Chemical Prevention of Myxomycetes Disease in Edible Fungi

[ Objective ] The paper was to find effective chemical methods to control myxomycetes disease in edible fungi. [ Method] Some low toxic and pollution- free chemical reagents were first selected to carry out indoor toxicity test, and their inhibition effects against myxomyeetes were measured. Then the reagents with small effect on the growth of Pleurotu.s ostreatua were selected according to the indoor bioassay results, and carried out control test against myxomyeetes disease in mushroom house. [ Results] The results showed that the combination of Ludanlan sephora flavescens 1 000 times liquid ＋ salicylic acid 300 times liquid, Clolrim- azole suppositories 1 000 times liquid, Ludanlan sophora flavescens 1 000 times liquid and salicylic acid 300 times liquid had the best control efficacy against the disease. They were the preferred reagents for the prevention of myxomycetes disease in production practice. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for the effec- tive control d myxomycetes disease in edible fungi.

Research on Chemical Prevention and Control against Stem Base Rot of Sweet Potato

[Objective]The paper was to effectively control stem base rot of sweet potato.[Method]Chemical prevention and control test against stem base rot of sweet potato were conducted for consecutive three years from 2016 to 2018.[Result]The use of carbendazim or carbendazim+mancozeb,and carbendazim+embamycin had significant control effect on stem base rot of sweet potato.However,the applied concentration should be higher than the recommended concentration.Especially the concentration of 50%carbendazim WP should be no more than 300 times,and the prevention and control effect of 100 times dilution would be better.[Conclusion]The types and concentrations of prevention and control agents are determined in the test,which will provide certain basis for chemical prevention and control against stem base rot of sweet potato.

Molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective agents

Aflatoxins(AFTs)represent one of the most notorious classes of deadly mycotoxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops.Aflatoxins are highly toxic to mammals and are known to cause a series of detrimental effects,including neuro-,hepato-,nephron-,and immuno-toxicity.In this original review we summarize the mechanisms of aflatoxin-induced neurotoxicity and the clinical potential of novel neuroprotective agents.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is the most toxic congener among the 21 identified AFTs.Recent studies have shown that food borne exposure to AFB1 and/or its metabolites often leads to fatal neurotoxicity in animals and humans.Animal studies indicated that AFB1 exposure could induce abnormal behavioral changes,including anxiety,lethargy disorders,depression-like behavior,cognitive,learning and memory defects,and decreased feeding behavior.Mechanistically,AFB1 exposure has been associated with lipid peroxidation,ablation of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems and decreased neurotransmitter levels.AFB1 exposure has also been shown to induce DNA damage,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain tissue.Several signaling pathways,including gasdermin D,toll like receptor 2(TLR2),TLR4,Akt,NF-κB,ERK/MAPK,protein kinase C(PKC),and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways have been shown to participate in AFB1-induced neuronal or astrocyte cell death.Targeting these pathways by small molecules(e.g.,quercetin,curcumin,and gallic acid,and dimethyl fumarate),Chinese herbal extracts(e.g.,Artichoke leaf extract,Chelidonium majus ethanolic extract,pumpkin extract,and Crocus sativus L.tea),and probiotic supplements could effectively improve AFB1-induced neurobehavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity.To date,the precise molecular mechanisms of AFB1-induced neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective agents remain unclear.In the present review,the clinical manifestations,molecular mechanisms,and potential neuroprotective agents of AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are summarized in the broadest overview.It is most hopeful that this broad reaching review provides valuable insights and stimulates broader discussion to develop the effective neuroprotective agents against aflatoxins.

Green Tea Chemical May Prevent Brain Damage

绿茶对人体健康是否有利。这个问题似乎一直没有一个科学的论证。本文是一个先例。据最新一期美国《全国科学院学报》报道,美国老兵事务医疗中心的科学家发现。绿茶中含有的化学物质可以预防在中风和其他脑组织受伤后发生的脑损或脑死亡。在中风和其他脑部损伤时,脑细胞会因过度活跃而引发自身死亡,这主要是由于人体内脱氧核糖核酸修复系统(即PARP/PARG系统)过度活跃所造成的,我们可以通过阻止这些系统过度活跃而拯救濒临死亡的脑细胞。科学家测试了从绿茶中提取的两种化学物质对受伤脑细胞的影响,结 果发现,这些化学物质对阻止脑部细胞过度活跃有很好的功效。