Exploration of Child-friendly Urban Park Design Strategies Based on Child Behavioral Psychology

By studying the behavioral psychology and needs of children,this paper analyzes the essence of child-friendly parks from the perspective of children,and discusses the design principles and key points of child-friendly parks,so as to provide a practical basis for the construction of child-friendly cities.

The Kazdin Method for Developing and Changing Behavior of Children and Adolescents

The Kazdin Method is a version of parent management training in which parents are trained to alter the behaviors of their children.The method draws on the principles and techniques of applied behavior analysis.The techniques focus on antecedents(what comes before the behavior),behavior(crafting the precise behaviors one wishes to develop),and consequences(usually praise to increase the likelihood that the desired behaviors will be performed again).The key focus is repeated practice in changing parent and child behaviors.The article traces the evolution of my use of parent training to treat severe aggressive and antisocial behavior among clinically referred samples and also to help parents with the routine challenges of child rearing.Researchfindings supporting the effectiveness of the techniques are highlighted.In addition,the article discusses issues and myths that may be of concern with the approach such as the exclusive focus on behavior,the extent to which the effects endure,and the use of consequences to change behavior.Resources are provide for parents and professionals for implementing the techniques and as well as for addressing topics of interest to parents in child and adolescent development.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome:An evidence-based survey in a Chinese population

BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome(TS)is a complex neurodevelopmental condition marked by tics,as well as a variety of psychiatric comorbidities,such as obsessivecompulsive disorders(OCDs),attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),anxiety,and self-injurious behavior.TS might progress to treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome(TRTS)in some patients.However,there is no confirmed evidence in pediatric patients with TRTS.AIM To investigate the clinical characteristics of TRTS in a Chinese pediatric sample.METHODS A total of 126 pediatric patients aged 6-12 years with TS were identified,including 64 TRTS and 62 non-TRTS patients.The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale(YGTSS),Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale(PUTS),and Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL)were used to assess these two groups and compared the difference between the TRTS and non-TRTS patients.RESULTS When compared with the non-TRTS group,we found that the age of onset for TRTS was younger(P<0.001),and the duration of illness was longer(P<0.001).TRTS was more often caused by psychosocial(P<0.001)than physiological factors,and coprolalia and inappropriate parenting style were more often present in the TRTS group(P<0.001).The TRTS group showed a higher level of premonitory urge(P<0.001),a lower intelligence quotient(IQ)(P<0.001),and a higher percentage of family history of TS.The TRTS patients demonstrated more problems(P<0.01)in the“Uncommunicative”,“Obsessive-Compulsive”,“Social-Withdrawal”,“Hyperactive”,“Aggressive”,and“Delinquent”subscales in the boys group,and“Social-Withdrawal”(P=0.02)subscale in the girls group.CONCLUSION Pediatric TRTS might show an earlier age of onset age,longer duration of illness,lower IQ,higher premonitory urge,and higher comorbidities with ADHD-related symptoms and OCD-related symptoms.We need to pay more attention to the social communication deficits of TRTS.

Efect of early feeding practices and eating behaviors on body composition in primary school children

Background Understanding children’s feeding practices and eating behaviors is important to determine etiology of childhood obesity.This study aimed to explore the relationship between early feeding practices,eating behavior and body composition among primary school children.Methods The data were collected from 403 primary school children.They were administered structured questionnaire,including sociodemographic characteristics,early feeding practices and Child’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire.Anthropometric and blood pressure(BP)measurements were performed.Results Children with obesity and overweight showed higher food approach subscales and lower food avoidance subscales compared to a healthy and underweight child.Children who were exclusively or predominantly breast fed during the frst 6 months had the lowest scores for the food approach subscales,food responsiveness(FR)and emotional overeating(EOE)and had the highest scores for the food avoidance subscales,satiety responsiveness(SR)and emotional under eating(EUE).Children who were introduced solid food after 6 months showed lower scores for FR,enjoyment of food and EOE but scored highest for SR,slowness in eating(SE)and EUE.All anthropometric measurements were positively correlated with all food approach subscales and negatively with SE,SR and food fussiness.All food approach subscales were positively correlated with BP percentiles.All food avoidance subscales were negatively correlated with both BP percentiles,except for EUE,which was negatively correlated with diastolic BP percentile only.Age,SR,SE and FR were predictors for child body mass index.Conclusion Early feeding practices and eating behavior are considered as prevention approaches for obesity.

Investigation of the relationship between place characteristics and child behavior in residential landscape spaces： a case study on the Century Sunshine Garden Residential Quarter in Hefei

This paper reviewed child behavior in Chinese residential landscapes. A field survey was used to investigate place characteristics, whereas fixed-point observation and visualization records were utilized to analyze child behavior. Children were then classified into two categories, namely, those with action capacity and those with little capacity. Based on the classification and comparative analysis of place characteristics, along with the quantitative and visualized analysis of child behavior, the relationship between these two aspects was determined, and the effect of spatial elements in the selected residential areas on such a relationship was clarified. Additionally, the designing of a comprehensive landscape space that satisfies children＇s needs was also discussed. The conclusions are as follows： （1） Waterside is the element that most significantly affects child behavior. Children who can act on their own prefer to play along the waterside. （2） Open spaces attract children with action capacity, whereas children with little capacity tend to choose more private spaces. （3） Despite the presence of facilities for various activities, an extremely open space or one that is separated by a road still affects child behavior. （4） A comprehensive space with a water landscape, fitness facilities, high accessibility, and a number of cultural events may significantly affect child behavior. Both types of children were found to enjoy a place with such characteristics. Therefore, the evaluation of residential landscape space should be intesrated with landscape design.

The fear of having two sons:a noteworthy preference for the gender of children

This paper argues that“the fear of having two sons”is a gender structure phenom-enon that causes anxiety for some Chinese families.To prove the existence of such a fear in some families,this paper considers three aspects:the ideal gender structure of children,women’s childbearing plan for second children and their actual child-bearing behavior.Data for nine provinces is taken from the China Fertility Survey of 2017.This paper finds that:(1)except for having no children,2 sons and 0 daughters is the most undesired gender structure;(2)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women whose first child is a son are less likely to plan to have a second child than those whose first child is a daughter;(3)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women with a son as the first child are less likely to have a second child than those with a daughter.These findings prove that,at present,the phenom-enon of the fear of having two sons does exist in some Chinese families.Finally,this paper summarizes how the attitudes of Chinese families towards having sons have changed since the 1950s from“a hope for having many sons”to“a desire for at least one son”and finally to“the fear of having two sons.”The paper also discusses the significance of the fear of having two sons phenomenon in terms of improving the proximate determinants of low fertility model.

Mothers’ health-related quality of life: Its relationship with children’s health-related quality of life and behavior in low-income families

Objective:To examine the association between mothers’health-related quality of life(HRQOL)and their children’s HRQOL and behavior in low-income families.Methods:Mothers of 278 children aged 6-12 years from low-income families were invited to complete the Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form 50(CHQ-PF50)and the Strength and Dif-ficulties Questionnaire(SDQ)for their children as well as the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey version 2(SF-12v2)and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2(PHQ-2).Multiple linear regressions with mother-child pairs as the unit of analysis were performed to examine the associations between maternal and child variables with adjustment of mother-and child-level confounders.Results:Compared with the general population,low-income mothers had a lower mean SF-12v2 mental component summary score and their children also had lower mean CHQ-PF50 physi-cal and psychosocial summary scores and SDQ total difficulties score.Children of mothers with SF-12v2 scores below the population mean of 50 had significantly worse CHQ-PF50 scores and higher SDQ total difficulties scores.The mother’s PHQ-2 depression status had no association with the child’s CHQ-PF50 scores.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to reducing the negative impact of health problems on mothers’daily roles in childcare in low-income families.