARL increases with an increase in the value of the error VCM.The subgroup size m and powering operator b positively impact the proposed CC,as the ARL decreases with an increase in m or b.The number of variables p also has a negative impact on the performance of the proposed CC,as the values of ARL increase with an increase in p.For the implementation of the proposal,two illustrated examples have been reported formultivariate CUSUM-CoDaCCs inthe presence ofM.E’s.Onedealswith themanufacturingprocessof uncoated aspirin tablets,and the other is based on monitoring the machines involved in the muesli manufacturing process.

Ranked-Set Sampling Based Distribution Free Control Chart with Application in CSTR Process

Nonparametric(distribution-free)control charts have been introduced in recent years when quality characteristics do not follow a specific distribution.When the sample selection is prohibitively expensive,we prefer ranked-set sampling over simple random sampling because ranked set sampling-based control charts outperform simple random sampling-based control charts.In this study,we proposed a nonparametric homogeneously weighted moving average based on theWilcoxon signed-rank test with ranked set sampling(NPHWMARSS)control chart for detecting shifts in the process location of a continuous and symmetric distribution.Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain the run length characteristics to evaluate the performance of the proposed NPHWMARSS control chart.The proposed NPHWMARSS control chart’s performance is compared to that of parametric and nonparametric control charts.These control charts include the exponentially weighted moving average(EWMA)control chart,Wilcoxon signed-rank with simple random sampling based the nonparametric EWMA control chart,the nonparametric EWMA sign control chart,Wilcoxon signed-rank with ranked set sampling-based the nonparametric EWMA control chart,and the homogeneously weighted moving average control charts.The findings show that the proposed NPHWMARSS control chart performs better than its competitors,particularly for the small shifts.Finally,an example is presented to demonstrate how the proposed scheme can be implemented practically.

Contributions of annual and semiannual tidal constituents to chart datum in the China seas and adjacent waters

Global uniform chart datum(CD)surface construction is the basic upon which to realize various vertical datums transformation,and is of great importance for geospatial data expression under the same vertical datum.Generally,the CD level is computed by developing the function between tidal constituents’harmonic constants and time,i.e.,the lowest astronomical tide is taken as the lowest predicted tide level by adopting the major constituents over a 19-a period.The CD surface prescribed in China is the theoretical lowest tide(TLT)and is calculated using 13 tidal constituents,i.e.,short-period(Q_(1),O_(1),P_(1),K_(1),N_(2),M_(2),S_(2),K_(2),M_(4),MS_(4)and M_(6))and long-period(Sa and Ssa)tidal constituents.Although the accuracy in determining short-period tidal constituents has improved gradually,the long-period tide has not been studied thoroughly owing to nonstationary and temporal variations.Previous studies have intended to evaluate the effect of Sa and Ssa tides in the determination of the TLT level for the purpose of determining a more accurate CD surface for the China seas and adjacent waters.Here,the parameters of long-period tidal correction and long-period tidal correction rate were treated as the effect of both Sa and Ssa on the TLT,and the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason series satellite altimetry data ranged from October 1992 to April 2022 were adopted to analyze the contribution of long-period tidal constituents.Results showed that the average long-period correction value is 10.10 cm(range from 8.57 cm to 14.98 cm),and that the average long-period tidal contribution rate is 14.56%(range from 9.09%to 23.97%)in the China seas and adjacent waters.Finally,data from 82 tide gauge station with at least a 1-a record of hourly observations were compared with satellite-derived result.We concluded that the long-period tidal contribution should not be neglected in TLT construction.Furthermore,to reduce tidal datum uncertainty,accurate extraction of long-period tidal constituents should receive closer attentions.

Memory-Type Control Charts Through the Lens of Cost Parameters

A memory-type control chart utilizes previous information for chart construction.An example of a memory-type chart is an exponentially-weighted moving average(EWMA)control chart.The EWMA control chart is well-known and widely employed by practitioners for monitoring small and moderate process mean shifts.Meanwhile,the EWMA median chart is robust against outliers.In light of this,the economic model of the EWMA and EWMA median control charts are commonly considered.This study aims to investigate the effect of cost parameters on the out-of-control average run lengthðARL_(1)Þin implementing EWMA and EWMA median control charts.The economic model was used to compute the ARL_(1) parameter.The 14 input parameters were identified and the analysis was carried out based on the one-parameter-at-a-time basis.When the input parameters change based on a predetermined percentage,the ARL_(1) is affected.According to the results of the EWMA chart,nine input parameters had an effect andfive input parameters had no effect on the ARL_(1) parameter.Further,only seven of the 14 input parameters had an effect on the ARL_(1) of the EWMA median chart.However,the effect of each input parameter on the ARL_(1) was different.Moreover,the ARL_(1) for the EWMA median chart was smaller than the EWMA chart.This analysis is crucial to observe and determine the input parameters that have a significant impact on the ARL_(1) of the EMWA and EWMA median control charts.Hence,practitioners can obtain an overview of the influence of the input parameters on the ARL_(1) when implementing the EWMA and EWMA median control charts.

Trend Autoregressive Model Exact Run Length Evaluation on a Two-Sided Extended EWMA Chart

The Extended Exponentially Weighted Moving Average(extended EWMA)control chart is one of the control charts and can be used to quickly detect a small shift.The performance of control charts can be evaluated with the average run length(ARL).Due to the deriving explicit formulas for the ARL on a two-sided extended EWMA control chart for trend autoregressive or trend AR(p)model has not been reported previously.The aim of this study is to derive the explicit formulas for the ARL on a two-sided extended EWMA con-trol chart for the trend AR(p)model as well as the trend AR(1)and trend AR(2)models with exponential white noise.The analytical solution accuracy was obtained with the extended EWMA control chart and was compared to the numer-ical integral equation(NIE)method.The results show that the ARL obtained by the explicit formula and the NIE method is hardly different,but the explicit for-mula can help decrease the computational(CPU)time.Furthermore,this is also expanded to comparative performance with the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average(EWMA)control chart.The performance of the extended EWMA control chart is better than the EWMA control chart for all situations,both the trend AR(1)and trend AR(2)models.Finally,the analytical solution of ARL is applied to real-world data in the healthfield,such as COVID-19 data in the United Kingdom and Sweden,to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Tool Condition Monitoring Based on Nonlinear Output Frequency Response Functions and Multivariate Control Chart

Tool condition monitoring(TCM)is a key technology for intelligent manufacturing.The objective is to monitor the tool operation status and detect tool breakage so that the tool can be changed in time to avoid significant damage to workpieces and reduce manufacturing costs.Recently,an innovative TCM approach based on sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis has been proposed.Different from traditional signal feature-based monitoring,the data from sensors are utilized to build a dynamic process model.Then,the nonlinear output frequency response functions,a concept which extends the linear system frequency response function to the nonlinear case,over the frequency range of the tooth passing frequency of the machining process are extracted to reveal tool health conditions.In order to extend the novel sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis to unsupervised condition monitoring of cutting tools,in the present study,a multivariate control chart is proposed for TCM based on the frequency domain properties of machining processes derived from the innovative sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis.The feature dimension is reduced by principal component analysis first.Then the moving average strategy is exploited to generate monitoring variables and overcome the effects of noises.The milling experiments of titanium alloys are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in detecting excessive flank wear of solid carbide end mills.The results demonstrate the advantages of the new approach over conventional TCM techniques and its potential in industrial applications.

用JFreeChart创建图表

使用JFreeChart可以极大地增强Java应用程序的高级制图功能,生成多种通用的图表。对于要在Swing或Web应用程序中加入自制图表的Java开发者来说,JFreeChart无疑是一种比较理想的选择。

以Java2D与JFreeChart为平台的生产调度仿真与实现

在对现有生产制造车间的配置进行充分调查研究的基础上,根据生产制造中的特定需求,提出一种新的基于Java2D和JFreeChart技术的设计方法,设计相应的仿真系统;对生产调度的现实过程和项目计划的甘特图生成等方面,进行了有效的仿真设计和实现。仿真结果表明这种设计方法是有效的。

VC++环境下利用MsChart控件对GPS数据的处理

Visual C++由于功能强大和应用灵活,同时得到Microsoft系统的最好支持,因此Visual C++经常用作串口通信开发工具。本文探讨如何将通过计算机串口接收来的GPS数据,利用MsChart控件进行处理。

TeeChart控件在实时检测系统上位机软件中的应用

为满足工业实时测控系统领域对数据分析处理的需要,需要在实时测控系统的上位机软件中开发实时曲线绘制和历史曲线绘制功能。介绍了图标类控件Tee Chart的功能特点和属性方法,说明了Tee Chart控件进行曲线功能开发的流程和方法。结合实际应用项目,在Visual Studio 2010编程环境下,实现了数据显示和处理功能,并给出了关键代码。Tee Chart控件具有功能强大、使用灵活的特点,非常适合实时测控系统中对数据曲线分析处理的需要。

JFreeChart在Java Web项目中的应用

针对Web项目对图表技术的要求不断提高,介绍一种开源的基于Java技术的动态图表开发组件JFreeChart。结合某煤矸石热电厂管理信息系统,具体阐述了如何通过JFreeChart组件构建动态图表,为报表数据提供可视化、直观化的分析。

基于eCharts的动态统计图表绘制技术研究

eCharts是一个开源数据可视化工具,功能强大,具有易学易用、交互性强、定制灵活等优点。该文对ASP.NET开发环境下eCharts控件的动态统计图表绘制技术展开研究,结合AJAX技术针对其中的数据获取、图表参数设置、图表动态绘制等问题给出一套完整的编程模式,从而为各种Web应用中统计数据的可视化提供技术手段。

基于JFreeChart技术的Web数据图表化表现

介绍一种开源的基于Java技术的动态图表开发组件JFreeChart,结合某高校教学水平评估数据统计系统,阐述了如何通过JFreeChart组件构建动态图表,为报表数据提供可视化、直观化的分析。

XML Schema数据到对象关系数据的转换——一种基于DOM-Chart模型的映射算法

讨论了基于模式驱动的XML Schema到对象-关系数据库模式映射,并给出了基本的映射规则和映射算法。在映射算法的设计中,先对DOM tree模型作适当修改并重新定义一种新的数据模型即DOM-Chart模型,使用新定义的这种模型简化了映射的处理过程。使用完全支持SQL:1999标准并具备面向对象特征的DBMS Oracle9i Release 2作为后台数据库,采用JDOM作为XML文档的编程接口,使用JAVA语言对论文中描述的算法进行了验证。实验结果表明该算法简单有效,由该映射得到的对象-关系模式保留了XML Schema的语义信息和结构信息,同时也引入了面向对象的数据类型和特征。

一种基于JFree Chart的Web统计图表

互联网技术的飞速发展使得基于Web的应用越来越普遍,同时也更加复杂。基于Web的动态统计图表就是一个典型的实例。随着开发技术的不断发展,一些开源项目凭借其公开、自由以及免费等众多优势产生了越来越大的影响,很多项目都采用了开源技术。文中介绍了一种开源的基于Java的报表开发组件JFreeChart引擎,阐述了其图表显示原理。基于JSP和JavaBean技术的B/S开发模式已经成了目前开发基于Java技术的Web应用系统的主导,文章通过在Web上实现动态统计图表,给出了一种典型的应用,并结合一个实际项目中的例子进行了分析,探索出了一种开发Web动态报表的方法。

对用Chart控件的SetData函数绘制曲线图和散点图的研究与实现

本文主要介绍了Chart控件的一些基本属性 ,在VC ++中运用计算机图形学原理绘制二次曲线的一些方法以及如何使用Chart控件的SetData函数进行二维图形的绘制 ,并就用Chart控件绘图的精度问题进行了定量分析。