Assessment of Gross Chemical Composition, Mineral Composition, Vitamin Composition and Amino Acids Composition of Wheat Biscuits and Wheat Germ Fortified Biscuits

Wheat germ is reckoned valuable healthful functional food. The present investigation was performed to assess nutritional status of wheat biscuits and wheat germ fortified biscuits. Study included determination of gross chemical composition, caloric value, minerals (Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, P, Na and K), vitamins (C, Folic acid, A, and E), and amino acid composition of wheat biscuits and 15%, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits. Likewise physical and sensory characteristics of studied biscuits were assessed. The data revealed that 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits proved to be nutritious functional healthful food. It improved both physical, sensory characteristics and recorded the highest crude protein (12.20%), crude fiber (2%), and the least fat (9.63%), moisture (3.01%), and caloric value (436.31 Kcal/100g). While it recorded the highest Mn and Cu contents as well as increased vitamins C, Folic acid, A, and E. Besides, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits increased all the eight essential amino acids contents resulting in an improvement of the nutritive value of wheat biscuits. Therefore it could be recommended for caloric reduced diets for obese and overweight persons. Likewise, it should be increasing interest as an ingredient in the industry as functional and healthy foods formulations as biscuits, bread and cakes.

Major and Trace Element Chemical Compositional Signatures of Some Granitic Rocks Related to Metal Mineralization in Japan

We analyzed the major and trace element chemical compositions of 66 granitic rocks from 15 different areas in Japan. The intrusions from which the samples were collected were associated with Pb-Zn, Mo, Cu-Fe, Sn, or W mineralization and, for comparison, samples were also collected from intrusions not associated with any metal mineralization. The analyses indicated that the granitic rocks associated with Pb-Zn, Mo, or Cu-Fe mineralization were granites, granodiorites, or diorites, and that they were all I-type and formed in a volcanic arc tectonic setting. The granitic rocks associated with Sn or W mineralization and barren granitic rocks were classified as granites and as I-type with the exception of a few S-type granitic rocks. Most of the Sn- or W-associated granitic rocks and barren granitic rocks are thought to have formed in a volcanic arc tectonic setting. The Pb-Zn-, Mo-, or Cu-Fe-associated granitic rocks rarely shows negative Eu anomalies and a few of them are adakitic rocks, whereas all of the Sn- or W-associated granitic rocks and barren granitic rocks show negative Eu anomalies. For these Japanese granitic rocks, the contents of K2O, La, Y, Rb, Ta, Pb, Th, U, and REEs other than Eu increase with increasing SiO2. Conversely, the contents of major components other than Na2O and K2O and the trace components V, Zn, Sr, Eu, and Sc decrease with increasing SiO2. The Zr, Sn, and Hf abundances increase with increasing SiO2 up to 70 wt%, but their abundances decrease when the SiO2 exceeds 70 wt%. This suggests that granitic magma is saturated with these elements at 70 wt% of SiO2, approximately.

Ore Genesis of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposits, Western China: Constraints from Volatile Chemical and Carbon Isotopic Compositions

The Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposits located in the East Junggar terrane, northern Xinjiang, western China are the largest magmatic sulfide deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt （CAOB）. The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of the volatiles trapped in olivine, pyroxene and sulfide mineral separates were analyzed by vacuum stepwise-heating mass spectrometry. The results show that the released volatiles are concentrated at three temperature intervals of 200-400°C, 400-900°C and 900-1200°C. The released volatiles from silicate mineral separates at 400-900°C and 900-1200°C have similar chemical and carbon isotopic compositions, which are mainly composed of H2O （av. ~92 mol%） with minor H2, CO2, H2S and SO2, and they are likely associated with the ore-forming magmatic volatiles. Light δ13CCO2 values （from -20.86‰ to -12.85‰） of pyroxene indicate crustal contamination occurred prior to or synchronous with pyroxene crystallization of mantlederived ore-forming magma. The elevated contents of H2 and H2O in the olivine and pyroxene suggest a deep mantle-originated ore-forming volatile mixed with aqueous volatiles from recycled subducted slab. High contents of CO2 in the ore-forming magma volatiles led to an increase in oxygen fugacity, and thereby reduced the solubility of sulfur in the magma, then triggered sulfur saturation followed by sulfide melt segregation; CO2 contents correlated with Cu contents in the whole rocks suggest that a supercritical state of CO2 in the ore-forming magma system under high temperature and pressure conditions might play a key role in the assemblage of huge Cu and Ni elements. The volatiles released from constituent minerals of intrusion 1# have more CO2 and SO2 oxidized gases, higher CO2/CH4 and SO2/H2S ratios and lighter δ13CCO2 than those of intrusions 2# and 3#. This combination suggests that the higher oxidation state of the volatiles in intrusion 1# than intrusions 2# and 3#, which could be one of key ore-forming factors for large amounts of ores and high contents of Cu and Ni in intrusion 1#. The volatiles released at 200-400°C are dominated by H2O with minor CO2, N2＋CO and SO2, with δ13CCO2 values （-25.66‰ to -22.98‰） within the crustal ranges, and are considered to be related to secondary tectonic-hydrothermal activities.

Principles of Technology for Bottling Medicinal Mineral Waters of Sairme Using the Example of Source №3a

Sairme mineral water, one of the famous mineral waters in Georgia, is renowned for its exceptional healing properties. The distinctiveness and therapeutic benefits of the naturally sourced mineral water, known as “Sairme”, stem from its rich array of microelements, notably including iron and manganese. Since 1948, the bottling of Sairme mineral water has been a prominent activity. Named after the Sairme deposit, this mineral water is packaged in various formats to cater to diverse consumer preferences. The bottling process involves transporting the mineral water from wells to the bottling plant through pipelines. Prior to bottling, the mineral water undergoes meticulous processing stages in adherence to current Georgian and international regulations. This process ensures that the concentration of trace elements in the bottled water is minimized, maintaining its purity and quality. Given the importance of preserving the microelements present in bottled mineral water, our research is dedicated to optimizing the technological process. Our objective is to safeguard the valuable microelements while ensuring the highest standards of quality and safety in the final product.

Features of the Mineral Composition of the Quaternary Sediments of the Development Areas of the Erosion Processes on the Territory of the Tunkinsk’s Depression

The article considers the some features of the Quaternary sediments mineral composition of the development areas of the erosion processes on the territory of the Tunkinsk’s depression.Main objectives of our research are to determine the entering forms of Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Zn,Cu,Zr,and Ba in the composition of the investigated sediments.The mineral composition was studied by the method of an electron probe X-ray spectral microanalysis(XRM)using wave spectrometers,and the method of X-ray diffraction analysis.The localization centers of Cr,Cu,Zn,Zr,and Ba were established in the mineral composition of the studied sediments.Maximum content of BaO(14.42 wt%)was detected in alkali K-feldspar in the clay sediments of modern alluvial complex(aQ4).Crystallochemical formulas of different minerals were obtained.

Impact of the 6 February 2023 Earthquake in Turkey on Borjomi Mineral Water Wells

The study of Borjomi mineral water deposit starts from the 30 s of XIX century. Chemical composition of Borjomi deposit mineral water is of great importance for study of issues of mineral water formation, creation of geodynamic model of the deposit and increasing of useful resources. The impact of several strong earthquakes in the region on the wells of the deposit is described. Stability of chemical composition of Borjomi deposit mineral water is proved.

On the Mechanism of Transformation fromPrimary Ores into Oxidized Ores in FinelyDisseminated Gold Deposits

: This paper, taking the finely disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi as examples, discusses the difference between the occurrence of primary ores and that of oxidized ores, analyzes the occurrence mechanism in terms of crystallochemistry and geochemistry, and especially studies the chemical model for supergene leaching transformation of clay minerals in the two types of ores. This study proposes a new idea for dressing and smelting technology for primary gold ores.

Taipingite-(Ce),(Ce73+,Ca2)∑9Mg(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3,a new mineral from the Taipingzhen REE deposit,North Qinling Orogen,central China

A new cerite group mineral species,taipingite-(Ce),ideally(Ce7^3+,Ca2)∑9Mg(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4 F3,has been found in the Taipingzhen rare earth element(REE)deposit in the North Qinling Orogen(NQO),Central China.It forms subhedral grains(up to approximately 100 μm×200 μm)commonly intergrown with the REE mineral assemblages and is closely associated with allanite-(Ce),gatelite-(Ce),tornebohmite-(Ce),fluocerite-(Ce),fluocerite-(La),fluorite,bastnasite-(Ce),parisite-(Ce)and calcite.Taipingite-(Ce)is light red to pinkish brown under a binocular microscope and pale brown to colorless in thin section,and it is translucent to transparent with a grayish-white streak and vitreous luster.This mineral is brittle with conchoidal fracture;has a Mohs hardness value of approximately 51/2 and exhibits no cleavage twinning or parting.The calculated density is 4.900(5)g/cm3.Optically,taipingite-(Ce)is uniaxial(+),withω=1.808(5),ε=1.812(7),c=ε,and a=b=ω.Furthermore,this mineral is insoluble in HCl,HNO3 and H2 SO4.Electron microprobe analysis demonstrated that the sample was relatively pure,yielding the empirical formula(with calculated H2 O):(Ce4.02La1.64Nd1.49Pr0.41Sm0.10Gd0.02Ho0.02Tm0.01Lu0.02Y0.03Ca0.66Mg0.05Th(0.01-0.51∑9(Mg0.75Fe0.253+)∑1(SiO4)3{[SiO3(OH)]3.98[PO3(OH)]0.02}∑4(F1.81OH1.17Cl0.02∑3.Taipingite-(Ce)is trigonal and exhibits space group symmetry R3 c with unit cell parameters a=10.7246(3)Å,c=37.9528(14)Å,V=3780.39(20)Å3 and Z=6.The strongest eight lines in the X-ray diffraction pattern are[d in A(I)(hkl)]:4.518(50)(202),3.455(95)(122),3.297(85)(214),3.098(35)(300),2.941(100)(02,10),2.683(65)(220),1.945(40)(238)and 1.754(40)(30,18).The crystal structure has been refined to a R1 factor of 0.025,calculated for the 2312 unique observed reflections(Fo≥4σ).The mineral is named after its discovery locality and is characterized as the F-dominant analogue of cerite-(Ce).

Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO3, Mg and SO4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL BASTNASITE CRYSTAL IN CALCINATION

ＴＨＥＲＭＡＬＤＥＣＯＭＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＵＲＯＦＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＢＡＳＴＮＡＳＩＴＥＣＲＹＳＴＡＬＩＮＣＡＬＣＩＮＡＴＩＯＮ￥Ｘｉａｎｇ，Ｊｕｎ；Ｚｈａｎｇ，Ｃｈｅｎｇｘｉａｎｇ；Ｔｕ，Ｇａｎｆｅｎｇ；Ｒｅｎ，Ｃｈｅｎｇｚｈｉ（Ｄｅｐａｒ...

Microbiological Status and Nutritional Composition of Spices Used in Food Preparation

The present study showed significant initial microbial load, as well nutritional value of ten spices used widely across the world in food preparation. The microbiological tests demonstrated that sumac and cloves had the highest antimicrobial activity with respect to total plate counting and spore forming count. Results showed that chemical composition of the spices and herbs varied significantly. Dry matter content ranged between 83.6% and 92.4%. The highest ash content 10.4% was found in sweet cumin, protein 21.2% in cumin, fat 19.7% in sumac, fiber 59.2% in turmeric and carbohydrates 27.3% in sumac. These spices were also differing in their minerals content. Substantial amounts of Ca, Na, K and Mg were found, while Cu, Fe, P, Mn and Zn were present in trace amounts in all investigated spices.

Proximate and Elemental Composition of Important Fish Species in Makkah Central Fish Market, Saudi Arabia

In spite of the established nutritive value of seafood, fishes have a special ability to store some toxic substances such as heavy metals because of its own respiration system. The goal of current study was to explore the proximate chemical composition, minerals content and levels of heavy metals in edible portions of some important commercial fish species available at Makkah Central Fish Market, Saudi Arabia. The obtained results showed that Indian oil sardine fish had the highest value of crude oil (dry weight) recorded 38.00%, while, rusty parrot fish sample had the least of 1.17%. In contrast, rusty parrot fish had the highest value of crude protein represented 90.75% (dry weight), meanwhile, Indian oil sardine had the least of 54.19%. Consuming about 250 g of Indian oil sardine will cover 100% of Fe RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), eating 500 g of the same fish will cover about 30% of Ca RDA. While, 500 g of gilt head bream which has the highest content of K, Na and Mg will cover about 11.7%, 1.5% and 4.1% of these minerals RDA, respectively. As physical hazards, fourteen samples from the thirty three studied samples exceeded the permissible limit of Pb and Cd representing about 42%. Therefore, it is strongly recommended not to eat head, gills or viscera of all fishes.

Physicochemical and elemental studies of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. for standardization as herbal drug

Objective: To explore the leaves of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. as a source of safe and effective antibacterial herbal medicine.Methods: The standardization was validated by stepwise physicochemical studies,element analysis, determination of ash values, fluorescence analysis, assessment of moisture content, extractive values in different solvent systems and extraction methods.Heavy metal contents, mineral and element contents were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and CHNS/O analyser, respectively.Results: The methanol extract of the folklore medicinal plant having antibacterial efficacy contained flavonoids and phenolic OH groups. The ICP multi standard indicated the presence of three major compounds with molecular mass of 161 190 and 221 Da. Heavy metals viz. lead, mercury and copper content were 4.38 ppm, < 0.05 ppm and 24.70 ppm,respectively. Minerals content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron were 1 190.94 mg/100 g, 375.57 mg/100 g, 2 820 mg/100 g and 340.20 mg/100 g of plant sample, respectively. Elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents were38.18%, 5.67%, 2.23% and 0.51%, respectively. Heavy metal profile of the tested plant was within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities.Conclusions: Hence the present physicochemical and elements studies reveals that the plant Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. could be a potent source of herbal preparation as well as a safe and novel synthetic antibacterial drug.

花岗质岩石中黑云母成分区域性变化对深部物质示踪及成矿的约束:以秦岭地区为例

秦岭造山带早中生代花岗质岩浆及成矿作用非常发育,是探讨地壳深部物质组成及成矿关系的重要地区之一,学者已从岩石学、矿床学和地球化学等角度开展了众多研究,但对成矿作用与花岗岩和地壳深部物质组成的认识仍不太清楚。黑云母是中酸性岩中常见的暗色矿物,也是指示成矿可能性的重要矿物之一。因此,本文对秦岭该期花岗质岩石中黑云母成分开展研究,为解决该问题探索新途径。对秦岭早中生代花岗质岩石中黑云母成分的研究结果显示,北秦岭和南秦岭两个构造单元中黑云母成分和形成物理条件存在系统差异,揭示其岩浆物源有别,进而制约了其成矿种类特征。北秦岭早中生代花岗质岩石中黑云母的成分和形成条件变化范围小,以MgO(8%~13%)、TiO_(2)(3%~5%)和Cl(0.02%~0.6%)含量较高,F(0.2%~0.4%)含量较低,以及较高的氧逸度(log f O_(2)值为-16.96~-14.62)和温度(682~771℃)为特征;而南秦岭的成分和形成条件总体变化范围较大,具有MgO(3%~15%)、TiO_(2)(2%~4.5%)、Cl(0.01%~0.18%)含量较低,F(0.1%~1.6%)含量较高,以及较低的氧逸度(log f O_(2)值为-20.88~-15.08)和温度(536~754℃)。此外,研究还显示,黑云母的形成压力与岩浆演化程度和矿物组合相关,当岩石中出现黑云母+白云母±石榴子石组合时,压力较高。秦岭两个构造单元中黑云母成分和形成条件的差异,特别是氧逸度和Cl含量的明显不同,揭示各自的成矿种类和成矿潜力不同,如北秦岭较高的氧逸度和Cl含量,形成铜矿的潜力比南秦岭大。同时,两个构造单元中黑云母的成分差异,还揭示了岩浆物源及深部物质组成的不同,即北秦岭比南秦岭具有更为年轻的地壳,这与区域同位素填图示踪的深部物质组成差异基本一致。由此可见,对区域上同时代花岗质岩石中黑云母成分的研究,不仅可以揭示岩浆演化、岩浆结晶过程物理化学条件等,还可示踪深部物质组成的空间变化与差异及成矿种类和潜力,有望成为探测深部物质组成的新方法和了解区域成矿背景和潜力的新途径。

灰质白云岩可溶性影响研究

目的常温常压条件下方解石与白云石含量组成相近的碳酸盐岩溶蚀研究较少,为揭示此类岩石溶蚀特性,方法选取灰质白云岩作为试验对象,开展常温常压下不同酸性与流态条件下的溶蚀模拟试验,通过分析酸液pH、试样质量与孔隙变化、钙镁离子释放量等碳酸盐岩溶蚀参量,探讨影响灰质白云岩溶蚀速率的因素。结果结果表明:(1)pH≤3时,H+消耗量大于钙镁离子生成量,电导率值呈快速降低趋势;pH>3时,H+消耗量略大于钙镁离子生成量,电导率呈缓慢降低趋势,pH=3是电导率值由大变小转折的关键点,突出体现了H+消耗量与钙镁离子生成量的关系。(2)灰质白云岩方解石溶解速度与溶蚀量均远大于白云石的,初始酸液摩尔浓度较高条件下溶蚀效果更明显。(3)孔隙数量增加会加大岩石与酸溶液接触面积,进而加快岩石溶蚀速度。(4)杂质充填岩石孔隙减小了酸液对岩石的破坏。(5)高摩尔浓度酸液(pH≤3)与较强流态环境下溶蚀速率更大,岩石表面可溶物质溶出能力更强,酸液摩尔浓度较低时(pH≥4),流态变化对溶蚀速率影响较小。结论研究结果可为碳酸盐岩溶蚀研究、溶蚀程度评价与工程建设提供参考。

煤气化渣中金属元素的分布和赋存形态的研究进展

煤气化是将煤转化为合成气的一种清洁有效的方法,但煤气化过程会产生大量的煤气化渣。随着煤气化技术的发展,煤气化渣的存储量不断增加。煤气化渣一般采用堆存和填埋的方式进行处理,由此导致了严重的环境污染和土地资源浪费,给煤化工企业的可持续发展带来了不利影响。本文介绍了煤气化技术,探讨了气化渣的化学和矿物组成、微观形貌以及碳的微观结构,综述了气化渣中关键金属的分布特征和化学形态的相关研究进展,以期对煤气化渣的综合利用和环境治理提供一些参考。

西昆仑大红柳滩花岗岩中黑云母地球化学特征及地质意义

西昆仑大红柳滩岩体被认为与伟晶岩锂(铍)矿化密切相关。为约束大红柳滩岩体形成时的物理化学条件、岩石成因类型及源区性质,本文选取大红柳滩岩体作为研究对象,对花岗岩中的黑云母进行背散射观察(BSE)和电子探针分析(EPMA)。研究结果表明:大红柳滩二云母花岗岩与正长花岗岩中的黑云母属铁质黑云母,具有富硅、铝、铁和钾,贫镁、锰、钠和钙的特征;黑云母花岗岩中黑云母为铁质黑云母和镁质黑云母,具有富镁,贫铝、铁的特征。二云母花岗岩和正长花岗岩中黑云母具有高的AlⅥ值(0.7~0.9),与电气石、石榴子石和白云母等过铝质矿物共存。黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母具有高的MgO含量(9.30%~10.11%),黑云母与角闪石共存。通过黑云母成分估算二云母花岗岩、正长花岗岩及黑云母花岗岩中黑云母结晶温度分别为661℃~673℃、621℃~669℃、685℃~714℃,固结压力分别为332~404 MPa、356~377 MPa、248~270 MPa,对应侵位深度分别为12.46~14.98 km、13.18~14.38 km、9.18~10.01 km,氧逸度分别为-15.8~-15.0、-16~-15、-14.9~-14.0。综合研究结果表明,大红柳滩地区二云母花岗岩与正长花岗岩为壳源物质重熔的产物,具有典型强过铝质S型花岗岩的特点,而黑云母花岗岩是具有幔源物质混入成因的I型花岗岩。本研究成果为大红柳滩岩体不同岩性花岗岩成岩时的物理化学条件、岩石成因类型以及源区性质等方面提供了新资料。

不同粒度煤掺配对灰熔融特性的影响研究

通过对高灰熔融温度的两淮矿区煤(HN)和内蒙古低灰熔融温度煤(ER)分别筛分至>150μm,75~150μm,48~75μm和<48μm四个粒径区间,对不同粒径区间煤样的质量占比、灰分产率进行分析,利用XRF、XRD和热力学平衡计算研究不同粒径区间煤样的灰化学组成、矿物组成和煤灰熔融过程中液相量随煤样粒径的变化规律以及不同粒度煤掺配对灰熔融特性的影响机理。结果表明:HN煤的煤灰平均粒径随着煤的粒径增加而增大,粒径>48μm ER煤的煤灰平均粒径约为3μm;HN煤的灰分产量随着煤的粒径增加而增大,而ER煤则相反。不同粒径区间的HN和ER煤的灰化学组成表现出明显的不均匀性。随煤粒径增大,HN和ER煤灰熔融特征温度(AFTs)分别呈现逐渐增加和减小趋势。不同粒径HN与ER煤相配后,配煤灰熔融温度介于两者之间,而当HN煤(<48μm)与ER煤(>150μm)相配后(质量比1∶1),煤灰中高熔点莫来石转化为低熔点钙长石,使得煤灰流动温度降低最低(1317℃)。

柴达木盆地巴仑马海盐湖黏土沉积矿物学及稀有稀散元素地球化学特征

黏土型锂矿也被称为沉积型锂矿,是重要的锂矿类型之一,它以结构锂或吸附锂的赋矿形式赋存于蒙皂石族矿物、伊利石等黏土矿物的层间或晶格中。在柴达木西北部的巴仑马海成盐盆地以黏土层为研究对象,对黏土样品进行了化学全分析、X射线衍射分析、主微量元素含量分析、扫描电镜测试,探讨了黏土层内黏土矿物的物质组成及元素地球化学特征。结果表明,研究区黏土层内的黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、伊蒙混层、高岭石等组成。元素地球化学分析显示,锂应该主要赋存于伊利石、绿泥石、伊蒙混层等黏土矿物中,与Si、Al、K、Mg等元素具有较强的正相关性;B的赋存与绿泥石密切相关,与Mg、Fe元素具有较好的正相关性;此外,Rb、Cs与Li在地质过程中具有相似的地球化学行为。