Influence of REV and ALV-J Co-Infection on Immunologic Function of T Lymphocytes and Histopathology in Broiler Chickens

The aim of present investigation is to study the effect of single- and co-infection with REV and ALV-J on T lymphocytes bioactivities and histopathology in broiler chickens. The bioactivities of blood and spleen T lymphocytes including lymphoproliferation responses, cytotoxicitic responses, and histopathology of spleen were detected in broiler chickens singly- or co-infected with REV and ALV-J at different days post inoculation and the virus expressions in spleen of infected broiler chickens were detected with immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. The results indicated that blood and spleen T lymphocytes proliferation responses and cytotoxicity in broilers infected with REV or/and ALV-J were inhibited in the whole observed period compared with controls. In the co-infected chickens they were highly inhibited than in the single-infected. The histopathology of spleen in infected chickens at 17 and 37 d post inoculation （dpi） indicated that cell interium increased, the numbers of lymphocytes decreased, and the regrowth were destroyed or decreased, especially more significantly at 17 than at 37 dpi. The different numbers of virus were detected in spleen lymphocytes in REV- infected and/or ALV-J-infected chickens. In the spleen of co-infected chicken, both REV and ALV-J were detected and the total numbers of viruses were more than in chickens singly-infected with REV or ALV-J. Thus, the co-effect of REV and ALV-J caused more immunosuppression on T lymphocytes bioactivities in broiler chickens than single-effect of ALV-J or REV, which contributed to the sever histopathology and the product of tumor cells. This study will be helpful for understanding the effect of co-infection with many viruses and control them in poultry.

Two new lncRNAs regulate the key immune factor NOD1 and TRAF5 in chicken lymphocyte

Reticuloendotheliosis virus(REV)causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression in chickens,but the underlying molecular mechanism of the immune response after infection by REV is not well understood.Presently,the RNA-seq was used to analyze the regulation of immune response to REV in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral blood.Overall,134 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)between cells with REV infection or without in vitro were screened.Based on the differentially expressed protein-coding genes,the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor pathway related to immune regulation was enriched.Two lncRNAs(L11530 and L09863)were predicted to target the NOD1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5(TRAF5)gene,respectively,which are involved in the NOD-like receptor pathway with cis-regulation way.The in vitro results revealed the significantly up-regulated(P<0.01)levels of lncRNA-L11530 and its target gene,NOD1,and the significantly down-regulated(P<0.05)levels of lncRNA-L09863 and its target gene,TRAF5,in lymphocytes after REV infection.These changes also occurred in vivo in blood lymphocytes of chickens infected with REV.Further,L09863 and L11530 were respectively interfered,the expression levels of their target genes NOD1 or TRAF5 were significantly down-regulated,accompanied by the change of IL-8 and IL-18 secretions in lymphocytes.The NOD-like receptor pathway appears to be important in the immune response to REV,LncRNA-11530 and lncRNA-09863 might involve in the immune regulation on REV infection by targeting NOD1 or TRAF5 in blood lymphocytes of chickens.Our findings reveal a new regulation of lncRNAs(L11530 and L09863)on immunity in chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes for REV infection by changing the expression of the target genes via the NOD-like receptor pathway.

Effect of copper excess on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in the chicken

Experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of copper excess on the peripheral blood T-lymphocyte by the methods of flow cytometry (FCM) and experimental pathology.420 one-day-old Avianchickens were randomly divided into seven groups,and fed on diets as follows:1.controls (Cu 11mg/kg)and 2.copper excess(Cu 100mg/kg,copper excess group Ⅰ;Cu 200mg/kg,copper excess group Ⅱ;Cu300mg/kg,copper excess group Ⅲ;Cu 400mg/kg,copper excess group Ⅳ;Cu 500mg/kg,copper excessgroup Ⅴ;Cu 600mg/kg,copper excess group Ⅵ) for six weeks.The results were as follows:1) In thy-mus,lymphocytes in the medulla were decreased in number in copper excess groups Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ,and the increased and enlarged thymic corpuscles and the proliferated reticular cells were also observed inboth copper excess group Ⅴ and copper excess group Ⅵ in comparison with those of control group.2) Thepercentage of CD_(4+) T cells was markedly decreased from 2 to 6 weeks of age in copper excess groups Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ (P<0.05 or P<0.01).3) The percentage of CD_(8+) T cell was not varied in six copper ex-cess groups during the experiment when compared with that of control group (P>0.05).4) The CD_(4+)/CD_(8+) ratio was lower from 2 to 6 weeks of age in copper excess groups Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ than in control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).5) It was concluded that dietary copper in excess of 300mg/kg suppressed thedevelopment of T-lymphocytes and reduced the percentage of CD_(4+) T cells and the CD_(4+)/CD_(8+) ratio,andresulted in pathological injury of the thymus.Cellular immune function was finally impaired.

Translocation of chicken heart apocytochrome c and its mutants (C17S, H18D) across mitochondrial membrane

Cytochrome c is a component of mitochondrial respiratory chain, located at the outer side of mitochondrial inner membrane. Its precursor, apocytochrome c, is encoded by a nuclear gene, synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, and posttranslationally imported into mitochondria, but apocytochrome c is unique in the translocation compared with most mitochondrial proteins. It does not carry a cleavable amino terminal targeting sequence; no proteinous receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane is identified for its import and its translocation does not compete with other preproteins for translocation machinery in the outer membrane. Besides, neither ATP nor membrane potential is required for its translocation across mitochonctria.

Effects of membrane lipids on expression and molecular properties of CD 71 in lymphocytes

A series of artificial membranes called small unilaminar vesicles (SUVs) comprising different molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/cholesterol (Ch) were constructed and exogenous PC and Ch were transferred into human peripheral blood lymphocytes through incubating the cells with SUVs in order to study the effects of the changed constituents of membrane lipids on the expression of CD 71 in lymphocytes, the binding characteristics of CD 71 molecules with its ligand and its internalization. It was found that after the treatment of SUVs, the Ch content in the plasmic membrane was increased with a decrease of PC/Ch ratio. After incubation with ConA for 48 h,the percentage of CD 71-positive lymphocytes increased with the increase of the availab1e binding sites for CD 71 to its ligand, but the affinity of CD 71 with its ligand was lowered- When Ch synthesis was blocked with HMG-CoAreductase inhibitor (Lovastatin), the number of CD71 molecules was obviously reducce but the afinity of CD 71with its ligand elevated- It is believed that that the construction of the lipid environment can directly affect the properties of CD 71 molecules. Less fluid phase of the lipid environment might be suitable to the move;nent of CD 71 in the membrane but minimize the tendency for CD 71 to maintain a con formation of high affinity state.

Features of Cellular,Humoral and Activation Markers of Immune System and Biophysical Parameters of Superficial Membranes of Lymphocytes of Periphery Blood at Patients with a Breast Cancer

Studied features of cellular and humoral factors of immune system and activation markers of lymphocytes at breast cancer patients.Analyzed biophysical parameters of lymphocyte superficial membranes of periphery blood of breast cancer patients.Features of immune system reaction were:expressed Т - cellular immunodeficiency,deficiency of CD4+Т-helpers/inducers against raised expression of СD8+Т-lymphocyte,suppression of immunoregulatory index,imbalance of immunity humoral link,activity of expression CD16 + and CD56 + on natural killers and rising of expression CD38 + and CD95 + on lymphocytes.Studying of biophysical parameters of lymphocytes superficial membranes has allowed to reveal statistically significant changes characterized by intensifying of electric field and rising ofmicroviscosity,obviously leading to disappearance or weakening of intercellular interactions.

青少年百草枯中毒后肺移植1例并文献复习

目的总结百草枯中毒患者中毒后移植时机以及相关处理措施对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析1例百草枯中毒行双肺移植术治疗患者的临床资料,总结分析该例患者的临床表现、辅助检查以及诊治经过。结果1例17岁青少年在摄入25%百草枯20~30 mL后出现恶心、呕吐、咳嗽伴全身乏力入院。患者经对症支持治疗后,氧饱和情况无改善,肺部纤维化持续进展,遂在体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助下行序贯双侧肺移植。经术后康复治疗,并积极防治并发症,患者于术后50 d出院。结论百草枯中毒后的移植时机可选择在肝肾功能开始恢复时,围手术期主动、有针对性地预防潜在致病性细菌感染,以及早期康复训练有助于改善肺移植受者的预后。

桑叶提取物-壳聚糖可食性涂膜对静宁烧鸡保鲜效果的研究

为延长静宁烧鸡的货架期,该试验以桑叶提取物为活性物质,壳聚糖为成膜基质,制备了复合涂膜,分别采用桑叶提取物添加量为0.3%、0.5%、0.7%(质量分数)的涂膜对静宁烧鸡进行处理,4℃贮藏,在0、3、6、9、12、15 d测定pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)、菌落总数,并作感官评价。结果表明,0.3%、0.5%、0.7%的桑叶提取物涂膜都能够有效地延缓静宁烧鸡品质劣变,其中桑叶提取物添加量为0.7%的涂膜的保鲜效果最佳。与对照组相比,在贮藏15 d时,0.3%、0.5%、0.7%的涂膜处理组分别将静宁烧鸡中的pH值降低了2.26%、3.08%、3.57%,TBARS值降低了11.21%、20.56%、34.58%,TVB-N值降低了7.59%、12.00%、25.59%,感官评分有显著提高(P<0.05),菌落总数在第12天时未超过国标规定。若结合国标中规定的菌落总数和TVB-N这2种指标作为评价静宁烧鸡保质期的标准,则桑叶提取物-壳聚糖涂膜可有效延长静宁烧鸡保质期2~3 d。由此可见,桑叶提取物-壳聚糖涂膜可有效延长静宁烧鸡的保质期,该研究可为静宁烧鸡保鲜提供理论支持。

利妥昔单抗在膜性肾病患者中的治疗效果及对T淋巴细胞水平的影响研究

目的:研究利妥昔单抗在膜性肾病患者中的治疗效果及对T淋巴细胞水平的影响。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年4月丰城市人民医院收治的膜性肾病患者80例,按照随机数字表法分为2组,其中对照组采用环孢素和小剂量糖皮质激素治疗,研究组采用利妥昔单抗静脉滴注治疗。比较两组临床疗效、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))水平、肾功能[血肌酐(Scr)、24h尿蛋白定量、血尿酸(BUA)、白蛋白(ALB)]及不良反应。结果:与对照组相比,研究组治疗总有效率高;研究组CD4^(+)及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平较低,CD8^(+)水平较高;研究组Scr水平、24h尿蛋白定量及BUA水平较低,ALB水平较高,上述差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且两组不良反应比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:膜性肾病患者采用利妥昔单抗治疗,效果显著,可有效改善患者T淋巴细胞亚群水平,提升肾功能,且较为安全。

芪地桃蛭二蝉方联合他克莫司治疗膜性肾病的效果及对血清PLA2R、BAFF、IL-6水平的影响

目的 探究芪地桃蛭二蝉方联合他克莫司治疗膜性肾病的效果及对抗磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)、B淋巴细胞活化因子(BAFF)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响。方法 选取2017年11月至2020年4月收治的84例膜性肾病患者为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组与联合组,各42例。对照组给予基础治疗加他克莫司治疗,联合组在对照组基础上加芪地桃蛭二蝉方治疗。比较两组的治疗效果。结果 联合组的治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组的24 h尿蛋白定量(24 h UPQ)、人血清白蛋白(HSA)、血清肌酐浓度(Scr)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组的24 h UPQ、Scr水平均明显降低,HSA水平均明显升高,且联合组优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组的PLA2R、BAFF及IL-6水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组的PLA2R、BAFF及IL-6水平均明显降低,且联合组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合组的不良反应总发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 芪地桃蛭二蝉方联合他克莫司治疗膜性肾病效果显著,能够明显降低PLA2R、BAFF及IL-6水平,安全可靠,值得推广。

用正交试验法分析四种表面活性剂的复配性能

用正交试验设计法研究月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱和月桂酰肌氨酸钠复配的最佳使用比例,摸索四种表面活性剂对泡沫、洗后皮肤水分含量及刺激性的影响。结果显示,在给定的因素水平数里,泡沫高度的优方案为AES:13%,K12:4%,CAB:6%,LS30:5%;洗后皮肤水分含量的优方案为AES:14.5%,K12:3%,CAB:6%,LS30:2%;刺激性最小的优方案为AES:11.5%,K12:1%,CAB:6%,LS30:3%。通过试验数据分析可知,AES对泡沫高度和鸡胚试验评分有显著影响;K12对泡沫高度和洗后皮肤水分含量有显著影响;CAB对泡沫高度有影响;而LS30有助于降低鸡胚评分,在3%时效果最好。

Heparanase expression,degradation of basement membrane and low degree of infi ltration by immunocytes correlate with invasion and progression of human gastric cancer

AIM: To disclose the mechanisms that accelerate or limit tumor invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: The heparanase expression,continuity of basement,degree of infiltration by dendritic cells and lymphocytes in gastric cancer tissues from 33 the early and late stage patients were examined by immunohistochemistry,in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Heparanase mRNA expression in the late stage patients with gastric cancer was stronger than that in the early stage gastric cancer patients. In the early stage gastric cancer tissues,basement membrane (BM) appeared intact,whereas in the late stage,discontinuous BM was often present. The density of S100 protein positive tumor infi ltrating dendritic cells (TIDC) in the early stage gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in the late stage. The infiltrating degree of tumor infi ltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the early stage patients whose tumor tissues contained a high density of TIDC was signifi cantly higher than that in the late stage gastric cancer tissues patients with a low density of TIDC. There were few cancer cells penetrated through the continuous BM of cancer nests in the early stage gastric cancers,but many cancer cells were found outside of the defective BM of cancer nests in the late stage. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that strongheparanase expression is related with the degradation of BM which allows or accelerates tumor invasion and metastasis. However,high density of TIDC and degree of infi ltration by TIL are associated with tumor progression in human gastric cancers.

Modifications of L-Glutamine and L-Leucine Transport in Proliferating Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes respond to mitogens that stimulate proliferation by increasing theirs metabolic activity. In this study we investigate L-Glutamine and L-Leucine uptake as markers of cell response to Concavalina A (ConcaA) stimulation, using a high-resolution flow technique. We found that lymphocytes induced to blast transformation enhanced rate and efficiency of amino acid uptake during cell proliferation. Considering that increases in transport is the first quantifiable response of cells during malignant transformation, amino acid uptake could also be useful as an early marker of malignancy.

鸡外周血T淋巴细胞分群及免疫相关基因表达分析

为探索鸡抗病育种中简便实用的免疫功能测定指标,试验采用成像流式细胞术对四川山地乌骨鸡和大恒699肉鸡配套系的4周龄和10周龄外周血进行T淋巴细胞亚群分型,并检测外周血中白介素6(IL-6)、Toll样受体3(TLR3)和干扰素(IFN-γ)基因的表达水平。结果显示:10周龄时,CD_(4)^(+)T淋巴细胞亚群在两鸡种间差异显著(P<0.05),4周龄和10周龄的两鸡种CD_(8)^(+)T淋巴细胞亚群均有极显著差异(P<0.01);CD_(4)^(+)/CD_(8)^(+)比值在0.7~1.6之间呈正态分布,且随周龄增加而降低;大恒699肉鸡配套系的CD_(4)^(+)/CD_(8)^(+)比值比四川山地乌骨鸡高;IL-6和IFN-γ表达量随周龄增加而增加,但TLR3相反。细胞因子的增多和CD_(4)^(+)/CD_(8)^(+)比值的降低表明鸡只随周龄增长,机体免疫平衡发生改变。结果表明,基于成像流式细胞术进行鸡外周血T淋巴细胞分型简易可行,CD_(4)^(+)/CD_(8)^(+)比值可作为鸡免疫力检测的一个指标;天然免疫相关基因IL-6、TLR3和IFN-γ基因的表达量可以作为免疫力检测的参考。

不同预后疗效的特发性膜性肾病外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化的临床分析

目的:回顾性分析治疗前后特发性膜性肾病(IMN)患者的淋巴细胞亚群计数,初步探索不同淋巴细胞亚群在IMN患者的临床疗效和预后判断中可能的作用。方法:收集我院2019年01月-2022年03月经肾穿刺或者血清学抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体(sPLA2R-Ab)阳性诊断为IMN患者的临床资料,根据患者随访末期有无达到临床缓解,分为缓解组和未缓解组,比较两组之间基线临床指标以及随访前后淋巴细胞亚群计数的差异。并根据患者sPLA2R-Ab是否阳性分别比较淋巴细胞亚群差异。结果:两组患者基线期在性别、年龄、尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、血白蛋白水平等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与缓解组相比,未缓解组表现更高的外周血CD_(4)^(+)淋巴细胞计数及CD_(4)^(+)/CD+8比值,且这种表现在随访末依旧存在(P<0.05)。根据基线sPLA2R-Ab是否阳性进行分组分析发现,两组CD_(4)^(+)计数未缓解组较缓解组均明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:初步临床观察表明,IMN患者外周血CD_(4)^(+)计数及CD_(4)^(+)/CD+8比值升高,提示这类患者的疗效可能不佳,详细机制有待进一步研究。

纳米纤维膜磁性固相萃取-HPLC测定鸡肉中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

本实验建立了纳米纤维膜磁性固相萃取前处理方法和高效液相色谱技术(HighPerformanceLiquidaphy,简写HPLC)同时测定鸡肉中4种氟诺喹酮类药物(Fluoroquinolones,FQs)残留的定量分析方法。通过溶剂热合成了磁性复合材料Fe_(3)O_(4)-TiO_(2)/PAN纳米纤维膜,采用纳米纤维膜/丙酮溶液萃取,乙腈溶液解析,再加入氯化钠和硫酸镁净化溶液,进行定量分析。结果表明:FQs的线性关系在0.064~200μg·mL^(-1)范围内均良好,R^(2)均大于0.9999,检出限为1μg·kg^(-1),所建方法成功用于鸡肉中FQs的测定,在0.02μg·kg^(-1)、0.05μg·kg^(-1)、0.10μg·kg^(-1)加标浓度水平下得到的回收率为94.89%~118.87%,相对标准偏差小于5%。纳米纤维膜磁性固相萃取具有法灵敏度高、操作快速、简便,FQs实际样品检出率大于80%。

氟中毒对肉鸡促红细胞生成素和红细胞膜ATP酶的影响

研究氟中毒对肉鸡促红细胞生成素(EPO)和红细胞膜ATP酶的影响。选用240只1日龄的健康萨索肉鸡,随机分为对照组(F,11 mg/kg)、高氟1组(F,300 mg/kg)、高氟2组(F,600 mg/kg)、高氟3组(F,900 mg/kg)四组,正常饲喂,分别于染毒第14天、28天和42天检测网织红细胞数目、红细胞膜的ATP酶活性、红细胞渗透脆性、血清中促红细胞生成素等血液相关指标。结果表明,氟中毒导致肉鸡血液网织红细胞数量降低、红细胞膜ATP酶活性降低,红细胞渗透脆性增加、血清促红细胞生成素(EPO)含量降低,是导致肉鸡发生贫血的根本原因之一。

血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素和降钙素原及中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值诊断未足月胎膜早破宫内感染的临床意义

目的探讨血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)、降钙素原(PCT)及中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值(NLR)诊断未足月胎膜早破(PPROM)宫内感染的临床意义。方法选取2020年1月至2021年1月潍坊市妇幼保健院收治的109例PPROM孕妇作为研究对象,产前分别检测血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR,产后留取胎膜及胎盘组织进行病理学检测。分析病理诊断结果,根据病理结果将PPROM孕妇分为宫内感染组及非宫内感染组,比较两组血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR,分析血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR与宫内感染的关系,绘制ROC曲线分析血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR诊断PPROM宫内感染的预测价值。结果109例PPROM孕妇中,宫内感染56例,非宫内感染53例。宫内感染组血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR均高于非宫内感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。宫内感染组血清β-HCG、PCT及NLR阳性率均明显高于非宫内感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR预测宫内感染的AUC(95%CI)分别为0.787(0.701~0.873)、0.773(0.681~0.865)、0.830(0.754~0.905),均具有较高预测价值;约登指数分别为0.53、0.58、0.55。结论血清β-HCG、PCT水平及NLR均与PPROM宫内感染密切相关,均具有较高预测价值,可作为PPROM合并宫内感染的预测指标。

纳滤膜孔径对沼液超滤透过液养分富集与膜污染行为的影响

超滤(ultrafiltration,UF)能有效浓缩沼液,但透过液中仍含有大量养分,可进一步采用纳滤(nanofiltration,NF)等精密膜浓缩利用。NF膜的孔径会直接影响膜的截留特性和通量,从而影响浓缩性能。为了探究NF膜孔径对沼液浓缩过程养分富集效果和膜污染行为的影响,该研究以鸡粪沼液的UF透过液为研究对象,分别采用800 D、500 D、100 D的NF膜(平均膜孔径分别为2.0、1.0、0.5 nm)进行浓缩,重点分析养分截留效果和膜污染特征。结果表明:不同孔径的NF膜均能高效截留化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP),截留率可达68%以上,但对总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总钾(total potassium,TK)的截留较低,仅为19%~35%。随着膜孔径降低,NF对COD、TN、TP、TK的截留效果略有提高,但整体差异不明显。不同孔径NF膜在沼液浓缩过程均出现了明显的水通量降低。与1.0 nm的NF膜相比,0.5 nm膜较小的孔径和2.0 nm膜较大的初始通量均会导致膜表面有机—无机致密污染层的形成,从而造成水通量快速降低;而1.0 nm膜表面形成的以无机晶体为主的污染层较为疏松,通量下降较为缓慢。综合养分截留效果和水通量变化规律,确定孔径为1.0 nm的NF膜更适用于浓缩沼液的UF透过液,研究结果可为推动沼液膜浓缩的发展与工程应用提供理论与技术支撑。

重构本草——鸡内金

通过古籍文献调研、中药现代研究进展及其研究成果的梳理,结合中医临床及中药学等学科领域内的专家学者的认识及应用经验,经讨论认为鸡内金的功效主要为健胃消食,涩精止遗,通淋化石。症靶为消化不良。标靶为消化道结石。现代药理发现鸡内金及其有效成分具有促进胃肠蠕动、促进消化系统分泌、降糖、降脂、缓解心肌缺血、抗结石等作用。本品无毒,安全性相对可靠,无论在古籍记载还是现代药理学研究中均未见明显毒副作用的报道,其大剂量使用(300 g)时亦未见毒副作用。临床使用剂量为1~300 g,内服时当根据不同疾病,或同一疾病的不同阶段进行辨证使用,并积极探索鸡内金用量与症靶、标靶的量效关系构建。