Effect of Osmotic Stress with PEG6000 on Osmotic Adjustment Solute in Seedling Leaves of Chenopodium album L.

[ Objective] The purpose was to discuss drought resistance mechanism of Chenopodium album L. and supply theoretical basis and practical guidance for artificial cultivation and popularization of C. album. [ Method] C. album seedlings grown to 6th leaf stage were conducted osmotic stress treatment with PEG6000 osmotic whose concentration was set up as 0, 5%, 10% and 20% and the various physiological indices of the 3rd -5th function leaves in upper plant were determined after being treated for 0, 1,3, 5, 7 and 9 d. [ Result] Under osmotic stress with 5% PGE, the relative water content （RWC） of C. album reduced less. Under osmotic stress with 10%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 62% on the fifth day and the leaves began to wither. Under osmotic stress with 20%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 61.9% on the third day and the leaves appeared withering, and the RWC decreased to 48.6% on the 7th day and the leaves were dry and yellow. Proline contents in seedling leaves of C. album under osmotic stress with 5%, 10% and 20% PEG were 7.64, 10.9 and 29.4 times of CK on the 7th day. [ Conclusion] C. album hed some adaptability to moderate osmotic stress, but the PEG osmotic stress with high concentration and long time might lead to severe damage on C. album.

Comparison of the Evolvement Structure of Chenopodium album L.under the Stress of Different Saline Environments

[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biological techniques to control saline environment.[Method] Employing high definition display method of plant crystal structure and paraffin-section method,we performed a comparative study on the evolvement structures of C.album growing in high salinity areas in the coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province.[Result] The regionally distributed crystal and the developed assimilating tissue of C.album are the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress during the evolving process.Stem cortex of C.album growing in both the high salinity areas in coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province has similar discontinuous crystal rings.Assimilating tissue in C.album growing in high salinity areas is highly developed than that in common salinity environment.Comparative analysis indicates that the developed stratum corneum and marrow is also the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress.[Conclusion] Our results provide a valuable approach to study the salt-tolerance mechanism of plant using structural botanical techniques,i.e.,crystal may become the identification characteristics of salt tolerant plant.

Does Cold Plasma Affect Breaking Dormancy and Seed Germination? A Study on Seeds of Lamb's Quarters(Chenopodium album agg.)

Low-pressure discharge is applied for stimulation of germination of two seed lots of Lamb＇s Quarters （Chenopodium album agg.） with different starting germinations （17%, 8%） and in different stages of dormancy. Different exposition durations with cold plasma treatment were applied. The variable of the ratio cumulative germination was calculated. The Richards＇ equation was used for curve-fitting and simulation of the growth curves. Population parameters, namely Vi - viability, Me - time, Qu - dispersion, and Sk - skewness, counted from the curves described the germination rate well. Significant differences among Qu confirmed the erratic dormancy and gradual germination of Lamb＇s Quarters. No difference in the Me parameter was found between two tested seed lots, and no interspecies characteristics were changed using low-pressure discharge. The results suggested that plasma treatment changed seed germination in Lamb＇s Quarters seeds.

Antifungal Potential of Chenopodium album L. against Chickpea Blight

Chenopodium album L. （bathu） leaves and roots were selected to evaluate their antifungal potential against the Ascochyta rabiei responsible for chickpea blight that causes destructive yield losses. Methanolic extract of C. album leaves and roots was prepared and their various applied concentrations, viz., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% were tested against A. rabiei. Leaf extracts were found more effective and showed significant antifungal activity over the root extracts. C. album leaf was found effective in screening bioassays, so this was subjected for fractional guided bioassays. Different various organic fractions of leaf extract were isolated, viz., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. These isolated fractions were serially diluted to check their minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） along with a synthetic fungicide （72% WP, Puslan）. The MIC of various concentrations from 500 mg/mL to 1.95 mg/mL was recorded after 24 h and 48 h intervals. Ethyl acetate and synthetic fungicides were found most effectual in retarding conidial germination with MIC of 1.95 mg/mL after 48 h incubation periods. Chloroform fraction also inhibited the fungal growth whereas n-hexane and n-butanol fraction were found to be ineffective.

Study on the Microscopic Identification of Chenopodium album L.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to identify the microscopic characteristics of Chenopodium album L.[Methods]The microscopic identification method was adopted.[Results]The xylem vessels and fiber bundles of the roots are arranged into 3-4 intermittent ring belts in a concave-convex pattern,alternately with the parenchymal cell ring belts;and the xylem rays vary in width.The cross section of the stems is polygonal;there are parenchyma cells at the corners of the cortex;there are many vascular bundles of varying sizes;and calcium oxalate clusters are common in the medulla and cortex.There are 2 to 4 vascular bundles in the main leaf vein,peltate;and fiber bundles exist below the phloem.The powder is characterized by numerous clusters of calcium oxalate,which are uniform in size,sharp at edges and corners.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the identification and quality standard of the crude drug.

The Effect of Air Pollution on Chenopodium album L. Pollen Structure

Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control （less polluted） and polluted areas （mainly SO2, NO2, CO and APM）. Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.

Management of Chenopodium album L. through the Allelopathic Effect of Mangifera indica L.

Chenopodium album is an invasive weed in wheat fields in Egypt. The present study indicated the potentials for utilization of MILAE （Mangifera indica leaves aqueous extract） at different concentrations （5%, 10%, 15% and 25%） to suppress the germination and growth of C. album in Petri dish experiment Results indicated that predictable degrees of inhibition in C album germination and growth rate of seedlings were accompanied with the increase in the concentration of MILAE. PL （Plumule） and RL （radicle） lengths of C. album were negatively affected as the concentration of MILAE increased and the effect was prominent at 25% extract concentration. This study recommended the use of MILAE as strong phytotoxic potential allelochemicals. an alternative bioherbicides, since its leaves extract possess

箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草藜防除技术研究

为构建适用于箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草藜的防治技术,本研究通过田间试验测定评价了地膜覆盖对箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草防效以及筛选对箭筈豌豆安全且对藜防效高的除草剂。结果表明,覆盖黑色地膜对藜的株防效为81.52%,覆盖白色地膜的株防效为66.30%。播后苗前土壤封闭处理中330 g/L二甲戊灵EC,33%精异草·丙炔氟SC,480 g/L嗪草酮SC的防效差异不显著。80%唑嘧磺草胺WG 75 g/hm^(2)兑水900 L/hm^(2)播后6 d土壤封闭喷雾对阔叶杂草防效均在90%以上,对藜防效均在95%以上。50%扑草净WP苗期茎叶喷雾的推荐剂量为2450 g/hm^(2),对阔叶杂草防效87.85%~95.70%,对藜防效90.00%~96.50%。使用黑色地膜覆盖防除杂草,播后苗前(播后第6天)80%唑嘧磺草胺WG兑水剂量900 L/hm^(2)土壤封闭喷雾,苗期采用推荐选择剂量2450 g/hm^(2)50%扑草净WP茎叶喷雾,安全且防效较好。

藜叶片响应出芽短梗霉菌侵染内参基因筛选及光合作用相关基因表达分析

【目的】筛选适合出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2侵染藜的稳定表达的最适内参基因,并进行PA-2侵染下藜光合作用相关基因的表达分析验证。【方法】分别以菌株PA-2孢子侵染0、1、3、5、7 d的藜叶片和正常生长藜的根、茎、叶为供试材料,通过qRT-PCR技术和Ct值评估3个候选内参基因GAPDH、β-ACTIN、β-TUBULIN的表达稳定性,并利用筛选出的内参基因,对藜光合作用相关基因(LFRN、MDH、PetC、psaA、CAB40、psaN、BHY和MO_(2))的表达水平进行定量分析。【结果】在菌株PA-2侵染藜不同时间点和不同组织的样本中,藜最适内参基因为GAPDH,可用于后续分析光合作用相关基因的表达水平。以GAPDH作为内参基因检测8个光合作用相关基因的表达水平,在不同侵染时间点,8个光合作用相关基因的表达量均出现不同程度的下调,除MDH基因外,其余基因均在5 d时达到最低水平。其中PctC、psaN、CAB40、BHY、MO_(2)基因在藜受侵染0~1 d中下调表达,在3 d达到较高水平,后期表达量下调;pasA先上调表达后下调表达;LFRN在受侵染后持续下调表达;MDH在受侵染后先显著下调,在3 d达到较低水平,后上调表达。在藜受侵染的不同组织中,8个基因在藜叶中均有大量表达,其中MDH基因在茎中大量表达,PctC和CAB40在根中表达量最低,除MDH基因外,其余7个基因在不同组织中的表达量高低排序为:叶>茎>根。【结论】本研究为后续利用qRT-PCR分析藜基因表达及研究PA-2致病机理奠定基础。

Evolutionary divergence in Chenopodium and validation of SNPs in chloroplast rbcL and matK genes by allele-specific PCR for development of Chenopodium quinoa-specific markers

The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.

出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2胁迫下藜qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选与验证

为筛选适合出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2胁迫下藜中稳定表达的内参基因,在转录组数据(NCBI登录号为:SRA:SRR12674257)分析的基础上,以PA-2不同时间胁迫的藜叶片为材料,分析藜中ACT-1、TUB-1、GAPDH、eEF1α、eIF3、UBQ、PTB、COX10、UPL6、TIP41L、RAN-B1和IDH-5等12个内参基因的表达水平,并利用ΔCt、GeNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper及RefFinder分析候选内参基因的表达稳定性。结果表明,内参基因COX10是PA-2不同时间胁迫下藜中最稳定的内参基因,最优组合是COX10+eEF1α。通过分析藜ACC基因的相对表达水平,验证了内参基因的可靠性,为今后杂草藜胁迫响应基因的表达分析提供了参考基因和理论依据。

新疆干旱区植物藜的种子异型性及其萌发机理

新疆干旱区分布的植物藜(Chenopodium album)的种子有黑色和褐色两种类型。对藜的异型性种子从形态结构、不同环境因素及激素或化学物质对萌发的影响以及同工酶谱等方面进行了研究,并对其萌发及适应异质环境的机理进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)藜的异型性种子在形态结构、萌发休眠特性等方面都存在明显差异:黑色种子种皮厚且硬,休眠,萌发慢,萌发率低;褐色种子种皮薄而软,不休眠,萌发快且萌发率高;(2)黑色种子的休眠可通过切除胚根外缘种皮得以完全解除;(3)赤霉素、乙烯利对黑色种子的萌发无明显促进作用;KNO3可较显著促进黑色种子的萌发;协同使用乙烯利和KNO3时,可显著提高黑种子萌发率,完全打破休眠;(4)黑色种子和褐色种子的酯酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶同工酶谱带存在差异;(5)黑色种子的萌发需要光照,而褐色种子则对光不敏感;低温贮藏对二者的萌发均无显著影响,尽管黑色种子的萌发率有波动。研究结果初步显示黑色种子的休眠是内源(胚)和外源(种皮)因素共同所致。藜的种子异型性及其萌发机理的形成是其对新疆干旱区异质化环境的高度适应。

藜的光合特性研究

5月中旬选取典型晴天用LI-6400便携式光合仪对藜从第一片完全展开叶倒数第3～5片功能叶进行有关光合参数的测定。结果表明：藜的光合日变化呈双峰型，有明显的“午休”现象，第1个峰值出现在8：30左右，Pn达到9．34μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1第2个峰值出现在16：00左右，Pn为4．26bμmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1造成光合午休的主要原因是受气孔调节。在400μmol·mol^-1CO2浓度下藜的光饱和点（LSP）为1350μmol CO2·m^-2·S^-1左右，光补偿点（LCP）为22．5μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1左右；表观量子效率（AQY）为0．035μmol CO2·mol^-1 photons。二氧化碳饱和点（CSP）在976μmol CO2·mol^-1左右，二氧化碳补偿点（CCP）在40μmol CO2·mol^-1左右，羧化效率（CE）为0．1132μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1。说明藜是一种具有较强耐荫能力的C3型阳性植物。

干旱胁迫下藜的光合特性研究

通过人工控制水分模拟干旱来研究生长期的藜对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应,以期望为干旱农业的高效生产提供理论依据。以盆栽的藜为材料,用称重控制浇水的方法,研究了干旱胁迫对藜叶片的光合特性。结果表明:干旱胁迫下藜的光合日变化呈双峰型,有"午休"现象(13:00)且受气孔限制;最大净光合速率出现在上午8:00。与正常条件下生长的藜相比,干旱胁迫下藜的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子效率(AQY)、二氧化碳饱和点(CSP)和羧化效率(CE)均降低,分别为1 200μmolphoton.m-2.s-1、8.01μmol CO2.m-2.s-1、0.016 1μmol CO2.mol-1photons、1 200μmol CO2.mol-1、0.017 6μmol CO2.m-2.s-1;光补偿点(LCP)、二氧化碳补偿点(CCP)升高,分别达到44.88μmol photon.m-2.s-1、和46μmol CO2.mol-1,干旱使藜的光合能力下降。干旱胁迫下藜的光合能力虽有所下降,但与其它C3植物相比仍具有较强的CO2同化能力。藜是一种耐旱力较强的植物。

藜异型性种子后代植株盐响应生理机制

种子异型性是植物适应异质生境的重要策略,异型性对后代植株的影响值得深入研究。以具有种子异型性的荒漠植物藜为材料,测定了异型种子后代植株在不同浓度(0,50,300 mmol/L)Na Cl胁迫下的表型及与耐盐相关的生理指标变化,探讨了异型种子后代植株之间对盐胁迫生理响应机制的差异。结果显示,褐色种子后代植株在各浓度盐胁迫下的表型(株高、分枝数)均优于黑色种子。对其生理指标测定结果显示,褐色种子植株除电导率显著低于黑色种子植株外,氧化损伤指标(氧自由基、丙二醛含量)及抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POX)活性、抗氧化剂(Car、As A)含量、渗调物质(可溶性糖、脯氨酸、甜菜碱)含量等在两者之间无明显差异。研究结果暗示,藜异型性种子后代植株的早期生长表型在盐胁迫下所产生的差异可能是由种子胚的大小及萌发快慢差异所导致,而这种差异并未引起盐胁迫下两种植株抗氧化系统响应的差异。

藜的营养成分及作为新型蔬菜资源的评价

对藜的营养成分进行了测定并对其作为新型蔬菜进行了评价。藜具有较高含量的维生素C,β-胡萝 卜素,以及Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu等微量元素,氨基酸的种类达17种,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸。藜种子中粗脂 肪的含量是16．4％,含有多种油酸,其中亚油酸和亚麻酸是人体必需脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸含量高达 53．86％。还讨论了藜的生物学特性、对环境的适应性及食用处理方法。并认为藜是一种很有开发利用前景 的野生蔬菜资源。

化感物质对白藜种子萌发及抗氧化物酶活性的影响

白藜(Chenopodium album)是小麦(Triticum aestivum)和其他耕地作物以及果园里常见杂草,试验选用阿魏酸、香草酸、可可碱、茶碱、木樨草素、槲皮黄素6种化感物质,通过对白藜种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响进行化感作用研究,为其生物防治提供理论指导。结果表明:6种化感物质对白藜种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化物酶活性有明显的影响,这种影响效应与化感物质的种类及浓度明显相关。当6种化感物质的浓度为1mmol.L-1时,除香草酸与可可碱外,其余均使白藜种子萌发受到抑制,其中茶碱、槲皮黄素和木樨草素表现出显著的抑制作用(P<0.05);而6种化感物质在较低浓度下,均促进了白藜的种子萌发。随着阿魏酸、茶碱、槲皮黄素和木樨草素4种化感物质浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现出先增加后降低的趋势,当浓度为1mmol.L-1时,对幼苗体内SOD和CAT有一定的抑制作用;而过氧化物酶(POD)活性除木樨草素外表现出相反的趋势,1mmol.L-1的阿魏酸、茶碱和槲皮黄素对POD有明显的促进作用。

重金属Pb(Ⅱ)对3种藜科植物种子萌发的影响

以珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina Bunge)、地肤(Kochia scoparia(L.)Schrad.)和白藜(Chenopodium album L.)3种藜科植物为研究对象,研究不同浓度(0、50、150、300、600、800、1000mg.L-1)的Pb(Ⅱ)处理对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为50和150mg.L-1时,珍珠猪毛菜和地肤种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数与对照相比差异不显著,Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为150mg.L-1时,对白藜种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数有明显影响,Pb(Ⅱ)浓度大于300mg.L-1对3种植物种子萌发均有抑制作用,对白藜和地肤的抑制大于珍珠猪毛菜。3种植物的种子活力指数除珍珠猪毛菜在50mg.L-1时与对照无显著差异,其余各处理均与对照有极显著差异。Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为50mg.L-1时,对3种植物的胚根长和胚芽长都影响不大,随着Pb(Ⅱ)浓度的升高,对3种植物的胚根长和胚芽长都有明显的抑制作用,对地肤和白藜的抑制强度更大。地肤和白藜幼苗分别在Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为300和600mg.L-1时死亡,当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度达到1000mg.L-1时,珍珠猪毛菜仍可生长,但生长比较缓慢。3种植物幼苗对Pb(Ⅱ)的耐受性为:珍珠猪毛菜>白藜>地肤。

PEG6000渗透胁迫对藜幼苗叶片渗透调节物质的影响

[目的]为了探讨藜的耐旱机理,为藜的人工栽培及推广提供理论依据和实践指导。[方法]藜幼苗长到六叶期时,浓度分别为0、5%、10%、20%的PEG6000进行渗透胁迫处理,分别处理01、、35、、7和9 d后从植株上部第3～5叶片功能叶片进行各项生理指标的测定。[结果]在5%PEG胁迫下,藜幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质含量缓慢增加,相对含水量（RWC）下降较小,在10%、20%PEG胁迫下,可溶性蛋白质、甜菜碱含量先升后降,RWC下降幅度较大。10%PEG胁迫的第5天藜幼苗叶片RWC降到62%,叶片开始萎焉;20%PEG胁迫的第3天RWC降到61.9%,叶片开始出现萎焉现象,第7天RWC降到48.6%,叶片干黄。5%、10%2、0%PEG胁迫到第7天时藜幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量分别是对照的7.64、10.92、9.4倍。[结论]藜对适度的渗透胁迫具有一定的适应性,但高浓度、长时间的PEG渗透胁迫会对藜造成严重损伤。

不同盐胁迫对新疆耐盐植物藜叶片钾、钠元素含量及相关基因表达的影响

为应对日益严峻的土壤盐渍化问题,研究具有应用前景的盐生及耐盐植物对盐胁迫的响应机制已成为近年来的热点。实验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了NaCl和KCl长期胁迫下新疆耐盐植物藜叶片K和Na元素的含量,以半定量RT-PCR方法对参与离子转运的3个基因NHX,VP1和VAP-C的表达水平进行了检测,就不同盐胁迫对K和Na元素含量影响的机制进行了初步讨论。结果表明:(1)藜在低浓度NaCl胁迫时可选择性吸收钾离子,从而避免钠离子在植物体内的积累;(2)藜在高浓度NaCl胁迫时有较强的富集钠离子能力,过量的钠离子可通过液泡膜离子转运系统区隔至液泡,进而维持细胞质内正常的钾钠离子平衡;(3)藜不能耐受高浓度KCl胁迫,可能与其在细胞质内积累大量的钾钠离子有关。研究初步表明,藜能够耐受较高浓度的NaCl胁迫,且对Na+具有较强的富集能力,这为今后利用其改良盐渍化土地及开发这一耐盐植物奠定了基础。