Bioaccumulation,subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in Aster subulatus Michx.

【Objective】Through analyzing the bioaccumulation capacity,subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium(Cd)in Aster subulatus Michx.,this study was to provide reference for revealing the Cd tolerance mechanism of A.subulatus Michx.【Method】After cultured for 24 d under the action of Hoagland nutrient solution and gradient Cd concentrations(0,30,60 and 90 mg/L),A.subulatus Michx.were harvested,and its leaf,stem and root were treated by differential centrifugation,chemical reagent extraction,and digested with graphite digester,respectively,then the Cd content in the root,stem and leaf were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.【Result】The experimental results indicated that the bioaccumulation capacity of Cd in A.subulatus Michx.was root>stem>leaf,and the maximum Cd concentration in the root,stem and leaf of A.subulatus Michx.were 130.74,78.69 and 56.62 mg/kg(fresh matter),respectively.Most of Cd stored in the cell wall and the soluble fractions of the root and leaf of A.subulatus Michx.,with only a smaller portion Cd in organelle fraction.Analysis result of subcellular Cd content showed that 52.27%-58.61%of Cd for root was mainly stored in the soluble fraction,but 42.10%-63.28%of Cd for leaf was mainly stored in the cell wall fraction.The concentration of pectates and protein integrated-Cd was higher in the root and leaf compared to other chemical forms Cd.Pectates and protein integrated-Cd was the main chemical forms Cd in the root and leaf of A.subulatus Michx.,and their percentages were 68.91%-74.80%and 57.38%-83.80%,respectively.Cd treatment could significantly increase the proportion of water-soluble organic acid Cd from 13.64%to 22.72%in root and undissolved phosphate Cd from 10.02%to 32.78%in leaf with increasing Cd concentration in the culture medium.【Conclusion】The root,stem and leaf of A.subulatus Michx.has strong bioaccumulation capacity to Cd,Cd is primarily stored in the soluble fractions of the root and cell wall fractions of the leaf,and less toxic pectates and protein integrated-Cd is the main chemical forms Cd in the root and leaf of A.subulatus Michx.,this might be the main mechanism of Cd tolerance in A.subulatus Michx.

Chemical forms and extractability of iron in sediments of three contrasting lakes of China and UK

Iron is a limiting factor for the eutrophication of lakes, especially those lakes that are enriched with phosphorus. Extractability of iron in sediments of West Lake and Taihu Lake in China and Lower Lough Erne in Northern Ireland of UK was comparatively investigated on the basis of analysing chemical forms of iron using different extractants. It was shown that extractable iron in sediments of the lakes was greatly different using various extractants. Reactive iron or easily released iron such as “active' iron oxides, total free iron oxide and water-soluble iron was not high, only accounting for 0.01%—0.15% of total iron. The efficiency of the extractants for exchangeable iron was decreased in the sequence 0.1 mol/L HCl DTPA+TEA mixed solution > 1 mol/L NH 4OAc > 0.5 mol/L MgCl 2 = 0.5 mol/L CaCl 2. It seems that the complexion of iron by organic matter was not strong because the concentration of organically bound iron was significantly lower than the concentration it was forecasted. Extractable iron is not entirely consistent with or dependent on total iron in lake sediments. To a certain extent, phosphate can inhibit the release of iron in sediments of the lakes. The selection of extractants is thus the first key step to evaluate bioavailability of iron in lake sediments.

Effects of Fertilization Patterns on Chemical Forms of Nitrogen in Dark Brown Soil and Its Distribution in Different Aggregates

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tradition-al fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing on the chemical forms of nitro-gen in dark brown soil and its distribution in different aggregates. [Method] A physi-co-chemistry method was adopted in a comparative study on the chemical forms of nitrogen and their distribution in different-sized aggregates of dark brown soil under traditional fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing respectively. [Result] Compared with traditional fertilization in spring and autumn, the formula fertilization by soil testing averagely decreased, the total nitrogen in soil by 23.2% in spring and by 20% in autumn in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, by 48.8% in the layer of 20-40 cm. Ammonium nitrogen was so sensitive to the methods of fertilization that the content of ammonium nitrogen was reduced much more under formula fertitization by soil testing in autumn than under traditional fertilization. Nitrogen in soil under traditional fertilization pattern was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0-0.25 and 0.5-1 mm, while in formula fertilization by soil testing it was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0.25-0.5 and 0-0.25 mm. [Conclusion] The study proved that for-mula fertilization by soil testing helped to reduce the risk of nitrogen pol ution and had huge effects on the chemical forms and distribution of nitrogen in different ag-gregates in dark brown soil.

Uptake, Subcellular Distribution, and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in Wild-Type and Mutant Rice

Wild-type （Zhonghua 11） and mutant rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were used to investigate the effect of cadmium （Cd） application on biomass production, to characterize the influx of Cd from roots to shoots, and to determine the form, content, and subcellular distribution of Cd in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of the rice plants. Seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient solution and were treated with 0.5 mmol L^-1 of Cd^2＋ for 14 d. The sensitivity of rice plants to Cd toxicity was tested by studying the changes in biomass production and by observing the onset of toxicity symptoms in the plants. Both the wild-type and mutant rice plants developed symptoms of Cd stress. In addition, Cd application significantly （P ≤ 0.01） decreased dry matter production of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types, especially the mutant. The Cd content in roots of the mutant was significantly （P ≤0.05） higher than that of the wild-type rice. However, there was no significant difference in the Cd content of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves between the wild-type and mutant rice. Most of the Cd was bound to the cell wall of the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves, and the mutant had greater Cd content in cell organelles than the wild type. The uneven subcellular distribution could be responsible for the Cd sensitivity of the mutant rice. Furthermore, different chemical forms of Cd were found to occur in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types of rice plants. Ethanol-, water-, and NaCl-extractable Cd had greater toxicity than the other forms of Cd and induced stunted growth and chlorosis in the plants. The high Cd content of the toxic forms of Cd in the cell organelles could seriously damage the cells and the metabolic processes in mutant rice plants.

Study on chemical forms of fluorine enrichment of Antarctic krill

The different forms fluoine in different parts of molting process of krill was analyzed by culture of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The results shaw that fluorine amount in cuticle is up to 90% of total in the krill. During the krill molting process, the fluorine content in cuticle and muscle varies alternatively. This is to say, the fluorine content in new cuticle and muscle is much lower after molted, the fluorine in krill comes from seawater by biological absorption of the krill, and the fluorine absorbed by krill lost with the old cuticle at the end stage of molting process. Meanwhile, the new molting process starts again. The evidence is proved by the change of different forms fluorine content in cuticle and muscle during krill's molting process. At last the author proposes the fluorine enriching process model of Antarctic krill.

Chemical Forms of Selenium in Corn and Rice Grown in a High Selenium Area of China

The chemical forms of selenium were determined in maize grown near Yutangba Village and in rice grown near Haubei village, Exi Prefecture, Enshi county of Hubei Province, China. The maize sample contained 18 ppm and the rice samples an average of 3.6 ppm selenium. After they were ground to obtain a fine flour, this was acid hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid in an inert atmosphere and the hydrolyzates chromatographed on columns of Dionex DC6A resin. The results indicate that the majority of the selenium is present as selenomethionine in both rice and corn.

Study of chemical forms of phosphorus and their bioavailability in the sediments

Chemical forms of phosphorus in the sediments of the Daya Bay, the Zhujiang River estuary , and the Xiamen Bay are measured with extraction solutions of MgCl2, NaOH, and HC1. Their availabilities to Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana are estimated by using sediments as the sole source of P in the bioassays. The results show that the contents of total phosphorus (TP) in these sediments are 449.3, 650.1 and 643.9 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) extracted with MgCl2 and NaOH from 3 sediments are 168.8, 146.6 and 118.1 mg/kg, respectively, and account for 18.3% -32.6% of TP. The phosphorus extracted with HC1 solution is greater than that extracted with NaOH solution and the lowest extracted P is MgCl2-extractable P. The greatest relative growth rates of Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana cultured with sediments are in the range of 4.3% -26.9%. The increasing biomasses of these algae correspond to NAIP and AAPP (the estimated algal-available particulate P). AAPP accounts for 42.4% -78.2% of NAIP, 21.1 % - 27.1% of total inorganic P, and 11.8% - 20.3% of TP, respectively.

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Involved in Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cu^(2+) Under Copper Stress in Tomato Seedlings

Nitric oxide（NO）,a bioactive signaling molecule,serves as an antioxidant and anti-stress agent under abiotic stress.A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium nitroprusside（SNP）,a NO donor,on tomato seedlings exposed to 50 μmol L-1CuCl 2.The results show that copper is primarily stored in the soluble cell sap fraction in the roots,especially after treatment with Cu＋SNP treatment,which accounted for 66.2% of the total copper content.The copper concentration gradually decreased from the roots to the leaves.In the leaves,exogenous NO induces the storage of excess copper in the cell walls.Copper stress decreases the proportion of copper integrated with pectates and proteins,but exogenous NO remarkably reverses this trend.The alleviating effect of NO is blocked by hemoglobin.Thus,exogenous NO is likely involved in the regulation of the subcellular copper concentrations and its chemical forms under copper stress.Although exogenous NO inhibited the absorption and transport of excess copper to some extent,the copper accumulation in tomato seedlings significantly increased under copper stress.The use of exogenous NO to enhance copper tolerance in some plants is a promising method for copper remediation.

Effect of the chemical forms of selenium on its volatilization from soils in Chinese low-selenium belt

Bio-availability of different forms of selenium and its rate of volatilization from soils in Chinese low-selenium belt were examined. Adding directly solutions of either inorganic or organic selenium compounds to soil could only slightly increase the rate of selenium volatilization from soil. Volatilization of selenium from soil was largely enhanced when certain nutritional solutions along with selenium compounds were added. Garlic water extract and seleno-amino acids, i.e., seleno-methionine and seleno-cysteine, were found more effective for their bio-availability to the volatilization process. Under laboratory simulating conditions, the volatilization rate of selenium from different types of soils in Chinese low-selenium belt was found in the range of 0.10-0.27 ng.kg-1 soil.day-1 over a 17 days period, generally followed by a decline with time of incubation.

Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.is a renowned medicine food homology plant,reports of excessive cadmium(Cd)levels are common,which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption.To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced,it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant,in addition to its detoxification mechanisms.This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P.grandiflorum.The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots[predominantly in the cell wall(50.96%-61.42%)],and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms.The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure,and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves,with a higher increase in oxalate Cd.Therefore,it is likely that root retention mechanisms,cell wall deposition,vacuole sequestration,and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P.grandiflorum.The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P.grandiflorum,and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.

Chemical forms of copper and zinc in the surficial sediments of Borollos Lake， Egypt

Borollos Lake id situated in the northern part of Nile Delta along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt between 31°21' -31°35'N and 30°31'-31°10'E. This work reveals that more than 82 % of the total copper occurs inthe residual fraction. Only 4. 6%, 7. 3% and 6. 1% of the total copper occurs in the fractions bound to carbonate, oxides and organic matters, respectively. The exchangeable-Cu is in trace amounts and the other fractions were relativelylow in comparison with zinc fractions. The residual fraction of zinc reaches between 66% and 88%. The carbonateZn, organic-Zn and oxides fractions range from 1.3% to 7.9%, 2.8% to 11.6% and 2.8% to 13.2%, respectively. There is no pollution by Cu and Zn metals in comparison with the results previously reported for other polluted Egyptian aquatic environments such as Mariut.

Chemical composition and sulfur forms in saline lakes of Kulunda Plain(Russia)

1 Introduction On the territory Kulunda Plain,located to the south-west of the Ob’plateau,there are more than 3,000 fresh and salt lakes with water TDS range from 1 to 430 g/L.The interest in these lakes was associated mainly with the study of

A study on chemical forms of heavy metals in the sediments of Zhujiang River and its estuary

The five chemical bound forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the main channel of the Zhujiang River.and its estuary, namely, exchangeable, carbonic, oxidative, organic and residual (in crystal) forms, were determined. The method of sequential extraction was used for separating the five bound forms.The main chemical form of the three elements in the sediments of the Zhujiang River and its estuarine zone is the residual one. The exchangeable form exists only in a small fraction.Correlationships between the concentration of a certain form of heavy metals and Eh. pH and salinity were discussed. The principles of geochemistry are used to explain the mechanism of heavy metal transport in the river.It was also found that the distribution rule of the chemical forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the lower reaches of the Zhujiang River was similar to the one in the lower reaches of the Yamaska River.

Chemical stability of simulated waste forms Zr1–xNdxSiO4–x/2： Influence of temperature, pH and their combined effects

The chemical stability of simulated waste forms Zr_（1–x）Nd_xSiO_（4–x/2） was investigated using the static leach test（MCC-1） with lixiviants of three pH values（pH=4, 6.7 and 10） at three temperature points（40, 90 and 150 oC） for periods ranging from 1 to 42 d, and the influence of temperature, pH, as well as their combined effects were explored in detail. The results showed that all the normalized release rate of Nd firstly decreased with leaching time and closed to equilibrium after 14 d. As the temperature increased, the normalized release rate of Nd also increased, but it was no more than 3×10^（–5） g/（m^2·d）. And, the normalized release rate of Nd reached the highest values（~5×10^（–5） g/（m^2·d）） when pH=4, whilst the normalized release rate of Nd remained the lowest value（~1×10^（–5） g/（m^2·d）） near neutral environment（pH=6.7）.

Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.

Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Pb in hyperaccumulator Arenaria orbiculata and response of root exudates to Pb addition

Solution culture was conducted in order to understand accumulation characteristics and chemical forms of Pb in Arenaria orbiculata （A. orbiculata） and the response of root exudates to Pb addition. The results showed that： 1） Pb contents in the shoot and root of A. orbiculata increased with increasing in Pb concentrations in solution. 2） The contents of Pb chemical forms under Pb addition followed as： HAc extractable fraction＇（FriAC）〉 HC1 extractable fraction （FHcl）〉 NaCl extractable fraction （FNacl） 〉 ethanol-extractable fraction （FE） 〉 water extractable fraction （Fw）. 3） Increased Pb level in the medium caused increases in Pb contents in the four subcellular fractions of shoots and roots, with most accumulation in FIV （Fraction ＇IV, sbluble fraction） in shoots and FI （Fraction I, cell wall fraction） in roots. 4） Contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid of root exudates increased with increasing Pb concentration in solution. Significantly positive correlations between Pb and contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid were observed. 5） With Pb concentrations in solution, low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） contents followed the tendency： tartaric acid 〉 acetic acid 〉 malic acid 〉 citric acid. Significantly positive correlation was observed between Pb and citric acid contents. The results indicate that soluble sugars, free amino acid and citric acid in root exudates of A.orbiculata facilitate the absorption and accumulation of Pb, which exist in NaCl-, HCI- and HAc- extractable Pb forms, FI and FIV fractions, resulting in tolerance of A.orbiculata to Pb.

Biochar-mediated Cd accumulation in rice grains through altering chemical forms,subcellular distribution,and physiological characteristics

Biochar can change the availability and morphology of soil Cd.However,the influence of biochar on Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice is poorly understood,particularly under different irrigation methods.A pot experiment of biochar application combined with two irrigation methods(continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation,CF and Ⅱ)was conducted.The Cd accumulation,chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice organs and the associated physiological responses were examined.Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd(30.85-47.26%and 32.35-52.35%)under CF and Ⅱ but increased the Cd content(30.4-63.88%and 13.03-18.59%)in brown rice.Additionally,the Cd content in shoots/grains under Ⅱ was higher than that under CF.Biochar elevated the Cd soluble fraction in roots while lowered the cell wall fraction under both irrigation methods,whereas the opposite result was observed in leaves.Biochar increased water-,ethanol-,and NaCl-extractable Cd in roots meanwhile increased ethanol-extractable Cd in leaves under both irrigation methods.Moreover,the total amount of water-,ethanol-,and NaCl-extractable Cd in rice roots was higher under Ⅱ than under CF.Related hormones and antioxidant enzymes may also be involved in biochar-mediated Cd accumulation in rice grains.Thus,changes in Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in the root and leaf are the main mechanisms of biochar-induced rice grains Cd accumulation.

Cadmium speciation as influenced by soil water content and zinc and the studies of kinetic modeling in two soils textural classes

Background and aims:Since few studies have existed in the literature about the effect of zinc(Zn)on cadmium(Cd)chemical forms in soils.Therefore,this study has been performed to determine the impact of Zn on cadmium Cd chemical forms in two soil textural classes in Fars province-Iran at two soil water content(SWC)(flooded soil water content(FSWC)and field capacity soil water content(FCSWC))and study the kinetic modeling of Cd.Methods and materials:Variables were three levels of Cd(0,30 and 60 mg kg-1 of soil as CdSO4·8H2O),three levels of Zn(0,5 and 10 mg kg-1 of soil as Zn-EDTA)three level Incubation times(2,4 and eight weeks),two soil textural classes(clay and sandy clay loam)and two SWC.The randomized completed block design(RCBD)was used for this experiment.The Tessier sequential extraction method was used to determine the Cd concentration in(WsEx),(Fe-MnOx),(Car),(Om)and(Res)chemical forms.Results:In the FSWC,Zn reduced the Cd concentration in Fe-MnOx,Car and Om forms and increased the WsEx but had no significant effect on the Res form.Changes in the Cd chemical forms under the in-fluence of Zn in both soils followed a similar trend.In the FCSWC,Zn reduced the Cd concentration Car and Om forms and increased the Cd concentration in the Fe-MnOx and WsEx forms while had no sig-nificant effect on Res form in the sandy clay loam soil.In the clay soil adding Zn reduced the Cd con-centration in Car and Om fractions and increased the Fe-MnOx and Res forms while has no significant effect on WsEx form.The competitive transport and adsorption Interactions between these two ions caused the changing in the Cd concentration in its chemical forms.Zn reduces the Cd concentration in the forms which are easily released into the soil solution from where they can be absorbed by plants.The power function kinetic mode is the best fitted model which can describe the Cd adsorption in our soil samples.The clay and organic compounds control the Cd adsorption in soils.The higher rate of Cd adsorption in almost all shaking times shows that Cd has more ability to occupy the adsorption sites in soils.

Chemical stability of Ce-doped zircon ceramics:Influence of p H,temperature and their coupling effects

Zircon was employed to immobilize simulated tetravalentactinide nuclide（Ce^4＋）. Zr_（1–x）Ce_xSiO_4（0≤x≤0.10） ceramics were synthesized and their chemical durabilities were investigated systematically. The effects of p H and temperature on the chemical durability of the as-prepared compounds were investigated using the MCC-1 static leaching test, and their coupling effects were also explored. It was found that the normalized release rates of Ce in deionized water and alkaline solutions（pH=10） were smaller than those in acid solutions（p H=4）. At a certain p H value, the normalized release rate of Ce（LR Ce） increased with the temperature in the initial period. However, the leaching progress almost reached a balance after 14 days, and both of the p H and the temperature had slight impact on the leaching of Ce element. Moreover, the LR_（Ce） were below 10^（–5）g/m^2/d after 42 days, which was lower than those of other nuclear waste forms in all discussed leachates.