C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury.Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury,suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment.This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis,along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury.Additionally,we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs,along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs.Nevertheless,there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.

C-C chemokine receptor type 2-overexpressing exosomes alleviated experimental post-stroke cognitive impairment by enhancing microglia/macrophage M2 polarization

BACKGROUND Human-derived mesenchymal stromal cells have been shown to improve cognitive function following experimental stroke.The activity of exosomes has been verified to be comparable to the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells.However,the effects of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(HUC-MSCs)(ExoCtrl)on post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)have rarely been reported.Moreover,whether exosomes derived from C-C chemokine receptor type 2(CCR2)-overexpressing HUC-MSCs(ExoCCR2)can enhance the therapeutic effects on PSCI and the possible underlying mechanisms have not been studied.AIM To investigate the effects of ExoCtrl on PSCI and whether ExoCCR2 can enhance therapeutic effects on PSCI.METHODS Transmission electron microscopy,qNano®particles analyzer,and Western blotting were employed to determine the morphology and CCR2 expression of ExoCtrl or ExoCCR2.ELISA was used to study the binding capacity of exosomes to CC chemokine ligand 2(CCL2)in vivo.After the intravenous injection of ExoCtrl or ExoCCR2 into experimental rats,the effect of ExoCtrl and ExoCCR2 on PSCI was assessed by Morris water maze.Remyelination and oligodendrogenesis were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy.QRT-PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy were conducted to compare the microglia/macrophage polarization.The infiltration and activation of hematogenous macrophages were analyzed by Western blotting and transwell migration analysis.RESULTS CCR2-overexpressing HUC-MSCs loaded the CCR2 receptor into their exosomes.The morphology and diameter distribution between ExoCtrl and ExoCCR2 showed no significant difference.ExoCCR2 bound significantly to CCL2 but ExoCtrl showed little CCL2 binding.Although both ExoCCR2 and ExoCtrl showed beneficial effects on PSCI,oligodendrogenesis,remyelination,and microglia/macrophage polarization,ExoCCR2 exhibited a significantly superior beneficial effect.We also found that ExoCCR2 could suppress the CCL2-induced macrophage migration and activation in vivo and in vitro,compared with ExoCtrl treated group.CONCLUSION CCR2 over-expression enhanced the therapeutic effects of exosomes on the experimental PSCI by promoting M2 microglia/macrophage polarization,enhancing oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.These therapeutic effects are likely through suppressing the CCL2-induced hematogenous macrophage migration and activation.Key words:Cognitive impairment;Stroke;Exosomes;C-C chemokine receptor type 2;Microglia/macrophage polarization;Remyelination.

The prognostic value of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 in patients with sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Background: Recent studies indicate that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) and its ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12(CXCL12), stimulate expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein Cyclin D1 in neurofibromatosis 1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor(MPNST) cells and promote their proliferation. In this study, we measured the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 proteins in sporadic MPNST tissues from Chinese patients and investigated their prognostic values.Methods: CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 protein expression in samples from 58 Chinese patients with sporadic MPNST was assessed with immunohistochemical staining.Their prognostic values were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis and a log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors.Results: High expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and Cyclin D1 was observed in 19(32.8%), 32(55.2%), and 16(27.6%)samples, respectively. CXCR4 expression was positively correlated with CXCL12 expression(r = 0.334, P = 0.010) and Cyclin D1 expression(r = 0.309, P = 0.018). Patients with high CXCR4 expression showed longer overall survival than those with low CXCR4 expression(χ~2 = 4.642, P = 0.031).Conclusion: High CXCR4 expression may define a specific subtype of sporadic MPNST with favorable prognosis.

C-C趋化因子受体2阳性外泌体抑制单核细胞浸润改善缺血再灌注后心肌损伤的实验研究

目的探讨C-C趋化因子受体2阳性(CCR2^(+))外泌体调控小鼠心肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的作用机制。方法将12只C57小鼠完全随机分为野生型(WT)假手术组、WT手术(IR模型)组、CCR2-外泌体手术组和CCR2^(+)外泌体手术组,其中后3组均构建了心肌IR损伤模型并给予相应处理。超声检测心脏结构及功能;Masson三色特殊染色法检测心脏组织内胶原沉积;转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸缺口末端标记法检测心肌细胞凋亡;免疫组织化学染色及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测单核细胞招募相关C-C趋化因子配体2(CCL2)表达以及单核细胞表面CCR2表达;流式细胞术检测心肌IR后梗死部位淋巴细胞抗原6复合体C(Ly6C)和CD_(43)单核细胞数量。结果心肌IR手术后7 d,CCR2^(+)外泌体手术组小鼠心脏纤维化面积小于IR模型组[(16.8±8.1)%比(45.7±3.8)%];射血分数明显低于WT假手术组,但高于IR模型组;小鼠心肌细胞凋亡数量小于IR模型组;小鼠心脏中CCR2蛋白相对表达量小于IR模型组;小鼠再灌注区域CCR2阳性细胞面积小于IR模型组;小鼠再灌注部位Ly6C+的单核细胞数明显低于IR模型组,CD_(43)^(+)的单核细胞数明显高于IR模型组;小鼠心脏中CCL2 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量小于IR模型组(均P<0.05)。结论CCR2^(+)外泌体表现出明显的抗心肌IR损伤的作用,其机制是CCL2表达减少抑制单核细胞浸润,从而减轻了心肌损伤和抑制心力衰竭。

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor facilitates astrocytic production of the CCL2 chemokine following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury causes accumulation of a large number of leukocytes at the lesion site where they contribute to excessive inflammation.Overproduced chemokines are responsible for the migratory process of the leukocytes,but the regulatory mechanism underlying the production of chemokines from resident cells of the spinal cord has not been fully elucidated.We examined the protein levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in a spinal cord contusion model at different time points following spinal cord injury.The elevation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor at the lesion site coincided with the increase of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 abundance in astrocytes.Stimulation of primary cultured astrocytes with different concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor recombinant protein induced chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 production from the cells,and the macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine attenuated the stimulatory effect.Further investigation into the underlying mechanism on macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated astrocytic production of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 revealed that macrophage migration inhibitory factor activated intracellular JNK signaling through binding with CD74 receptor.Administration of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine following spinal cord injury resulted in the reduction of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2-recruited microglia/macrophages at the lesion site and remarkably improved the hindlimb locomotor function of rats.Our results have provided insights into the functions of astrocyte-activated chemokines in the recruitment of leukocytes and may be beneficial to develop interventions targeting chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 for neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury.

C–C motif chemokine ligand 16 inhibits the progression of liver cirrhosis via inactivating hepatic stellate cells

Background:Liver cirrhosis results from many forms of chronic damage,characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix.The present study aimed to explore a potential non-invasive biomarker and its mechanism in the progression of liver cirrhosis.Methods:Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)dataset(GSE15654,n=216)was analyzed to screen genes associated with progression of liver cirrhosis.A total of 181 plasma samples,including healthy control(HC,n=20),chronic hepatitis B(CHB,n=77)and HBV-related liver cirrhosis(LC,n=84),were enrolled for validation.In vitro and in vivo experiments were employed for the mechanistic investigation.Results:GEO dataset analysis showed that relatively low mRNA-expression of C–C motif chemokine ligand 16(CCL16)was associated with elevated Child-Pugh score(P=0.034)and worse prognosis(P=0.025).Plasma CCL16 level decreased in a stepwise pattern,with a median concentration of 10.29,6.57 and 4.47 ng/mL in the HC,CHB and LC groups,respectively(P<0.001).Low plasma CCL16 was significantly related to hepatic dysfunction both in the CHB and LC groups(P<0.05).Combination of CCL16 and ALT showed improved distinguishing capability for LC compared to either alone.In vitro,CCL16 expression was downregulated by lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia.Overexpression of CCL16 from human normal liver cell line(LO2)reduced the extracellular matrix associated proteins(Col1 and Col4)in human hepatic stellate cell line(LX-2).In vivo,the pathological feature of cirrhosis was alleviated by the hepatocytespecific expression of CCL16.Conclusions:CCL16 could be a feasible plasma marker to predict the occurrence and progression of liver cirrhosis.CCL16 might impact liver cirrhosis through inactivating hepatic stellate cells.

Functions and mechanisms of chemokine receptor 7 in tumors of the digestive system

Chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor 7(CXCR7),recently termed ACKR3,belongs to the G protein-coupled cell surface receptor family,binds to stromal cellderived factor-1[SDF-1,or chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand 12]or chemokine(CX-C motif)ligand 11,and is the most common chemokine receptor expressed in a variety of cancer cells.SDF-1 binds to its receptor chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor 4(CXCR4)and regulates cell proliferation,survival,angiogenesis and migration.In recent years,another new receptor for SDF-1,CXCR7,has been discovered,and CXCR7 has also been found to be expressed in a variety of tumor cells and tumor-related vascular endothelial cells.Many studies have shown that CXCR7 can promote the growth and metastasis of a variety of malignant tumor cells.Unlike CXCR4,CXCR7 exhibits a slight modification in the DRYLAIV motif and does not induce intracellular Ca^2+release following ligand binding,which is essential for recruiting and activating G proteins.CXCR7 is generally thought to work in three ways:(1)Recruitingβ-arrestin 2;(2)Heterodimerizing with CXCR4;and(3)Acting as a“scavenger”of SDF-1,thus lowering the level of SDF-1 to weaken the activity of CXCR4.In the present review,the expression and role of CXCR7,as well as its prognosis in cancers of the digestive system,were investigated.

宣肺合剂联合西药治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作的疗效

目的 观察宣肺合剂联合西药治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作的疗效,及其对血清CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)、半乳糖凝集素-9(Gal-9)和趋化因子3(CCL3)水平的影响。方法 选择2020年1月-2021年12月在本院诊治的慢性支气管炎急性发作的患者96例,分为观察组和对照组各48例。对照组予以常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上予以宣肺合剂治疗。比较两组治疗后的疗效和不良反应,比较治疗前后喘息、咳痰、咳嗽积分、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大通气量(MVV)、CXCR4、Gal-9和CCL3水平的变化。结果 观察组的总有效率为95.83%,对照组的总有效率为79.17%,观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组的不良反应率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前喘息、咳痰、咳嗽积分、FEV1、FVC、MVV、CXCR4、Gal-9和CCL3水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后两组的喘息、咳痰、咳嗽积分、CXCR4、Gal-9和CCL3水平均较治疗前显著降低,与对照组比较观察组出现明显降低(均P<0.01);治疗后两组的FEV1、FVC和MVV水平均较治疗前显著升高,与对照组比较观察组显著升高(均P<0.01)。结论 宣肺合剂能够提高西药对慢性支气管炎急性发作的疗效,缓解症状和改善肺功能,其机制可能与降低机体CXCR4、Gal-9和CCL3的水平有关。

CC类趋化因子受体2、Th1/Th2细胞在IgA肾病大鼠肾间质纤维化中的表达及意义

目的检测IgA肾病大鼠肾间质纤维化中CC类趋化因子受体2(C-C motif chemokine receptor 2,CCR2)的表达和辅助性T细胞1/2(helper T cell 1/2,Th1/Th2)的含量,并观察其在肾脏纤维化中的作用。方法40只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为模型组和对照组,每组20只。采用脂多糖+改良牛血清白蛋白+四氯化碳法构建免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病模型。观察大鼠肾组织病理改变和IgA沉淀,计算胶原纤维占肾组织百分比,采用Katafuchi评分标准评估肾小管间质损伤程度。蛋白质印迹测定肾组织CCR2水平。双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平。流式细胞术检测Th1/Th2细胞比例。结果模型组大鼠肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比和Katafuchi评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);模型组大鼠肾组织CCR2、血清IL-4水平、Th2细胞含量及IL-4/IFN-γ比值显著高于对照组,血清IFN-γ水平、Th1细胞含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);CCR2和IL-4水平及IL-4/IFN-γ比值与胶原纤维面积百分比、Katafuchi评分呈正相关(P<0.05);IFN-γ水平与胶原纤维面积百分比、Katafuchi评分呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论CCR2和Th1/Th2失衡参与IgA肾病大鼠肾间质纤维化发生和发展,拮抗CCR2和调节Th1/Th2平衡有可能减轻IgA肾病大鼠肾脏纤维化改变。

基于公共数据库筛选淋巴特异性解旋酶过表达肺腺癌细胞的差异微小RNA及其关键基因对预后的影响

目的 分析淋巴特异性解旋酶(LSH)在肺腺癌PC9细胞过表达后微小RNA(miRNA)的表达差异,并预测其潜在调控基因。方法 采用高通量测序技术检测LSH过表达的PC9细胞系中的总miRNA,并筛选核质比有差异的候选miRNA,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)对候选miRNA的核质比进行验证,应用生物信息学方法对调控基因进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析及基因本位(GO)功能富集分析,构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络对miRNA核靶点进行筛选,利用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库探究候选靶基因对肺腺癌患者预后的影响。结果 通过对LSH过表达PC9细胞进行测序及基因差异分析,共筛选出5个核质比差异的miRNA:hsa-miRNA-30e-5p、hsa-miRNA-378i、hsa-miRNA-378f、hsa-miRNA-423-5p、hsa-miRNA-4284,其中核内miRNA-4284增加最为显著。经KEGG与GO富集分析发现这些miRNA可能通过结合靶基因参与了RAS信号通路的调控。通过PPI网络及肺癌预后预测发现,差异miRNA可下调CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)表达,增加肺腺癌患者的死亡风险。结论 LSH过表达的肺腺癌PC9细胞核和细胞质中出现多个显著差异表达的miRNA,以核内miRNA-4248变化最为明显,生物信息学分析发现差异miRNA可能通过下调CXCR4的表达增加肺腺癌患者的死亡风险。

CCR8在卵巢癌浸润性Treg上的表达与意义

目的:分析趋化因子受体8(C⁃C motif chemokine receptor 8,CCR8)在卵巢癌肿瘤浸润性调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)中的表达,探讨CCR8对Treg分化的作用。方法:构建C57BL/6小鼠卵巢癌细胞ID8荷瘤模型;流式细胞术检测小鼠肿瘤组织、脾脏和外周血中Treg上CCR8的表达比例,CCR8^(+)Treg上免疫检查点相关蛋白程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD⁃1)、细胞素性T淋巴细胞抗原4(cytotoxic T⁃lymphocyte antigen 4,CTLA⁃4)、可诱导的T细胞共刺激分子(inducible T cell costimulators,ICOS)、淋巴细胞激活基因3(lymphocyte activation gene 3,LAG⁃3)的表达;流式细胞术检测CCR8变构抑制剂AZ084加入前后对C57BL/6小鼠脾脏中初始CD4^(+)T细胞向Treg分化的影响。结果:卵巢癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤中Treg上的CCR8表达相比脾脏、外周血的Treg显著增高;相比CCR8^(-)Treg,CCR8^(+)Treg上免疫检查点相关蛋白表达更高;AZ084有效抑制小鼠脾脏中初始CD4^(+)T细胞向Treg的分化。结论:CCR8^(+)Treg在肿瘤浸润性Treg中占主要比例,CCR8作为卵巢癌浸润性Treg的主要标志物,变构CCR8蛋白可以抑制Treg的分化。靶向消除CCR8^(+)Treg可为改善卵巢癌肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制状态提供新思路。

血清CXCR7、SGK1水平与急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后预后不良的关系

目的探讨血清C-X-C基序趋化因子受体7(CXCR7)、血清/糖皮质激素调节激酶1(SGK1)水平与急性心肌梗死(AMI)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后预后不良的关系。方法选取2020年9月—2022年12月于南京医科大学第二附属医院急诊科接受PCI术的AMI患者100例为AMI组,同期医院健康体检者50例为健康对照组,根据PCI术后1年预后情况将AMI患者分为预后不良亚组30例和预后良好亚组70例。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清CXCR7、SGK1水平;多因素Logistic回归分析AMI患者PCI术后预后不良的影响因素;建立受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价血清CXCR7、SGK1水平对AMI患者PCI术后预后不良的预测价值。结果与健康对照组比较,AMI组血清CXCR7水平降低,SGK1水平升高(t/P=9.613/<0.001、9.955/<0.001);100例AMI患者PCI术后1年不良预后发生率为30.00%(30/100);与预后良好亚组比较,预后不良亚组血清CXCR7水平降低,SGK1水平升高(t/P=6.254/<0.001、5.329/<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归显示,Gensini评分高、KILLIP分级≥Ⅲ级、SGK1升高为AMI患者PCI术后预后不良的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI)=1.071(1.025~1.119)、4.501(1.172~17.282)、1.132(1.046~1.224)],CXCR7升高为独立保护因素[OR(95%CI)=0.956(0.926~0.987)]。血清CXCR7、SGK1及二者联合预测AMI患者PCI术后预后不良的AUC分别为0.794、0.779、0.902,二者联合的AUC大于血清CXCR7、SGK1单独预测(Z/P=3.062/0.002、2.930/0.003)。结论AMI患者血清CXCR7水平降低、SGK1水平升高,是PCI术后不良预后的影响因素,二者联合对其预测价值较高。

血清CXCR4水平与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性研究

目的探讨血清中C-X-C基序趋化因子受体4(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)水平与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICAS)的关系。方法该研究为病例对照研究。连续性纳入自2022年3月至2023年4月于北京医院神经内科住院治疗的缺血性脑血管病患者。应用颅内动脉检查(MRA、CTA或DSA)评估患者颅内动脉粥样硬化情况,将患者分为ICAS组(颅内动脉狭窄≥50%)和对照组(颅内动脉狭窄<50%),检测两组患者的血清CXCR4水平,通过多因素分析探讨CXCR4水平与ICAS的相关性。根据颅内动脉狭窄程度将ICAS组患者进一步分为中度狭窄组(50%≤颅内动脉狭窄<70%)及重度狭窄组(70%≤颅内动脉狭窄≤100%),比较各组间CXCR4水平的差异。结果共纳入患者264例,其中ICAS组173例〔男125例;年龄(69.05±11.06)岁〕,对照组91例〔男56例;年龄(66.96±11.12)岁〕。ICAS组CXCR4水平高于对照组〔(320.00±46.90)ng/L比(304.00±51.54)ng/L,t=2.472,P=0.014〕。校正相关混杂因素后,Logistic回归分析结果提示CXCR4水平升高〔OR(95%CI):1.007(1.002~1.013),P=0.011〕是ICAS的独立影响因素。ICAS中、重度狭窄组及对照组间CXCR4水平差异有统计学意义(F=5.527,P=0.004),且ICAS重度狭窄组患者血清中CXCR4水平明显高于对照组〔(324.82±45.87)ng/L比(304.00±51.54)ng/L,t=3.132,P=0.002〕及ICAS中度狭窄组〔(324.82±45.87)ng/L比(307.47±47.72)ng/L,t=2.118,P=0.035〕。结论血清CXCR4水平在ICAS患者中升高是ICAS的独立影响因素,有作为评估ICAS潜在生物标志物的潜力。

Foodborne toxin Aflatoxin B_(1)induced glomerular podocyte inflammation through proteolysis of RelA,downregulation of miR-9 and CXCR4/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway

Aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1))is a naturally-occurring mycotoxin and recognized as the most toxic foodborne toxin,particularly causing damages to kidney.Glomerular podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells.AFB_(1)induces podocyte inflammation,proteinuria and renal dysfunction.Studying the mechanism of AFB_(1)-induced podocyte inflammation and murine kidney dysfunction,we detected that AFB_(1)increased ubiquitindependent degradation of the transcription factor RelA through enhanced interaction of RelA with E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif containing 7(TRIM7)in mouse podocyte clone-5(MPC-5)and mouse glomeruli.Reduction of RelA resulted in decreasing microRNA-9(miR-9)and activating the chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4),thioredoxin interacting protein(TXNIP),and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3(NLRP3)signaling axis(CXCR4/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway),leading to podocyte inflammation.We also determined that downregulation of miR-9 led to CXCR4 expression and the downstream TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway activation.Overexpression of miR-9 or deletion of CXCR4 suppressed AFB_(1)-induced CXCR4/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway,resulting in alleviating podocyte inflammation and kidney dysfunction.Our findings indicated that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of RelA,downregulation of miR-9,and activation of CXCR4/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway played an essential role in AFB_(1)-induced glomerular podocyte inflammation.Our study revealed a novel mechanism,via RelA,for the control of AFB_(1)’s nephrotoxicity,leading to an effective protection of food safety and public health.

毛兰素调节CCL2⁃CCR2轴对关节软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响

目的探讨毛兰素调节CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)/CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)轴对关节软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响。方法将人关节软骨细胞分为control组(正常培养)、LPS组、毛兰素低(10 nmol/L)、中(25 nmol/L)、高(50 nmol/L)剂量组、pcDNA组(转染pcDNA3.1)、pcDNA⁃CCL2组(转染pcDNA3.1⁃CCL2),实时荧光定量PCR(qRT⁃PCR)检测细胞中CCL2、CCR2 mRNA表达水平;MTT法、平板克隆实验与流式细胞仪分别检测细胞增殖和凋亡情况;qRT⁃PCR和ELISA检测IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃α水平;Western blot法检测细胞中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、细胞抗凋亡因子B细胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(Bcl⁃2)、Bcl⁃2相关X蛋白(Bax)及CCL2/CCR2通路蛋白表达。结果与control组比较,LPS组细胞凋亡率、IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃αmRNA表达水平、CCL2、CCR2 mRNA及Bax、CCL2、CCR2蛋白表达水平显著升高,OD490值、集落形成数、PCNA、Bcl⁃2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,毛兰素低、中、高剂量组细胞凋亡率、IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃αmRNA表达水平、CCL2、CCR2 mRNA及Bax、CCL2、CCR2蛋白表达水平逐渐降低,OD490值、集落形成数、PCNA、Bcl⁃2蛋白表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.05);过表达CCL2减弱了毛兰素对LPS诱导的关节软骨细胞的影响(P<0.05)。结论毛兰素可抑制LPS诱导的关节软骨细胞凋亡和炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制CCL2/CCR2通路有关。

C-X-C趋化因子受体4增强Toll样受体2在肺炎衣原体感染促进动脉粥样硬化病变形成中的作用

[目的]探究C-X-C趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)在肺炎衣原体(C.pn)感染促进动脉粥样硬化(As)病变形成中的作用。[方法]以高脂饮食为基础,建立C.pn感染诱导ApoE^(-/-)、ApoE^(-/-)+Toll样受体2(TLR2)^(-/-)、ApoE^(-/-)+TLR2^(-/-)+AMD3100小鼠As模型,ELISA检测ApoE^(-/-)小鼠血清C.pn IgG、IgM抗体水平,PCR检测肺组织C.pn特异性DNA,油红O染色和HE染色观察主动脉及主动脉根部脂质沉积和As病变面积,比色法测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)水平,ELISA检测血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量。[结果]ApoE^(-/-)小鼠C.pn感染模型成功建立。与对照组相比,C.pn感染后ApoE^(-/-)小鼠主动脉及主动脉根部脂质沉积量增加89.08%和71.83%,As病变面积增加34.12%(均P<0.05);与C.pn感染组相比,TLR2^(-/-)+C.pn感染组主动脉及主动脉根部脂质沉积量减少46.16%和75.73%,As病变面积减少63.37%(均P<0.05);与TLR2^(-/-)+C.pn感染组相比,TLR2^(-/-)+AMD3100+C.pn感染组主动脉及主动脉根部脂质沉积量减少26.19%和56.94%,As病变面积则减少22.24%(均P<0.05)。与对照组相比,C.pn感染后血清TC、TG和LDLC水平分别升高0.62倍、1.43倍和1.34倍,血清IL-1β和IL-6含量分别增加4.10倍和6.00倍(均P<0.05);与C.pn感染组相比,TLR2^(-/-)+C.pn感染组血清TC、TG和LDLC水平分别降低56.96%、50.41%和66.64%,血清IL-1β和IL-6含量分别减少66.72%和69.54%(均P<0.05);与TLR2^(-/-)+C.pn感染组相比,TLR2^(-/-)+AMD3100+C.pn感染组血清TC、TG和LDLC水平分别降低52.18%、58.56%和60.61%,血清IL-1β和IL-6含量分别减少28.84%和43.18%(均P<0.05)。[结论]CXCR4可增强TLR2在升高血脂水平及炎症因子含量中的作用,进而参与C.pn感染诱导的As病变形成。

茯苓酸调节CCL2-CCR2信号轴对急性心肌梗死大鼠心肌损伤的影响

目的探讨茯苓酸对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠心肌损伤的影响,以及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1/CCL2)-CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)信号轴发挥的作用。方法采用左前降支结扎法构建AMI大鼠模型,将造模成功大鼠分为模型组,低、中、高剂量茯苓酸组,每组15只,另取15只大鼠作为假手术组;药物干预14 d后,小动物超声仪检测心功能相关指标变化;ELISA法检测血清炎性因子水平;HE染色检测心肌组织病理损伤;TUNEL染色观察心肌细胞凋亡;Western blot检测心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠心肌组织结构被严重破坏,有大量炎性细胞浸润,心功能相关指标左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、血清中炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、心肌细胞TUNEL阳性率、心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高,左心室射血指标(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量茯苓酸组大鼠心肌组织结构逐渐恢复,炎性细胞浸润减轻,心功能指标LVEDD、LVESD、血清中炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、心肌细胞TUNEL阳性率、心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著降低,LVEF、LVFS显著升高,呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论茯苓酸可能通过调节CCL2-CCR2信号轴减轻AMI大鼠心肌损伤。

趋化因子配体25、叶酸受体1在结直肠癌中的表达及与临床病理特征、预后的关系

目的 探讨结直肠癌(CRC)病人趋化因子配体25(CCL25)、叶酸受体1(FOLR1)的表达与临床病理特征、病人预后的关系。方法 纳入2014年10月至2019年8月在北京市平谷区中医医院接收的CRC病人(70例)为研究对象(实验组),以同期到该院体检的35例健康者的血清样本作为对照组。采用免疫组化法检测癌组织和癌旁组织中CCL25、FOLR1的表达。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测并比较两组血清CCL25、FOLR1的表达;通过Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,CRC病人预后的影响因素通过多因素Cox回归进行评估。结果 CRC组织中CCL25的阳性表达率(68.57%比21.43%)高于癌旁组织,CRC组织中FOLR1的阳性表达率(65.71%比25.71%)高于癌旁组织(P<0.05);实验组病人血清CCL25和FOLR1表达水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);CRC病人血清CCL25、FOLR1的表达与TNM分期、淋巴结转移、浸润程度有关(P<0.05);CRC病人血清CCL25低表达组3年生存率(78.95%)显著高于高表达组(31.25%)(P<0.05),血清FOLR1低表达组病人3年生存率(77.50%)显著高于高表达组(30.00%)(P<0.05);淋巴结转移、TNM分期、浸润程度、FOLR1和CCL25水平为CRC病人预后影响因素(P<0.05)。结论CCL25、FOLR1在CRC病人中水平上升,并影响CRC病人预后生存率。

CXCR3A基因扩增的套细胞淋巴瘤临床病理分析

目的分析套细胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma,MCL)的临床病理特征,探讨C-X-C基序趋化因子受体3A(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3A,CXCR3A)基因扩增致瘤机理和对预后的影响。方法收集30例MCL患者临床资料,以30例反应性淋巴结组织作为对照,对其进行免疫组化及基因检测。结果30例MCL中CXCR3A蛋白表达水平≥70%有20例,其中2例伴有CXCR3A基因扩增,信号值分别为38%和8%。2例基因扩增患者均为中老年人,为母细胞亚型和多形性变型,临床表现为多部位受累,Ann Arbor分期均为ⅣA期。结论CXCR3A基因扩增的MCL分期晚,预后差,多为母细胞亚型或多形性变型。对母细胞亚型或多形性变型MCL及高表达CXCR3A的MCL应行FISH检测明确有无CXCR3A基因扩增,以指导临床选择有效靶向用药。

血清CCL5、P2X7R水平与大血管闭塞性急性缺血性脑卒中并发恶性脑水肿的关系

目的探讨血清C-C基序趋化因子配体5(CCL5)、嘌呤能2X7受体(P2X7R)水平与大血管闭塞性急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS-LVO)并发恶性脑水肿(MBE)的关系。方法选择AIS-LVO患者162例(观察组),接受静脉溶栓联合机械取栓治疗后72 h并发MBE 43例、未并发MBE 119例,同期另选体检健康的志愿者60例作为对照组。采集所有研究对象外周静脉血,离心留取血清,采用ELISA法检测血清CCL5、P2X7R。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析AIS-LVO并发MBE的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清CCL5、P2X7R水平对AIS-LVO并发MBE的预测价值。结果观察组血清CCL5、P2X7R水平均高于对照组(P均<0.05)。单因素分析发现,AIS-LVO患者并发MBE者NIHSS评分、ASPECTS评分及血清CCL5、P2X7R水平均高于其未并发MBE者(P均<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析发现,NIHSS评分增加及血清CCL5、P2X7R水平升高为AIS-LVO并发MBE的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。ROC曲线分析发现,血清CCL5、P2X7R水平单独和联合预测AIS-LVO并发MBE的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.780、0.790、0.880,血清CCL5、P2X7R水平联合预测AIS-LVO并发MBE的AUC大于二者单独(P均<0.05)。结论血清CCL5、P2X7R水平升高是AIS-LVO并发MBE的独立危险因素;血清CCL5、P2X7R水平对AIS-LVO并发MBE均有一定预测价值,二者联合预测价值更高。