Model Checking-Based Testing of Web Applications

A formal model representing the navigation behavior of a Web application as the Kripke structure is proposed and an approach that applies model checking to test case generation is presented. The Object Relation Diagram as the object model is employed to describe the object structure of a Web application design and can be translated into the behavior model. A key problem of model checking-based test generation for a Web application is how to construct a set of trap properties that intend to cause the violations of model checking against the behavior model and output of counterexamples used to construct the test sequences. We give an algorithm that derives trap properties from the object model with respect to node and edge coverage criteria.

Generating test case specifications of web service composition using model checking

Model checking techniques have been widely used in verifying web service compositions to ensure the trustworthi- ness. However, little research has focused on testing web services. Based on the research of model checking techniques~ we propose a model checking based approach for testing web service composition which is described by using the web services choreography description language （WS-CDL）. According to worldwide web consortium （W3C） candidate recommendation, the WS-CDL specification provides a language for characterizing interactions between distinct web services using XML. Since the behaviors of web service composition are asynchronous, distributed, low-coupled and platform independent, we employ the guarded automata （GA） model for specifying the composition described in WS-CDL and using the simple promela interpreter （SPIN） model checker for detecting the collaborations of web services. Test cases can be transformed from counterexamples generated by SPIN using adequacy criteria. In this paper we apply the transition coverage criterion for generating counterex- amples. To illustrate our approach, we set ＂E-commerce service system＂ as an example for demonstrating how test cases can be generated using SPIN for compositions specified in WS-CDL.

Consistency check of degradation mechanism between natural storage and enhancement test for missile servo system

Reliability enhancement testing(RET) is an accelerated testing which hastens the performance degradation process to surface its inherent defects of design and manufacture. It is an important hypothesis that the degradation mechanism of the RET is the same as the one of the normal stress condition. In order to check the consistency of two mechanisms, we conduct two enhancement tests with a missile servo system as an object of the study, and preprocess two sets of test data to establish the accelerated degradation models regarding the temperature change rate that is assumed to be the main applied stress of the servo system during the natural storage. Based on the accelerated degradation models and natural storage profile of the servo system, we provide and demonstrate a procedure to check the consistency of two mechanisms by checking the correlation and difference of two sets of degradation data. The results indicate that the two degradation mechanisms are significantly consistent with each other.

TESTING THE ADEQUACY OF GARCH-TYPE MODELS IN TIME SERIES

In this article a new approach for checking the adequacy of GARCH-type models in time series was proposed. The resulted tests involve weight functions, which provide them with the flexibility in choosing scores to enhance power performance. The choice of weight functions and the power properties of the tests are studied. For a large number of alternatives, asymptotically distribution-free maximin test is constructed. The tests are asymptotically chi-squared under the null hypothesis and easy to implement. Simulation results indicate that the tests perform well.

消费者Check-all-that-apply和喜好度测试在植物近水饮料感官评定中的应用研究

本研究采用check-all-that-apply(CATA)法与喜好9点标度法相结合的消费者快速感官评价方法,对马尾松、淡竹叶、桑叶、菊花、桂花、薄荷、紫苏、桦树汁露8种草本植物近水饮料的感官特征进行分析。消费者在19个口感和24个气味属性描述词中勾选,对8款近水饮料样品进行感官和喜好度评定。喜好度分析结果表明,消费者对8款植物近水饮料的喜好度存在差异,消费者对薄荷露和桂花露整体喜好度较高,两者差异不显著(P<0.05)。Cochran’s Q test分析结果表明,样品在41个感官属性中均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。对应分析(Correspondence Analysis,CA)结果说明了8种植物近水饮料之间感官特征的差异,薄荷露感官特征突出,具有清凉、薄荷的特征属性;桂花露感官属性主要表现为桂花香、桃香、甜香;菊花露、紫苏露、桑叶露具有相似的绿茶、甘草、菊花等感官属性;马尾松与淡竹叶露感官特征相似;桦树汁露感官特征不明显。结合消费者李克特量表数据进行惩罚分析(Penalty Analysis,PA),本研究发现注重健康人群并未对产品中草药气味表现出显著的不接受;有饮水添加助饮物习惯的人群更偏好甜香、清凉、金银花的感官特征。因此,消费者快速感官评价CATA法能够有效测试产品的感官属性和消费者偏好,并在新产品开发和市场调研方向展现出广阔的应用前景。

Automatic Generation of Test Cases in Regression Testing for Lustre/SCADE Programs

Lustre is a formal synchronous declarative language widely used for modeling and specifying safety critical applications in the fields of avionics, transportation, and energy production. In such applications, the testing activity to ensure correctness of the system plays a crucial role. During the development process, Lustre programs (or SCADE) are often upgraded, so regression test should be performed to detect bugs. However, regression test is generally costly, because the number of test cases is usually very large. In this paper, we present the solution to automatically generating test cases in regression testing of Lustre/SCADE programs. We apply this solution to regression testing for case study Uturn System.

Review of Software Model-Checking Techniques for Dealing with Error Detection in Program Codes

Debugging software code has been a challenge for software developers since the early days of computer programming. A simple need, because the world is run by software. So perhaps the biggest engineering challenge is finding ways to make software more reliable. This review provides an overview of techniques developed over time in the field of software model checking to solve the problem of detecting errors in program code. In addition, the challenges posed by this technology are discussed and ways to mitigate them in future research and applications are proposed. A comprehensive examination of the various model verification methods used to detect program code errors is intended to lay the foundation for future research in this area.

基于TLA+形式化规约的Raft协议测试

Raft是最为流行的分布式共识协议之一.自2014年被提出以来,Raft协议及其变体在各种分布式系统中被广泛应用.为了证明Raft协议的正确性,开发者使用TLA+形式化规约对协议设计进行了建模和验证.但由于抽象的形式化规约与实际的系统实现源码间存在鸿沟,基于Raft实现的分布式系统中仍然会违背协议设计并引入复杂的缺陷.设计基于TLA+形式化规约的测试方法来检测Raft协议实现中的缺陷.具体而言,将形式化规约匹配到相应的系统实现,并用形式化规约所定义的状态空间来指导系统实现的测试过程.为评估所提方法的可行性和有效性,针对两个不同的Raft实现进行系统化测试,并发现3个未知缺陷.

高海拔地区宽级配泥石流冲击拦砂坝试验研究

在高海拔地区,由于山高谷深,坡表物质受物理风化严重,物源级配宽度范围大,泥石流的发育频率高,冲击力大,导致拦砂坝损毁严重。为研究高海拔地区宽级配泥石流对拦砂坝的冲击规律,以西藏地区发育的泥石流为原型,建立宽级配泥石流冲击拦砂坝的物理试验模型,选取泥石流容重、水槽坡度与泥石流固相最大粒径为变量,进行27组水槽试验,研究冲击力特征。结果表明:(1)宽级配泥石流在冲击拦砂坝过程中经历“冲击爬高、旋滚回流、堆积回淤”3个接触演化阶段,泥石流容重越小,爬高越大,冲淤过程的阶段性表现越明显;(2)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随宽级配泥石流容重的增大而减小,在相同坡度和级配的条件下,容重越大,水流携带固体物源运动越困难,泥石流流速降低,泥石流的冲击力减小;(3)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随沟槽坡度增大而增大,沟槽坡度越大,宽级配泥石流的流速和流深越大,泥石流冲击力就越大,并且泥石流固相粒径越大,坡度对冲击力的影响效果越明显;(4)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随宽级配泥石流固相最大粒径增大而增大,且变化趋势较泥石流容重及沟槽坡度条件改变时更加显著,最大粒径与泥石流流速、流深没有明显规律关系。研究成果将为宽级配泥石流防治和研究提供一定的数据参考。

智能热工仪表检测标准分析

智能热工仪表是工业生产智能高效、绿色安全及现代化转型升级的基础。分析了智能记录、温度、压力、流量仪表的通用技术条件,包括结构及基本参数、要求和试验方法,尤其分析了智能热工仪表与传统热工仪表不同的功能检查和物联网安全性试验,为智能热工仪表的检测提供参考。

高精主轴装配工艺设计与测试

主轴单元是数控机床的重要功能部件之一,其装配质量将影响机床的加工精度及稳定性等性能指标。为满足数控机床高精高速的实际需求,降低机床主轴单元的故障率,对主轴运转噪声大、轴承温升过高、切削工件表面有振纹等常见故障现象进行研究。结合上述故障产生的原因,分别对相关装配过程作了梳理和总结,如:影响主轴运转噪声的主轴组件动平衡校核工序;影响轴承温升及切削性能的选择配置主轴轴承等工序。通过对主轴单元的温升测试及抗振性切削测试,从而验证了所述装配工艺的正确性和合理性,具有一定的借鉴价值。

基于自然语言需求的SCADE模型测试用例自动生成方法

随着安全关键软件规模和复杂性不断增加,模型驱动开发方法在安全关键领域得到了广泛应用。SCADE作为一种重要的建模方法和工具,能够表达确定性并发行为且具有精确时间语义等特性,适用于安全关键软件的建模、测试与验证。目前,已有方法主要采用手工方式构造SCADE模型测试用例,存在需求与测试用例不一致、成本代价高且容易出错的问题。文中提出了一种基于自然语言需求的SCADE模型测试用例自动生成方法。首先,给出了基于模型检测的测试用例自动生成方法,通过自然语言需求处理生成原子命题,用于生成前提假设Assume和观察者模型,同时给出了陷阱性质(Trap Properties)生成规则来生成陷阱性质用于模型检测;其次,给出了基于覆盖分析和变异测试的测试用例质量评估方法,并在SCADE模型上进行变异测试;最后,设计和实现了原型工具,并基于一个工业界案例飞行员弹射座椅控制系统进行了案例分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

不同阀套锥角条件下大流量插装式液控单向阀阀口流动特性分析

对大流量插装式液控单向阀制造样机进行了阀口密封性、开启特性和静态特性试验测试。应用仿真技术对插装式液控单向阀阀口在不同阀套锥角时的流场特性进行了计算分析,并将样机模型的计算结果与试验测试结果作了对比分析。得出:不同的阀套锥角对插装式液控单向阀的阀口流场特性影响显著,合理选取阀套锥角,可使阀口处的压力损失减小,阀口气穴现象和噪声的生成机率减低,阀的刚度增大,阀口流动状态稳定,阀的性能得到提升。为大流量插装式液控单向阀的阀口结构设计提供了理论支持。

基于报告抽查的质量监督方式对提升检测机构报告水平的应用探讨

检验检测报告作为检验检测活动的最终产品,其质量直接反映了检验检测机构的技术能力和管理水平。在检验检测机构内部建立适当的报告抽查制度,有助于检验检测机构更加科学、合理地对检验检测过程进行质量控制,及时识别报告质量风险。本文概括介绍了报告监督抽查中发现的不符合项并对其产生的原因进行简要分析,基于不符合产生的原因提出机构应采取的改进措施和今后监督的重点方向,以期通过报告抽查能够规范检测人员从业行为,提高检验检测报告质量水平。

辅助保护等电位联结误解剖析

行业内对辅助保护等电位联结有不同看法,通过对一些论点进行分析,澄清其误解:根据相关标准和文献的相关规定,更正相关术语;分析设置辅助保护等电位联结的具体措施和要点,提出校验辅助保护等电位联结的方法;明确相关概念和原理,在工程实践中正确应用。

基于大连市社会化生态环境检测机构监督抽查结果的分析

为有效提升生态环境检测机构数据质量,进一步强化对社会化检测机构的监督管理,通过列举监督抽查中发现的代表性问题,对照检验检测资质认定行业规范,分析生态环境检测过程中影响数据质量的主要因素,提出建立智慧化、全链条信息监管平台,推动信用评价体系建立,严格监督管理,建立高规格惩戒机制等建议,有效提升社会化生态环境检测机构质量管理水平,着力促进生态环境检测服务行业健康发展。

安全鞋品质检测与监管抽查联动机制构建与实践研究

近年来,随着我国乃至全球对安全生产法规的日益完善以及劳动者权益保护意识的提升,市场对于高品质、高防护性能的安全鞋需求正逐年增长,不仅要求产品具备严格的质量保证,同时还强调其舒适度和耐用性。但从现实情况来看,安全鞋品质检测与监管还存在一定程度的问题,导致安全鞋的质量参差不齐。针对上述问题,本研究从安全鞋品质检测与监管工作现状入手,提出安全鞋品质检测与监管抽查联动机制的构建措施与建议,仅供参考与借鉴。

火箭式远距离灭火弹设计与应用研究

为满足灭火弹的灭火效能要求,且具备可靠性,综合考虑灭火弹的需求和参数指标,设计灭火弹的结构,并对关键结构的强度进行计算和有限元仿真。计算和仿真结果表明,该灭火弹强度符合要求。最后进行静爆试验及射击试验,结果表明灭火效能及可靠性均满足设计要求,证明灭火弹结构设计合理。

割草机性能及寿命试验规程的应用与制定

分析了割草机性能及寿命试验规范的要求和目的,参考国外园林机械制造商关于割草机配套动力的试验规范及安全规程,结合我国生产企业实际产品的试验经验,提出了一套适合我国割草机产品的试验规程。

挖掘机回油单向阀性能分析

基于旁路回油散热原理对回油单向阀进行选型,并试验验证其液压性能参数。试验结果表明:回油单向阀进口压力为0.28 MPa,小于限值(0.30 MPa);进口流量为120 L/min,小于限值(200 L/min),压力流量满足设计要求。采用该回油单向阀进行热平衡试验,水温、液压油温度、机油温度均小于限值,热风回流虽存在,但对热平衡影响较小。试验采集水温与车载终端显示温度差异为0,试验采集液压油温度与车载终端显示温度差异在3%左右,可验证试验数据有效性。