Effect of Freeze-thaw Cycles on Bond Strength between Steel Bars and Concrete

The effect of freezing and thawing cycles on mechanical properties of concrete （compressive, splitting tensile strength） was experimentally investigated. According to the pullout test data of three kinds of deformed steel bars, the bond stress-slip curves after freezing and thawing were obtained. The empirical equations of peak bond strength were proposed that the damage accounted for effects of freezing and thawing cycle. Meanwhile, the mechanism of bond deterioration between steel bars and concrete after freezing and thawing cycles was discussed. All these conclusions will be useful to the durability design and reliability calculation of RC structures in cold region.

Mechanical Characteristics Test of Concrete Steel Bars Available in Côte d’Ivoire

Buildings collapse has now become a recurrent phenomenon in Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the reasons for these disasters, and check in particular to the extent, and concrete steel bars produced in Côte d’Ivoire and used in buildings’ structures are involved. Samples having 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm in diameter steel taken from the five (5) major manufacturers or suppliers of the Ivorian market were subjected to physical, chemical and mechanical tests to determine their performance. A comparison of these results with the NF EN 10080 and NF A35 080-1 standards made it possible to calculate the probability to have out-of-standard products in a structure. Pieces having 60 cm were cut from three bars of the same thickness and then subjected to tests. These are the chemical test by optical emission spectrometer, physical tests by caliper measurements of diameter, height of bolts and ribs and calculation of linear mass, and tensile tests with the help of hydraulic press. These tests made it possible to determine the characteristics of the steel bars. Then, these characteristics were compared with standards NF EN 10080 and NF A35 080-1, in order to judge their conformity for construction. Finally, the likelihood of having non-standard steel bars in a structure is calculated. These tests indicate that the relative surfaces of the bolts of the various bars HA6, HA8, HA10 and HA12 vary from 0.146 to 0.323 respectively;0.120 to 0.312;0.101 to 0, 297 and 0.142 to 0.482. Likewise, their calculated linear masses of these bars are respectively between 28.3 mm2 and 222 g/m;50.3 mm2 and 395 g/m;78.5 mm2 and 617 g/m;and 113 mm2 and 888 g/m. In addition, their yield strengths and elongations at break vary from 344 MPa to 582 MPa and from 0.2% to 15% respectively. According to analysis of these results, 100% of steel bars would lead to a steel-concrete adhesion that complies with standard requirements and 100% have a linear mass or density lower than the standard. Similarly, on the mechanical aspect, 70% of steel bars have a yield strength lower than 400 MPa and 95% have an inappropriate ductility. Non-compliance with cross-sections, inadequate performance and non-compliance with the chemical composition of steel bars expose buildings to low durability and even sudden collapse of their structural elements. Concrete steel bars contribute a great deal to failures found in buildings.

Anti-seismic behavior of HRB400 reinforced steel bars

The properties of anti-seismic HRB400 steel bars with 25 mm diameter were systematically investigated. The results showed that the properties of the HRB400 reinforced steel bars had been greatly enhanced comparing with HRB335 steel bars, i.e. coordination of strength and ductility, strain-aging sensibility, low temperature impact toughness, weld ability and high strain low cycle fatigue. The ductile-brittle transit temperatures of hot-rolled and strain-aged steel bars were evaluated as –17 °C and ?8 °C respectively, and the low temperature impact toughness of HRB400 steel bars remains to be improved. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction showed little vanadium existed in ferrite as VN, most of which existed in pearlite as alloy cementite which resulted in the declination of impact toughness. Methods were suggested to improve the anti- seismic properties of steel bars.

Tensile bond anchorage properties of Australian 500N steel bars in concrete

In order to investigate the tensile bond anchorage properties of Australian 500N steel bars in concrete,111 pullout tests were conducted.The precise bond slip values have been gained by using the laser displacement sensor with high resolution,including the complete bond-slip curves.How the main anchorage factors such as concrete strength,bar diameter(8,10,12,16,20,24,28,32 and 36 mm) the concrete covered,embedded length and transverse reinforcement influencing the bond anchorage properties was studied under tensile condition.The process of the tensile force-slip failure for Australian 500N reinforcing steel can be divided into five stages:elastic stage,local slip stage,slip in ascent stage,slip in descent stage and remnant stage.The formula for calculating the tensile bond strength of Australian 500N reinforcing bar in concrete was proposed according to the test results,including the consistent model for tensile bond-slip relationship.

Electrically Conductive Concrete for Heating Using Steel Bars as Electrodes

The steel bars with good electrical conductivity were used as two kinds of electrodes in the making of carbon fiber（CF） electrically conductive concrete for heating.The results of the pertinent experiments illustrate the design is viable.The change in electrical resistivity over three years＇ hydration time was studied when steel bars were used as lateral face electrodes and top bottom surface electrodes respectively.The temperature rise test was conducted to verify the heating properties of two kinds of concrete.Not only the study can reduce the CF volume content of electrically conductive concrete for heating to 0.58% or 0.36% according to different design,but also it will enhance the carrying capacity of the concrete roadway for heating.

Lateral load-carrying capacity analyses of composite shear walls with double steel plates and filled concrete with binding bars

A method is developed to predict the lateral load-carrying capacity of composite shear walls with double steel plates and filled concrete with binding bars(SCBs). Nonlinear finite element models of SCBs were established by using the finite element tool, Abaqus. Tie constraints were used to connect the binding bars and the steel plates. Surface-to-surface contact provided by the Abaqus was used to simulate the interaction between the steel plate and the core concrete. The established models could predict the lateral load-carrying capacity of SCBs with a reasonable degree of accuracy. A calculation method was developed by superposition principle to predict the lateral load-carrying capacity of SCBs for the engineering application. The concrete confined by steel plates and binding bars is under multi-axial compression; therefore, its shear strength was calculated by using the Guo-Wang concrete failure criterion. The shear strength of the steel plates of SCBs was calculated by using the von Mises yielding criterion without considering buckling. Results of the developed method are in good agreement with the testing and finite element results.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of FRP Bars by Hybridizing with Steel Wires

Many studies on fiber reinforced polymer composite bars, as a substitute for reinforcing bars, have been conducted to solve corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures since 1960s’. However, FRP Bars have a lower elastic modulus than steel rebar as a structural component of concrete structures. Material properties with brittleness fracture and low elastic modulus can be improved by combining cheaper steel than carbon or aramid fibers. In this study, prototypes of FRP Bars with inserted steel wires (i.e., “FRP Hybrid Bars”) were developed and their tensile performance was compared depending on the proportion and diameter of steel. The FRP Hybrid Bars were made by dividing them into D13 and D16 according to the diameter and proportion of inserted wires: GFRPs were combined with wires having different diameters of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.0 mm in the proportion of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70%, respectively. As a result of tensile tests, the elastic modulus of FRP Hybrid Bars were improved as 20% - 190% in comparison with the fully GFRP Bars.

MEASUREMENT OF K_(IC)OF MEDIAN OR LOW STRENGTH STEEL USING ROUND BARS WITH CIRCUMFERENCIAL CRACK

The size effect of tension round bars with circumferential crack was described and used to measure the plane-strain fracture toughness K_(1c) of median or low strength steel.The size of cylindrical specimen required for K_(1c) measurement is much smaller than that of standard specimen.The J-integral values of the cylindrical sqecimens were calculated to characterize the size effect.The finite element calculution and fracture morphology analysis have been conducted to eyplain the fact that smaller cylindrical specimen could be used to measure K_(1c) of median or low strength steel.

3-D thermo-mechanical coupled FEM simulation of continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steel bars and rods

The 3-D thermo-mechanical coupled elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM)was used for the simulation of the two-pass continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steelbars and rods using MARC/AutoForge3.1 software. The simulated results visualize the metal flow andthe dynamic evolutions of the strain, stress and temperature during the continuous hot rolling,especially inside the work-piece. It is shown that the non-uniform distributions of the strain,stress and temperature on the longitudinal and transverse sections are a distinct characteristic ofthe continuous hot rolling, which can be used as basic data for improving the tool design,predicting and controlling the micro-structural evolution of a bar and rod.

Accelerating Effect of Wetting-Drying Cycles on Steel Bar Corrosion in Concrete

Raining and sun-shining processes in natural climate were simulated by water spraying and infrared lightshining alternately as wetting-drying cycles in accelerated durability test. The accelerating effects of the wet-ting-drying cycles and the variation of corrosion current density and corrosion potential of steel bar in concrete undersuch conditions were studied. The result shows that the main reason leading to accelerating corrosion of steel bar inconcrete is the wetting-drying cycles, which can cause the increase of corrosion potential difference between the an-ode and cathode of steel bar corrosion cell and the decrease of concrete resistance. Corrosion rate of the steel bar inconcrete under four typical conditions, including wetting-drying cycle, long time submerging in water, long time ex-posure to indoor and outdoor environment were measured and compared. The test results indicate that the corrosionrates under the four typical conditions are in the order of spraying and infrared light shining cycles, outdoor environ-ment, indoor environment, and submerging in water, respectively.

Electrochemical Behavior of Steel Bar in Electrolytes:Influence of pH Value and Cations

Steel bar corrosion on electrolytes and the influence of cation were investigated. Three electrolytes of Ca（OH）2, NaOH and KOH with pH levels of 12.5, 11.5, 10.5, 9.5, 8.5 were prepared, meanwhile, the methods of free corrosion potential and electrochemical impedance spectra （EIS） were used to evaluate the influence of cations on the depassivation of the steel bar in electrolytes. The experimental results indicate that the initial corrosion pH value of the steel bar is influenced by the cation in electrolyte and the influence of K＋ in electrolyte is the most remarkable, followed by Na＋ and Ca2＋. The initial corrosion pH values are 10.5 in KOH electrolyte, 9.5 in NaOH electrolyte and lower than 8.5 in Ca（OH）2 electrolyte.

Optimization of Steel Bar Manufacturing Process Using Six Sigma

Optimization of a manufacturing process results in higher productivity and reduced wastes. Production parameters of a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Pakistan is optimized by using six Sigma-Define, measure, analyze, improve, and controlmethodology. Production data is collected and analyzed. After analysis, experimental design result is used to identify significant factors affecting process performance. The significant factors are controlled to optimized level using two-level factorial design method. A regression model is developed that helps in the estimation of response under multi variable input values. Model is tested, verified, and validated by using industrial data collected at a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Peshawar（Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan）. The sigma level of the manufacturing process is improved to 4.01 from 3.58. The novelty of the research is the identification of the significant factors along with the optimum levels that affects the process yield, and the methodology to optimize the steel bar manufacturing process.

带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋抗拔性能试验研究

目的为了探讨直径25 mm、强度等级PSB1080的带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋在有效锚固长150,200,250 mm的钢筋混凝土厚板或基础中拔出时的锚固性能,方法以有效锚固长度、套管有无、锚板宽度和构造钢筋数量为试验参数,对7个试件进行抗拔性能试验研究。研究试件的破坏特征,分析荷载-位移曲线、极限抗拔承载力、试件开裂荷载和荷载-应变曲线。结果结果表明:试件抗拔承载力随着锚固长度的增加而增加,当有效锚固长度为250 mm时,预应力螺纹钢筋均能达到屈服;混凝土开裂荷载随着有效锚固长度、锚板宽度和套管的增设而增加,构造钢筋数量对面层混凝土开裂荷载的影响并不明显;采用套管试件的面层混凝土开裂荷载比未采用套管试件提高了2.66倍;根据荷载-位移曲线可知,在锚板上增设构造钢筋可以防止带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋拔出时承载力急剧下降;基于试验结果和相关文献结果,对比锚固区混凝土锥体破坏试件的试验值与计算值可知,Nilforoush建议式和日本JSCE规范式9.2.11分别比试验值低19%和10%。结论增设套管可以有效提高开裂荷载;使用日本JSCE规范式9.2.11计算抗拔承载力更接近试验值。

纵向钢筋C型卡槽连接单向拉伸力学性能

为提高装配式纵向钢筋连接的施工效率,提出了C型卡槽连接方式,制作9个连接件并进行单向拉伸试验,观察其破坏形态,研究试件荷载-位移曲线、应变发展过程,分析不同锚固板直径对连接件连接性能的影响;基于混凝土局部受压计算公式,推导出C型卡槽连接钢筋的承载力计算公式,并给出不同锚固板直径与带锚固板钢筋直径的适配表。结果表明:锚固板直径为43 mm和48 mm的连接件发生带锚固板钢筋拉断破坏,荷载-位移曲线与单根钢筋拉伸的荷载-位移曲线相似,均能满足JGJ 107—2016和ACI 318对接头的强度要求;锚固板直径为38 mm的连接件是依据JGJ 256—2011选取锚固板直径,试验过程中发生带锚固板钢筋拔出破坏,证明按照规程取值,锚固板直径偏小,无法满足连接要求;锚固板直径为38 mm的连接件其荷载-位移曲线呈现波浪形,承载力虽小于前两者,但仍具有较好的延性和较高的残余承载力;所有连接件的C型卡槽在整个受力过程中应变值较小,始终处于弹性阶段,C型卡槽环向应变表现为压应变,C型卡槽连接钢筋承载力的理论计算结果与试验结果相符。

HRB635级高强钢筋与C70高强混凝土黏结锚固性能试验研究

目的 研究HRB635级高强钢筋与C70高强混凝土之间黏结锚固性能,为工程应用提供参考。方法 设计制作了5组45个直锚试件进行拉拔试验,分析了锚固长度、配箍率、混凝土保护层厚度等因素对锚固性能的影响。结果 试件极限承载力随配箍率和锚固长度的增加而增加,但当箍筋率ρsv大于1.26%,锚固长度la大于15d后,配箍率和锚固长度的增加不再对试件极限承载力产生明显的影响;对于未配置箍筋的试件,当试件保护层厚度从2d增加到3d时,试件极限承载力随着保护层厚度的增加而增加,但当保护层厚度大于3d后,保护层厚度的增加对试件极限承载力基本没有影响。结论 在进行HRB635级高强钢筋和C70高强混凝土试件设计时,锚固长度可按《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2010)中相关公式进行计算,且具有足够的安全储备。

不同性能水平下600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱位移角限值研究

基于性能抗震设计思想的600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱位移角限值研究,对于推广高强钢筋混凝土柱的应用至关重要。通过17根HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱试件和3根HRB400钢筋混凝土柱试件的拟静力试验研究了其抗震性能。与HRB400钢筋混凝土柱相比,HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的滞回曲线的形状没有发生明显改变,试件具有较好的承载能力和延性。将基于Kunnath损伤模型计算的损伤指数与试验中测量的损伤指数范围进行了比较,结果表明,Kunnath损伤模型可以准确计算HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的损伤指标。根据HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的破坏特点,以屈服点、峰值点和极限点作为高强钢筋混凝土柱的性能水平控制点。基于性能抗震设计的思想,将600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱的性能水平划分为5个性能水平,即正常使用、暂时使用、修复后使用、生命安全和接近倒塌性能水平。结合参考文献中600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱的试验数据,对65个600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱各特征点的位移角进行了相对频率统计分析,得到了600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱在暂时使用、修复后使用和接近倒塌3个性能水平下具有超过90%安全保证率的位移角限值分别为1/150、1/80和1/60。

场地地震动特征周期对高层建筑结构工程材料用量和破坏状态影响的研究

建立了2个典型高层建筑结构(剪力墙结构和框架剪力墙)的分析模型,在层间位移角满足规范规定限值的前提下,研究了混凝土用量和钢筋用量随着抗震设计地震动特征周期改变的变化规律;另外,保持两个结构模型不变,通过改变设计地震动特征周期的取值,分析了不同特征周期下两个结构模型的层间位移角最大值,给出了特征周期取值不同时两个结构模型的破坏状态。研究结果表明:层间位移角满足规范要求时,随着特征周期的变大,剪力墙结构和框架剪力墙结构中混凝土和钢筋的用量在增大,特征周期越大,混凝土和钢筋用量增量越大;特征周期增值相同时,框架剪力墙结构中混凝土用量增量和钢筋用量增量要小于剪力墙结构中的混凝土用量和钢筋用量;结构模型保持不变,特征周期变大时会影响结构的破坏状态,但基本都处于轻微破坏状态下,除了剪力墙结构在T_(g)=0.9 s时达到了中等破坏的状态。

PBL抗剪传力钢筋连接接头受拉力学性能试验

装配式混凝土构件间钢筋的连接是其适用性和经济性的关键环节,针对国内工程常用的灌浆套筒和约束浆锚钢筋连接技术存在施工难度大、效率低、质量不易检验等问题,本文提出了PBL-穿孔钢筋连接接头、PBL-穿孔钢管连接接头和PBL-U形钢筋连接接头3种钢筋连接接头,实现预制混凝土单元间钢筋应力的传递,具有施工简便、质量易保证、成本低等优势。对这3种钢筋接头进行了6组参数共18个钢筋接头试件的拉伸性能试验,研究了新型接头试件的破坏模式、承载力和变形能力等,得到各参数对新型接头拉伸强度的影响规律,并对不同接头的受拉力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:3种钢筋连接接头能够实现钢筋应力的有效传递,验证了新型钢筋连接接头的可行性。

多级耗能后张预应力筋预制节段墩的抗震性能分析

为提升节段墩的抗震性能,采用多级耗能方法实现多节段共同参与耗能.将耗能钢筋从节段墩底部向上依次穿过多个接缝,从而实现多级耗能.通过数值模拟,研究多级耗能节段墩体系的耗能能力,并针对三级耗能节段墩体系的轴压比和耗能钢筋配筋率进行参数分析.结果表明,多级耗能节段墩体系可以提高节段墩的耗能能力,而每一级别耗能体系存在耗能上限,且随多级耗能体系级别的提升而增加.在不同级别耗能体系中,耗能钢筋配筋率存在不同的临界值,一级耗能体系的耗能钢筋配筋率临界值为0.23%,二级耗能体系为1.31%.为获得较强的耗能能力,建议将耗能钢筋配筋率取值为1.31%,轴压比取值为0.1.

新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥动力性能分析

对一种新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥结构开展了动力特性及抗震性能分析;以鄄城黄河大桥跨中箱梁段为例,建立组合箱梁桥的多尺度有限元模型,并与实测值进行了对比,验证了多尺度模型的有效性;基于此设计了该新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁的截面参数,采用多尺度建模方法研究了各参数变化对箱梁动力特性的影响规律,通过地震反应谱法分析了该结构在各向地震作用下的结构响应。结果表明:箱梁横隔板的数量和厚度是结构动力特性的敏感参数,对结构的扭转刚度影响很大;增大波形钢腹板厚度可有效提高结构刚度,且刚度增大对频率的影响程度大于质量增大对频率的影响,建议腹板厚度宜设为20~30 mm;槽形钢板可有效提高截面的抗弯刚度,尤其对结构竖向弯曲模态影响较大;横向地震作用对混凝土顶板和横隔板应力的影响最大,纵向地震力对波形钢腹板应力的影响最大,竖向地震力对混凝土底板和槽形钢板的应力影响较大。