The autophagy-lysosome pathway:a potential target in the chemical and gene therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement disorders associated with the intracytoplasmic deposition of aggregate proteins such asα-synuclein in neurons.As one of the major intracellular degradation pathways,the autophagy-lysosome pathway plays an important role in eliminating these proteins.Accumulating evidence has shown that upregulation of the autophagy-lysosome pathway may contribute to the clearance ofα-synuclein aggregates and protect against degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.Moreover,multiple genes associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease are intimately linked to alterations in the autophagy-lysosome pathway.Thus,this pathway appears to be a promising therapeutic target for treatment of Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we briefly introduce the machinery of autophagy.Then,we provide a description of the effects of Parkinson’s disease–related genes on the autophagy-lysosome pathway.Finally,we highlight the potential chemical and genetic therapeutic strategies targeting the autophagy–lysosome pathway and their applications in Parkinson’s disease.

Structure and electrochemical performance of delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles for supercapacitor electrodes

Delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles with a mixture of 2H and 3R phases were successfully fabricated by using a simple co-precipitation method.The resulting precursor was calcined at temperatures of 100,200,300,400,and 500℃to obtain the delafossite AgFe0_(2)phase.The morphology and microstructure of the prepared AgFeO_(2)samples were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),N_(2) adsorption/desorption,X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques.A three-electrode system was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles in a 3 M KOH electrolyte.The delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles calcined at 100℃(AFO100)exhibited the highest surface area of 28.02 m^(2)·g^(-1)and outstanding electrochemical performance with specific capacitances of 229.71 F·g^(-1)at a current density of 1 A·g^(-1)and 358.32 F·g^(-1)at a scan rate of 2 mV·s^(-1).This sample also demonstrated the capacitance retention of 82.99% after 1000 charge/discharge cycles,along with superior specific power and specific energy values of 797.46 W·kg^(-1)and 72.74Wh·kg^(-1),respectively.These findings indicate that delafossite AgFeO_(2)has great potential as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Efficient chemical mechanical polishing of W promoted by Fenton-like reaction between Cu^(2+)and H_(2)O_(2)

The Fenton-like reaction between Cu^(2+)and H_(2)O_(2)was employed in chemical mechanical polishing to achieve efficient and high-quality processing of tungsten.The microstructure evolution and material removal rate of tungsten during polishing process were investigated via scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometry,and electrochemical experiments.The passivation behavior and material removal mechanism were discussed.Results show that the use of mixed H_(2)O_(2)+Cu(NO_(3))_(2)oxidant can achieve higher polishing efficiency and surface quality compared with the single oxidant Cu(NO_(3))_(2)or H_(2)O_(2).The increase in material removal rate is attributed to the rapid oxidation of W into WO_(3)via the chemical reaction between the substrate and hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton-like reaction.In addition,material removal rate and static etch rate exhibit significantly different dependencies on the concentration of Cu(NO_(3))_(2),while the superior oxidant for achieving the balance between polishing efficiency and surface quality is 0.5 wt.%H_(2)O_(2)+1.0 wt.%Cu(NO_(3))_(2).

Research on the Construction of Intellectual Property System and Optimization of Business Environment in China

With the rapid development of globalization and information technology,intellectual property has been one of the key drivers of economic growth,and the construction of intellectual property system has become an important criterion for measuring the quality of business environment.This article is intended to explore the current status of intellectual property system construction in China,the challenges,and its relationship with the business environment,to propose the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.The study finds that the legal system of intellectual property in China is gradually improving,and judicial and administrative protection are continuously strengthened.However,the challenges still remain such as frequent infringements,rights hard to protect and insufficient international cooperation.These issues not only affect the legitimate rights and interests of innovation entities,but also for the market fairness and the level of the business environment.Therefore,this article proposes that strengthening the perfection of the intellectual property legal system,enhancing intellectual property services and support capabilities,strengthening international cooperation and exchanges,and accelerating the cultivation of composite talents.It aims to provide theoretical references for the construction of intellectual property system and the optimization of the business environment,promote the high-quality development of economy and enhance the global competitiveness of the country.

Synthesis,structure,and magnetic property of a cobalt(Ⅱ)complex based on pyridyl⁃substituted imino nitroxide radical

A new cobalt(Ⅱ)-radical complex:[Co(im4-py)_(2)(PNB)_(2)](im4-py=2-(4'-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl,HPNB=p-nitrobenzoic acid)has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis,elemental analysis,IR,and magnetic properties.X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the complex exists as mononuclear molecules and Co(Ⅱ)ion is four-coordinated with two radicals and two PNB-ligands.The magnetic susceptibility study indicates the complex exhibits weak ferromagnetic interactions between cobalt(Ⅱ)and im4-py radical.The magnetic property is explained by the magnetic and structure exchange mechanism.CCDC:976028.

The chemical composition, quality control and pharmacological effects of Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia Decoction: a review

Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia Decoction(GXBD)is a traditional Chinese herbal formula including four traditional Chinese medicines:Gualou(Trichosanthis Fructus,TF),Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus,AMB),Banxia(Pinelliae Rhizoma,PR)and yellow wine.It is a classical therapy for chest stuffiness and pain syndrome and is widely used in the clinical treatment of coronary heart disease.It also shows significant therapeutic effects on pulmonary heart disease,hyperlipidemia,and arrhythmia.This study conducted a literature review and collected information on GXBD from databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,and ScienceDirect.The result indicated that the main active ingredients of GXBD are steroids,flavonoids,terpenoids,alkaloids,amino acids,and organic acids.Trigonelline,macrostemonoside and cucurbitacin B can provide reference for its quality control.GXBD may exert therapeutic effects on coronary heart disease through AMPK,PI3K-AKT,oxLDL,VEGF,and NF-κB signal pathways.This review provides a comprehensive analysis and summary of the chemical composition and in vivo metabolism of three traditional Chinese medicines(TF,AMB,and PR),along with an evaluation of the chemical composition,quality control,pharmacological effects,and clinical application of GXBD.Based on these,areas requiring further research on GXBD have been proposed to provide a reference for its further development and new drug research.

Chemical weathering in Manas River Basin:Driven by sulfuric acid or carbonic acid?

Carbonic acid produced by the dissolution of atmospheric and soil CO_(2)in water is usually the most dominant catalyst for chemical weathering,but a sulfuric aciddriven phenomenon,different from usual,was found in the orogenic belt watersheds dominated by silicate bedrock.This study,rooted in comprehensive field investigations in the Manas River Basin(MRB)north of the Tianshan Mountains,delves into the mechanisms and impacts of sulfuric and carbonic acid as catalysts driving diff erent types of chemical weathering in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.Quantitative analyses elucidate that carbonate weathering constitutes 52.4%of the total chemical weathering,while silicate and evaporite account for 18.6%and 25.3%,respectively,with anthropogenic activities and atmospheric precipitation having little eff ect.The estimated total chemical weathering rate in MRB is approximately 0.075×10^(6)mol/km^(2)/year.Quantitative findings further suggest that,preceding carbonate precipitation(<10^(4)year),chemical weathering can absorb CO_(2).Subsequently,and following carbonate precipitation(10^(4)-10^(7)year),it will release CO_(2).The release significantly surpasses the global average CO_(2)consumption,contributing to a noteworthy climate impact.This study underscores the distinctive weathering mechanisms,wherein sulfuric acid emerges as the predominant catalyst.The quantity of sulfuric acid as a catalyst is approximately three times that of carbonic acid.Sulfuric acid-driven carbonate rock weathering(SCW)is identified as the sole chemical weathering type with a net CO_(2)release eff ect.SCW CO_(2)release flux(5176 mol/km^(2)/year)is roughly 2.5 times the CO_(2)absorption by Ca-Mg silicate weathering,highlighting the pivotal role of chemical weathering in sourcing atmospheric CO_(2)over the timescales of carbonate precipitation and sulfate reduction.Lastly,this study posits that catalyst and transport limitations are the most plausible critical factors in MRB.The interplay between sulfuric acid and dissolved CO_(2)competitively shapes the types and rates of chemical weathering reactions.

Bioleaching and electrochemical property of marmatite by Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans

Bioleaching and electrochemical experiments were conducted to evaluate marmatite dissolution in the presence of pure S.thermosulfidooxidans.The effects of particle size,p H controlling and external addition of Fe^3＋ ions on the zinc extraction were investigated.The results show that in the bioleaching process the best particle size range is 0.043-0.074 mm and adjusting p H regularly to the initial value has a profound effect on obtaining high leaching rate.External addition of Fe^3＋ ions could accelerate the bioleaching,while the concentration of additional Fe^3＋ over 2.5 g/L weakens the positive effect,and even hinders the dissolution of marmatite.SEM and XRD analyses of the leaching residues reveal that a product layer composed of elemental sulfur and jarosite is formed on the mineral surface,which results in a low leaching speed at later phase.The results of electrochemical measurements illustrate that additional Fe^3＋ ions could increase the corrosion current density,which is favorable to zinc extraction.The EIS spectra show that rate-limiting step does not change when Fe^3＋ ions are added.

Physi-Chemical Property Research of Polysaccharides from Pomegranate Flowers

Pomegranate flowers as row materials were used for extraction of polysaccharides by water-extraction and alcohol-precipitation method. After purification, the physical and chemical properties, structure, monosaccharide composition and molecular weight were studied. The results showed that the polysaccharides from pomegranate flowers mainly contained two kinds of water soluble acidic polysaccharides, and monosaccharide composition were arabinose and galactose, both contained hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl radical, sulfate, beta glycosidic bond and alpha glycosidic bond structure. The molecular weight of PP1 and PP2 were 6.16 × 104 (±6.6%) and 9.01 × 104 (±3.2%), respectively. The results of this study laid the foundation for further development and application of polysaccharides from pomegranate flowers.

Magnetic property and recording performance of chemical deposition CoP thin films

The thickness of CoP thin films prepared by wet chemical deposition is of crucial importance on magnetic property and recording perform-ance. The coercivity of CoP films decreased with increasing film thickness. The coercivity was 45.37 kA m 1 at the thickness of 300 nm, and decreased to 21.65 kA m 1 at 5.7 μm. Recording performance tests indicate that, for drums with the same size, different recorded magnetic pole density have different thickness requirements. For 40 mm diameter magnetic drum, the optimal CoP thickness is 3～10 μm for 256 re-corded magnetic poles, 1～2 μm for 512 recorded magnetic poles, and 500～800 nm for 1024 recorded magnetic poles.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Property of the Ferrocenyl Schiff-base (E)-N’(Ferrocene Ethylidene)Picolino Hydrazide

A novel Schiff-base compound based on ferrocene C18H17OFeN3 （1） has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The title compound crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 19.2343（17）, b = 10.5084（9）, c = 7.9373（7） A, β = 97.7740°, Z = 4, V = 1589.6（2） A^3, Dc = 1.451 g/cm^3, μ（MoKα） = 0.956 mm^-1, F（000） = 720, the final R = 0.0343 and wR = 0.0973 for 2759 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. Electrochemical measurements exhibit that compound 1 undergoes a reversible one-electron redox process.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Property of Nanometer Porphyrin Dimer

A nanometer porphyrin dimer was synthesized with fumaryl chloride as a bridge-linked reagent. The characterization was carried out with elemental analyses, ^1H NMR, UV-Vis, and IR spectrometries, and then the electrochemical properties of the porphyrins were studied. The authors found that there was moderate electronic communication between the two porphyrin rings in the nanometer porphyrin dimer.

Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Grown by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Biocompatible Property

Due to its unique properties such as high hardness, light transmittance, thermal conductance, chemical stability and corrosion resistance, diamond has drawn tremendous attention in last two decades. These specific properties made diamond film a promising material for cutting tools, microwave windows, heat sinks for electronic devices and diamond electrodes. However, the diamond film with grain sizes at microscale usually exhibits high surface roughness and hinders its applications in the microelectro mechanical system (MEMS) and biological field because it is difficult to be polished by mechanical and chemical methods. With the development of the chemical vapor deposition, the nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film has been fabricated and found new applications. The grain size of NCD film is in the range of 10 to 100 nm, which inherits the properties of the diamond and possesses the unique properties of the nanoscale materials, and the morphology of the NCD film is granular or needle-like structure. The microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) has been regarded as the most promising method to deposit NCD film at low temperature. Compared to the hot filament CVD, MPCVD can grow high quality NCD film avoiding of the contamination from the filament materials. The MPCVD technique has high plasma density to activate carbonaceous compound and grow NCD film in high growth rate and low substrate temperature. The unique properties of NCD film, such as the superior electrical, mechanical and biological properties facilitate their application in various fields. The biological application, especially as a biocompatible coating, mainly includes the joint replacement implants and protective coatings and the ophthalmological prosthesis.

Influence of KOH activation techniques on pore structure and electrochemical property of carbon electrode materials

Taking the selection of coal-tar pitch as precursor and KOH as activated agent, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated for supercapacitor.The surface area and the pore structure of activated carbon were analyzed by Nitro adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were determined using two-electrode capacitors in 6 mol/L KOH aqueous electrolytes. The influences of activated temperature and mass ratio of KOH to C on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon were investigated in detail. The reasons for the changes of pore structure and electrochemical performance of activated carbon prepared under different conditions were also discussed theoretically. The results indicate that the maximum specific capacitance of 240 F/g can be obtained in alkaline medium, and the surface area, the pore structure and the specific capacitance of activated carbon depend on the treatment methods; the capacitance variation of activated carbon cannot be interpreted only by the change of surface area and pore structure, the lattice order and the electrolyte wetting effect of the activated carbon should also be taken into account.

EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED MINERAL SPECIES ON THE SURFACE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC,ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTY AND FLOTATION BEHAVIOR OF FLUORITE AND SCHEELITE

Interactions between the dissolved mineral species and other mineralsurface were investigated using solution chemistry calculation, -potential measurement, AES analysis and flotation tests. It has been indicated that there canbe precipitation of scheelite over fluorite in scheelite supernatant at PH> 4.The conversion of fluorite into scheellte was detected by AES. Fluorite in the supernatant of scheelite exhibits nearly identical electrokinetic property andflotation behavior with those of scheelite. The selective flotatlon separation of fluorite from scheelite or vice vasa may be achieved by using selective amphoteric collector for fluorite at PH<4 to avoid surface conversion.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Property of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin

The title compound 5,10,15,20-tetrakis（4-chlorophenyl）porphyrin was synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction method. Crystal data： triclinic, space group P, Z=1, C50H32Cl4N4, Mr=830.60, a=6.4316（13）, b=11.322（2）, c=13.833（3） , α =91.44（3）, β=91.06（2）, γ=92.67（3）°, V=1005.7（3）3 , Dc=1.371 g/cm3 , μ（MoKα）=0.34 mm-1 , F（000）=428, R=0.0563 and wR=0.0867 for 2712 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. X-ray analysis reveals the phenyl rings and the pyrrole rings are not in the same plane. The dihedral angles between adjacent phenyl rings and pyrrole rings are 66.1 and 66.8°, respectively.

A Novel Copper(Ⅱ) Complex of Asymmetrically N-Functionalized 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Ligand： Syntheses, Structure, Electrochemical Property and Biological Activities

A novel copper（Ⅱ） complex derived from 1,4,7-triazacyclononane[CuL]_2（PF_6）_3×MeCN×H_2 O was synthesized and crystallographically characterized {L = 1,4-bis（2-carbamoylethyl）-7-benzimidazole-2-yl-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane}. It crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1, with a = 13.2425（13）, b = 14.0807（15）, c = 17.6798（18）, α = 86.296（2）, β = 72.773（2）, γ= 68.905（2）o, V = 2934.5（5）A^3, Z = 2, D_c = 1.611 g/m^3, F（000） = 1456, M_r = 1423.09, m = 0.920 mm^-1. The final R = 0.0671 and wR = 0.1874 for 6501 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The structural analysis shows that the complex cation（[CuL]_2^3＋） was formed by two complex cations, namely（[CuL^3]^2＋） and [CuL_（-H）~3]~＋） through a hydrogen bond. In each complex cation, the Cu（Ⅱ） lies in a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The redox behavior was studied by cyclic voltammetry（CV） in aqueous solution which indicates a reversible one electron redox reaction. The result of UV absorption, ethidium bromide（EB） fluorescence spectra indicated that the complex binds to CT-DNA in an intercalative mode. Superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity of the complex was determined by photoreduction of NBT, and the value of IC_（50） is 5.22 μmol·L^-1.

Synthesis,Structure and Electrochemical Property of a Supramolecular Compound(H_2en)_2[Cu(en)_2(H_3O)_2][Mo_8O_(28)]

A supramolecular compound（H2en）2[Cu（en）2（H3O）2][Mo8O28]（en=ethylenediamine） was hydrothermally prepared and confirmed by elemental analysis and TG analysis.Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the crystal crystallizes in the triclinic system,space group P1 with a=9.4635（4）,b=9.8645（5）,c=10.9794（5）A,α=69.2050（10）,β=72.3730（10）,γ=78.4510（10）o,Mr=1559.55,V=908.24（7）A^3,Z=1,Dc=2.851 g/m^3,F（000）=749,μ=3.350 mm^-1,S=1.000,the final R=0.0217 and wR=0.0567.The compound consists of（H2en）^2＋,[Mo8O28]^8-anion and [Cu（en）2（H3O）2]^2＋ cations and constructs a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen atoms from en of [Cu（en）2（H3O）2]^4＋ fragments and the terminal oxygen atoms from the [Mo8O28]^8-polyoxoanions.The electrochemical behavior of this compound has been studied in detail based on a solid bulk modified carbon paste electrode of compound（CPE）.

Influence of CsNO_3 as electrolyte additive on electrochemical property of lithium anode in rechargeable battery

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for rechargeable battery with high energy density,but its practical use is still hindered by two main problems,namely,lithium dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency.To address the issues,cesium nitrate(CsNO3)is selected as the additive to modify the electrolyte for lithium secondary battery.Here we report electrochemical performance of lithium secondary battery with different concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive.The study result demonstrates that Coulombic efficiency of Li–Cu cells and the lifetime of symmetric lithium cells contained CsNO3 additive are improved greatly.Li–Cu cell with 0.05 mol/L CsNO3 and 0.15 mol/L LiNO3 as electrolyte additive presents the best electrochemical performance,having the highest Coulombic efficiency of around 97%and the lowest interfacial resistance.With increasing the concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive,the electrochemical performance of cells becomes poor.Meanwhile,the morphology of lithium deposited films with CsNO3-modified electrolyte become smoother and more uniform compared with the basic electrolyte.

Liquid-phase preparation and electrochemical property of LiFePO_4/C nanowires

Olivine LiFePO4/C nanowires have been successfully synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly solution preparation.The phase,structure,morphology and composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermogravimetric and differential-thermogravimetric analysis(TG-DTA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS) techniques,showing uniform nanowire shape of LiFePO4/C with a diameter of 80-150 nm and a length of several microns.The heat-treated LiFePO4/C nanowires show excellent electrochemical properties of specific discharge capacity,rate capacity and cycling stability.In particular,the LiFePO4/C nanowires heat-treated at 400 °C show preferable first discharge specific capacity of 161 mA·h/g at 0.1C rate,while the voltage platform is 3.4 V and the first discharge specific capacity is 93 mA·h/g at 20C rate.The specific capacity retention is 98% after 50 cycles at 5C rate.