It is intuitive that allowing a deeper search into a game tree will result in a superior player to one that is restricted in the depth of the search that it is allowed to make. Of course, searching deeper into the tre...It is intuitive that allowing a deeper search into a game tree will result in a superior player to one that is restricted in the depth of the search that it is allowed to make. Of course, searching deeper into the tree comes at increased computational cost and this is one of the trade-offs that has to be considered in developing a tree-based search algorithm. There has been some discussion as to whether the evaluation function, or the depth of the search, is the main contributory factor in the performance of an evolved checkers player. Some previous research has investigated this question （on Chess and Othello）, with differing conclusions. This suggests that different games have different emphases, with respect to these two factors. This paper provides the evidence for evolutionary checkers, and shows that the look-ahead depth （like Chess, perhaps unsurprisingly） is important. This is the first time that such an intensive study has been carried out for evolutionary checkers and given the evidence provided for Chess and Othello this is an important study that provides the evidence for another game. We arrived at our conclusion by evolving various checkers players at different ply depths and by playing them against one another, again at different ply depths. This was combined with the two-move ballot （enabling more games against the evolved players to take place） which provides strong evidence that depth of the look-ahead is important for evolved checkers players.展开更多
Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the intern...Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.展开更多
Not So Cooperative Caching(NSCC) considers a network comprised of selfish nodes; each is with caching capability and an objective of reducing its own access cost by fetching data from its local cache or from neighbori...Not So Cooperative Caching(NSCC) considers a network comprised of selfish nodes; each is with caching capability and an objective of reducing its own access cost by fetching data from its local cache or from neighboring caches. These nodes would cooperate in caching and share cached content if and only if they each benefit. The challenges are to determine what objects to cache at each node and to implement the system in the context of Information Centric Networking(ICN). This work includes both a solution for the NSCC problem and a design and implementation of an NSCC system in Named Data Networking(NDN), a large effort that exemplifies ICN. Our design applies NDN synchronization protocol to facilitate the information exchange among nodes, adopts group key encryption to control data access within the NSCC group, and offers an error checker to detect error events in the system. Our approach is validated by deploying the system we developed on Planet Lab.展开更多
The aim of this work was the behavior analysis when a spell checker was integrated as an extra pre-process during the first stage of the test mining. Different models were analyzed, choosing the most complete one cons...The aim of this work was the behavior analysis when a spell checker was integrated as an extra pre-process during the first stage of the test mining. Different models were analyzed, choosing the most complete one considering the pre-processes as the initial part of the text mining process. Algorithms for the Spanish language were developed and adapted, as well as for the methodology testing through the analysis of 2363 words. A capable notation for removing special and unwanted characters was created. Execution times of each algorithm were analyzed to test the efficiency of the text mining pre-process with and without orthographic revision. The total time was shorter with the spell-checker than without it. The key difference of this work among the existing related studies is the first time that the spell checker is used in the text mining preprocesses.展开更多
Cryptotanshinone (CT), a major tanshinone of medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, demonstrated effective in vitro antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested in this experiment. The antibacterial act...Cryptotanshinone (CT), a major tanshinone of medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, demonstrated effective in vitro antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested in this experiment. The antibacterial activities of CT against oral bacteria were assessed using the checkerboard and time-kill methods to evaluate the synergistic effects of treatment with ampicillin or gentamicin. The CT was determined against oral pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.5 to 16 and 1 to 64 μg/mL;for am- picillin from 0.0313 to 16 and 0.125 to 32 μg/mL;for gentamicin from 2 to 256 and 4 to 512 μg/mL respectively. The range of MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.0625 - 8 μg/mL and 1 - 64 μg/mL, respectively. The combination effects of CT with antibiotics were synergistic (FIC index < 0.5) against tested oral bacteria except additive, Streptococcus sobrinus, S. criceti, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (FIC index < 0.75 - 1.0). The MBCs were shown reducing ≥4 - 8-fold, indicating a synergistic effect as defined by a FBCI of ≤0.5. Furthermore, a time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated after 3 - 6 h of treatment with the 1/2 MIC of CT, regardless of whether it was administered alone or with ampicillin or gentamicin. The results suggest that CT could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent against cariogenic and periodontopathogenic bac- teria.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the synergistic effect of rosmarinic acid(RA)with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and MRSA and to identify the possible mechanism of action responsible for synergism if any.MET...OBJECTIVE To evaluate the synergistic effect of rosmarinic acid(RA)with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and MRSA and to identify the possible mechanism of action responsible for synergism if any.METHODS The antibacterial activity of Rosmarinic acid was studied for its zone of inhibition by agar well diffusion and MIC determination by liquid broth dilution technique against MRSA and VRSA.The synergistic effect of RA with antibiotics like amoxicillin,ofloxacin and vancomycin was evaluated by Broth checker board method and further confirmed with time kill kinetic studies.Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules(MSCRAMMs)were isolated by protein precipitation technique and its expression was studied by SDS PAGE.Further RA was evaluated for its beta lactamase inhibition property.RESULTS Rosmarinic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against S.aureus and MRSAby showing a MIC value of 0.8mg·mL-1 against S.aureus and 10mg·mL-1 against MRSA.Rosmarinic acid at 1/4X MIC value reduced the MIC of vancomycin,amoxicillin and ofloxacin by 1/4 times against S.aureus.But against MRSA,vancomycin was found to be synergistic.All the synergistic combinations have shown FIC value of 0.5.In order to measure the kinetics of the anti-bacterial activity,the bacterial growth rate with RA,antibiotics and synergistic combinations against S.aureus and MRSA was studied.It is observed that the synergistic combinations showed better time kill kinetics as compared to RA and antibiotics.Further RA could able to destruct the cell surface proteins MSCRAMMs which was studied by SDS PAGE.RA was also found to showβlactamase inhibiting property.CONCLUSION It is concluded that RA possess antibacterial activity but at a very higher concentration(in mg/mL)against S.aureus and MRSA.However it shows synergism with antibiotics and could able to reduce the MIC of antibiotics.Thus RA could be developed as an adjuvant for antibiotics against S.aureus and MRSA caused infections.Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism for its synergism with antibiotics.展开更多
The weighted edit distance and metaphone＋ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. ...The weighted edit distance and metaphone＋ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems （MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt）. The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.展开更多
During long-term use,the clay checker bricks for regenerators of coke ovens on gas side react with the impurities containing Fe and K20,causing foaming,softening and deformation,which is not only related with the impu...During long-term use,the clay checker bricks for regenerators of coke ovens on gas side react with the impurities containing Fe and K20,causing foaming,softening and deformation,which is not only related with the impurity content and properties of the clay checker bricks,but also related with the type and the composition of the dust in the gas.After long term use,the clay checker bricks of coke ovens on air side have relative lower impurities containing Fe and K20.The inferior clay checker bricks,with high impurity content and high porosity,are easy to pulverize and deteriorate due to the oxidationreduction reaction with the iron oxide and the gas.The gas quality shall be concerned for long service life of the coke oven regenerators.展开更多
文摘It is intuitive that allowing a deeper search into a game tree will result in a superior player to one that is restricted in the depth of the search that it is allowed to make. Of course, searching deeper into the tree comes at increased computational cost and this is one of the trade-offs that has to be considered in developing a tree-based search algorithm. There has been some discussion as to whether the evaluation function, or the depth of the search, is the main contributory factor in the performance of an evolved checkers player. Some previous research has investigated this question （on Chess and Othello）, with differing conclusions. This suggests that different games have different emphases, with respect to these two factors. This paper provides the evidence for evolutionary checkers, and shows that the look-ahead depth （like Chess, perhaps unsurprisingly） is important. This is the first time that such an intensive study has been carried out for evolutionary checkers and given the evidence provided for Chess and Othello this is an important study that provides the evidence for another game. We arrived at our conclusion by evolving various checkers players at different ply depths and by playing them against one another, again at different ply depths. This was combined with the two-move ballot （enabling more games against the evolved players to take place） which provides strong evidence that depth of the look-ahead is important for evolved checkers players.
文摘Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.
基金sponsored by the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 program of China under Grant No.2009CB320505the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60973123+1 种基金the Technology Support Program (Industry) of Jiangsu under Grant No.BE2011173Prospective Research Project on Future Networks of Jiangsu Future Networks Innovation Institute under Grant No.BY2013095-5-03
文摘Not So Cooperative Caching(NSCC) considers a network comprised of selfish nodes; each is with caching capability and an objective of reducing its own access cost by fetching data from its local cache or from neighboring caches. These nodes would cooperate in caching and share cached content if and only if they each benefit. The challenges are to determine what objects to cache at each node and to implement the system in the context of Information Centric Networking(ICN). This work includes both a solution for the NSCC problem and a design and implementation of an NSCC system in Named Data Networking(NDN), a large effort that exemplifies ICN. Our design applies NDN synchronization protocol to facilitate the information exchange among nodes, adopts group key encryption to control data access within the NSCC group, and offers an error checker to detect error events in the system. Our approach is validated by deploying the system we developed on Planet Lab.
文摘The aim of this work was the behavior analysis when a spell checker was integrated as an extra pre-process during the first stage of the test mining. Different models were analyzed, choosing the most complete one considering the pre-processes as the initial part of the text mining process. Algorithms for the Spanish language were developed and adapted, as well as for the methodology testing through the analysis of 2363 words. A capable notation for removing special and unwanted characters was created. Execution times of each algorithm were analyzed to test the efficiency of the text mining pre-process with and without orthographic revision. The total time was shorter with the spell-checker than without it. The key difference of this work among the existing related studies is the first time that the spell checker is used in the text mining preprocesses.
文摘Cryptotanshinone (CT), a major tanshinone of medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, demonstrated effective in vitro antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested in this experiment. The antibacterial activities of CT against oral bacteria were assessed using the checkerboard and time-kill methods to evaluate the synergistic effects of treatment with ampicillin or gentamicin. The CT was determined against oral pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.5 to 16 and 1 to 64 μg/mL;for am- picillin from 0.0313 to 16 and 0.125 to 32 μg/mL;for gentamicin from 2 to 256 and 4 to 512 μg/mL respectively. The range of MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.0625 - 8 μg/mL and 1 - 64 μg/mL, respectively. The combination effects of CT with antibiotics were synergistic (FIC index < 0.5) against tested oral bacteria except additive, Streptococcus sobrinus, S. criceti, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (FIC index < 0.75 - 1.0). The MBCs were shown reducing ≥4 - 8-fold, indicating a synergistic effect as defined by a FBCI of ≤0.5. Furthermore, a time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated after 3 - 6 h of treatment with the 1/2 MIC of CT, regardless of whether it was administered alone or with ampicillin or gentamicin. The results suggest that CT could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent against cariogenic and periodontopathogenic bac- teria.
基金The project supported by TEQIP PhaseⅡgrant under Anna University BIT campus,Tiruchirappalli-620024,Tamilnadu,India
文摘OBJECTIVE To evaluate the synergistic effect of rosmarinic acid(RA)with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and MRSA and to identify the possible mechanism of action responsible for synergism if any.METHODS The antibacterial activity of Rosmarinic acid was studied for its zone of inhibition by agar well diffusion and MIC determination by liquid broth dilution technique against MRSA and VRSA.The synergistic effect of RA with antibiotics like amoxicillin,ofloxacin and vancomycin was evaluated by Broth checker board method and further confirmed with time kill kinetic studies.Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules(MSCRAMMs)were isolated by protein precipitation technique and its expression was studied by SDS PAGE.Further RA was evaluated for its beta lactamase inhibition property.RESULTS Rosmarinic acid exhibited antibacterial activity against S.aureus and MRSAby showing a MIC value of 0.8mg·mL-1 against S.aureus and 10mg·mL-1 against MRSA.Rosmarinic acid at 1/4X MIC value reduced the MIC of vancomycin,amoxicillin and ofloxacin by 1/4 times against S.aureus.But against MRSA,vancomycin was found to be synergistic.All the synergistic combinations have shown FIC value of 0.5.In order to measure the kinetics of the anti-bacterial activity,the bacterial growth rate with RA,antibiotics and synergistic combinations against S.aureus and MRSA was studied.It is observed that the synergistic combinations showed better time kill kinetics as compared to RA and antibiotics.Further RA could able to destruct the cell surface proteins MSCRAMMs which was studied by SDS PAGE.RA was also found to showβlactamase inhibiting property.CONCLUSION It is concluded that RA possess antibacterial activity but at a very higher concentration(in mg/mL)against S.aureus and MRSA.However it shows synergism with antibiotics and could able to reduce the MIC of antibiotics.Thus RA could be developed as an adjuvant for antibiotics against S.aureus and MRSA caused infections.Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism for its synergism with antibiotics.
文摘The weighted edit distance and metaphone＋ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems （MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt）. The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.
文摘During long-term use,the clay checker bricks for regenerators of coke ovens on gas side react with the impurities containing Fe and K20,causing foaming,softening and deformation,which is not only related with the impurity content and properties of the clay checker bricks,but also related with the type and the composition of the dust in the gas.After long term use,the clay checker bricks of coke ovens on air side have relative lower impurities containing Fe and K20.The inferior clay checker bricks,with high impurity content and high porosity,are easy to pulverize and deteriorate due to the oxidationreduction reaction with the iron oxide and the gas.The gas quality shall be concerned for long service life of the coke oven regenerators.
