Introduction: The commonest maxillofacial fractures involve the mandible. Age can be considered among influential factors. Aim of the Study: To compare mandibular fractures between children and adults from the beginni...Introduction: The commonest maxillofacial fractures involve the mandible. Age can be considered among influential factors. Aim of the Study: To compare mandibular fractures between children and adults from the beginning up to the treatment in Senegal. Patients and Method: A three-year retrospective study was conducted in a university hospital. The medical records of patients admitted for maxillofacial injuries were reviewed. Patient and injury-related variables including age, gender, etiology, average consultation delay, anatomic location of fracture and treatment were compared up to age of 15 and beyond that. Results: Considering 272 casualties, maxillofacial fractures were less frequent among children than adults (36.7% and 59.7%) and were mainly mandibular (90.1% and 91.4%). Male predilection (sex ratio of 2.4 and 4.9) was twice (2) as pronounced from the age of 16. The average consultation delay was two (2) times shorter for children. Road traffic accidents which predominated among children (33.9%) had comparable frequency (32.3%) although they were outnumbered by assault (37.6%) among adults. Fractures occurred mainly on the corpus (90.1% and 90.4%), particularly on parasymphysis (40.1%) up to the age of 15, whereas angle fractures increased (8.5% to 19.6%) and joint damage decreased afterwards. Intra-oral orthopedic procedures (91.2% and 92.6%) in which mandibular retention splints were more common (37.3%) up to the age of 15 then arch ligatures (49%) were then widely favored. Conclusion: Differences relating to the distribution of causes but also to the anatomic location on the corpus and to the choice of intra-oral orthopedic procedures within overall similarities between children and adults regarding the male predilection, the frequency of road traffic accidents, the mandibular injuries, but also the school therapeutic attitude consisting of favoring the orthopedic option.展开更多
This paper aims to study the functions of two different points of view from the perspective of narratology,namely,the point of view of the adult and the one of the child,in two of Herman Melville’s early stories.By c...This paper aims to study the functions of two different points of view from the perspective of narratology,namely,the point of view of the adult and the one of the child,in two of Herman Melville’s early stories.By contrasting these two functions of the different perspectives,the author of this paper draws the conclusion that the child has a unique and significant perspective in Melville’s works.展开更多
Over 85590000 individuals have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Although there have been an increasing number of reports on coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is unclea...Over 85590000 individuals have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Although there have been an increasing number of reports on coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is unclear why infected children show milder symptoms than adults.A retrospective case study was performed at two designated hospitals for COVID-19.Patients(56 children and 63 adults)with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild pneumonia were randomly enrolled in this study.The median age of the children was 7.0 years,and 51.79%of them were boys.The median age of the adults was 57 years,and 47.62%were men.The most common symptoms were fever,cough,sputum and diarrhoea.There were no significant differences in symptoms between children and adult patients.In terms of immunological indices on admission,adult patients displayed typical leukopenia and markedly higher levels of IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6 than child patients.The elevation of IL-2,IL-4 and IL-6 in adults induced more extensive lung injury.The effective and non-aggressive immune response successfully resisted SARS-CoV-2 invasion and maintained mild symptoms in child patients.The correlation of higher IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6 with the lung injury might be evidence that preventing excessive cytokine production can avoid further lung damage in these patients.展开更多
文摘Introduction: The commonest maxillofacial fractures involve the mandible. Age can be considered among influential factors. Aim of the Study: To compare mandibular fractures between children and adults from the beginning up to the treatment in Senegal. Patients and Method: A three-year retrospective study was conducted in a university hospital. The medical records of patients admitted for maxillofacial injuries were reviewed. Patient and injury-related variables including age, gender, etiology, average consultation delay, anatomic location of fracture and treatment were compared up to age of 15 and beyond that. Results: Considering 272 casualties, maxillofacial fractures were less frequent among children than adults (36.7% and 59.7%) and were mainly mandibular (90.1% and 91.4%). Male predilection (sex ratio of 2.4 and 4.9) was twice (2) as pronounced from the age of 16. The average consultation delay was two (2) times shorter for children. Road traffic accidents which predominated among children (33.9%) had comparable frequency (32.3%) although they were outnumbered by assault (37.6%) among adults. Fractures occurred mainly on the corpus (90.1% and 90.4%), particularly on parasymphysis (40.1%) up to the age of 15, whereas angle fractures increased (8.5% to 19.6%) and joint damage decreased afterwards. Intra-oral orthopedic procedures (91.2% and 92.6%) in which mandibular retention splints were more common (37.3%) up to the age of 15 then arch ligatures (49%) were then widely favored. Conclusion: Differences relating to the distribution of causes but also to the anatomic location on the corpus and to the choice of intra-oral orthopedic procedures within overall similarities between children and adults regarding the male predilection, the frequency of road traffic accidents, the mandibular injuries, but also the school therapeutic attitude consisting of favoring the orthopedic option.
文摘This paper aims to study the functions of two different points of view from the perspective of narratology,namely,the point of view of the adult and the one of the child,in two of Herman Melville’s early stories.By contrasting these two functions of the different perspectives,the author of this paper draws the conclusion that the child has a unique and significant perspective in Melville’s works.
基金the Hubei Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2020CFB764).
文摘Over 85590000 individuals have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Although there have been an increasing number of reports on coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is unclear why infected children show milder symptoms than adults.A retrospective case study was performed at two designated hospitals for COVID-19.Patients(56 children and 63 adults)with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild pneumonia were randomly enrolled in this study.The median age of the children was 7.0 years,and 51.79%of them were boys.The median age of the adults was 57 years,and 47.62%were men.The most common symptoms were fever,cough,sputum and diarrhoea.There were no significant differences in symptoms between children and adult patients.In terms of immunological indices on admission,adult patients displayed typical leukopenia and markedly higher levels of IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6 than child patients.The elevation of IL-2,IL-4 and IL-6 in adults induced more extensive lung injury.The effective and non-aggressive immune response successfully resisted SARS-CoV-2 invasion and maintained mild symptoms in child patients.The correlation of higher IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6 with the lung injury might be evidence that preventing excessive cytokine production can avoid further lung damage in these patients.
