Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility...Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility policy adjustments have had a direct influence on the female labor force.This paper uses data from China Family Panel Studies in 2016 to test the impact that increases in the number of child births that have occurred as result of shifts in fertility level are having on women’s labor force participation.Our findings show that the influence of the number of children on the participation of married women in the labor force is shown by a“U-shaped”non-linear relationship dominated by substitution effect and income effect.The turn-ing point of urban married women from the substitution effect to the income effect occurs earlier than it does for rural married women.This means that urban married women are more sensitive to the economic pressure that results from child births.Therefore,the Universal Two-Child policy,introduced at the beginning of 2016,inevitably has a direct negative effect on women’s labor force participation.Help-ing women to maintain work-family balance has become a problem that must be addressed at present.展开更多
More than three decades after its implementation, the family planning policy in China has led to a swiftly aging society with a shrinking young population. Despite the launch of the two-child policy in 2015, there wer...More than three decades after its implementation, the family planning policy in China has led to a swiftly aging society with a shrinking young population. Despite the launch of the two-child policy in 2015, there were 17.23 million births on the Chinese mainland in 2017, a decline of 630,000 over the previous year, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. If this trend continues, a nosedive in births in the coming years will be inevitable.展开更多
Although the figure of the father has progressively gained a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">place in birth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, it is still ...Although the figure of the father has progressively gained a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">place in birth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, it is still displaced and in the mere role of a companion. Objective: To understand the experience of fathers who have prepared to get actively involved in birth and to undergo the experience of early physical contact with their newborns. Method: A qualitative Action-Research (AR) design was carried out, which considered the antenatal educational intervention of 12 fathers together with their pregnant partners. After delivery, individual interviews were conducted </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in depth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to collect the paternal experience at birth. Results: The central emerging theme developed during AR was “</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paternal role and early bonding with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”, whereas the experience was comprehended in two central themes related to the meaning of the father-child encounter-contact: “</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The impact of the face-to-face encounter with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”;“</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The first physical contact with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a key moment</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”. Conclusion: The fathers who were prepared and involved from pregnancy and at birth attribute a special meaning to the father-child relationship which generated since the first encounter, allowing them to feel, enjoy and commit to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">care</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.展开更多
Background: It is yet a controversy subject whether low birth weight and infant death are associated to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Objective: To appreciate association between low birth weights, mother ...Background: It is yet a controversy subject whether low birth weight and infant death are associated to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Objective: To appreciate association between low birth weights, mother to child HIV transmission and infant mortality in HIV-1 infected pregnant women delivering between 2011 and 2016. Materials: We conducted 6 years cohort study in urban Mali. Outcome included preterm delivery, small for gestational age, infant survival status and HIV transmission. Comparison concerned women clinical WHO stage, mother viro-immunological status, and newborn anthropometric parameters. Results: HIV-1 infected women who delivered low birth weight newborn were 20.9% (111/531) versus 16.5% (1910/11.546) in HIV negative patients (p = 0.016). CD4 T cell counts low than 350 T cells count were strongly associated to LBW (p = 0.000;RR = 3.03;95% CI [1.89 - 3.16]). There is no significant association between ART that was initiated during pregnancy (p = 0.061, RR = 0.02;CI 95% (1.02 - 1.99)) or during delivery (p = 0.571;RR = 1.01;CI 95% (0.10 - 3.02)) and LBW delivery. In multivariate analysis ART regimens containing protease inhibitor (PI) were lone regimens associated with LBW ((p = 0.030;RR = 1.001;95% confidence interval [1.28 - 3.80]). Very low birth weight was statistically associated to women HIV infection (adjusted relative risk, 2.02;p = 0.000;95% confidence interval (2.17 - 4.10)). There is no significant difference between mother to child HIV transmission rate in the two HIV-infected pregnant women (10 infected children in group 2: MTCT rate 4.5%) and 3 infected children in group 1 (MTCT rate: 2.7%) (p = 0.56;RR, 0.59;CI 95% (0.18 - 4.39)). In multivariate analysis, LBW was associated with infant death (p = 0.001;RR = 2.04;CI 95% [1.04 - 5.05]). The median weight of infant at the moment of death in group 1 was 851 g (IQR: 520 - 1833 g). Significant relationship was found between infant death among LBW newborn with mother WHO stage 2 (p = 0.004;adjusted RR = 3.22;CI 95% [2.25 - 6.00]), CD4 T cells count 3 (p = 0.005;RR = 2.81;CI 95% [1.20 - 4.11]), PI regimens (p = 0.030;RR = 1.00;CI 95% [1.28 - 3.80]). Conclusion: We confirm increased risk of low birth weight and mother HIV-1 infection and we identified strongest association between mortality in infant born to HIV-1 infected mother and LBW.展开更多
American Hollywood animated films have conquered the world.In recent years,many successful works have appeared in domestic animated films,bringing new vitality to the Chinese animated film industry.Based on Lacan’s M...American Hollywood animated films have conquered the world.In recent years,many successful works have appeared in domestic animated films,bringing new vitality to the Chinese animated film industry.Based on Lacan’s Mirror Stage Theory,this study attempts to start from the bravery of Judy and Nezha,the protagonists of Zootopia(2016)and Nezha(2019).It analyzes and compares their embodiment,formation,influence and reflection with real society to solve the problems of the two brave characters’formation causes,characteristic differences and social influences,including racial discrimination,individualism in American society and family problems in Chinese society.This study sheds light on the transmission of intercultural values in animated films.展开更多
Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight 2500 g at birth, regardless of the term of pregnancy. The objective of this study is to evaluate their stature and weight growth from 0 to 9 months of ...Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight 2500 g at birth, regardless of the term of pregnancy. The objective of this study is to evaluate their stature and weight growth from 0 to 9 months of corrected age (CA) in Senegal. Methodology: This is a prospective, descriptive, and analytical cohort follow-up up to 9 months of CA including all live newborns of LBW hospitalized and followed up from 01 August 2019 to 31 May 2020. World Health Organization growth charts were used to assess stature and weight growth. Results: During the study 136 LBW newborns were included. The mean gestational age was 32 weeks of amenorrhea. At discharge, 46 children (33.82%) were exclusively breastfed. At birth, the mean weight was 1487 g (3<sup>rd</sup>-10<sup>th</sup> percentile) and the mean height was 41.52 cm (10<sup>th</sup>-25<sup>th</sup> percentile). At 9 months of CA, the mean weight was 8119 g (median) and the mean height was 74 cm (median). The children had achieved satisfactory growth in weight (84%) and height (89%). At 9 months of CA, 27% of the children were behind in one of the four areas of psychomotor development. Conclusion: At the end of 9 months of CA, stature and weighted growth was normal.展开更多
文摘Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility policy adjustments have had a direct influence on the female labor force.This paper uses data from China Family Panel Studies in 2016 to test the impact that increases in the number of child births that have occurred as result of shifts in fertility level are having on women’s labor force participation.Our findings show that the influence of the number of children on the participation of married women in the labor force is shown by a“U-shaped”non-linear relationship dominated by substitution effect and income effect.The turn-ing point of urban married women from the substitution effect to the income effect occurs earlier than it does for rural married women.This means that urban married women are more sensitive to the economic pressure that results from child births.Therefore,the Universal Two-Child policy,introduced at the beginning of 2016,inevitably has a direct negative effect on women’s labor force participation.Help-ing women to maintain work-family balance has become a problem that must be addressed at present.
文摘More than three decades after its implementation, the family planning policy in China has led to a swiftly aging society with a shrinking young population. Despite the launch of the two-child policy in 2015, there were 17.23 million births on the Chinese mainland in 2017, a decline of 630,000 over the previous year, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. If this trend continues, a nosedive in births in the coming years will be inevitable.
文摘Although the figure of the father has progressively gained a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">place in birth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, it is still displaced and in the mere role of a companion. Objective: To understand the experience of fathers who have prepared to get actively involved in birth and to undergo the experience of early physical contact with their newborns. Method: A qualitative Action-Research (AR) design was carried out, which considered the antenatal educational intervention of 12 fathers together with their pregnant partners. After delivery, individual interviews were conducted </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in depth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to collect the paternal experience at birth. Results: The central emerging theme developed during AR was “</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paternal role and early bonding with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”, whereas the experience was comprehended in two central themes related to the meaning of the father-child encounter-contact: “</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The impact of the face-to-face encounter with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”;“</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The first physical contact with the child</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a key moment</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”. Conclusion: The fathers who were prepared and involved from pregnancy and at birth attribute a special meaning to the father-child relationship which generated since the first encounter, allowing them to feel, enjoy and commit to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">care</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.
文摘Background: It is yet a controversy subject whether low birth weight and infant death are associated to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Objective: To appreciate association between low birth weights, mother to child HIV transmission and infant mortality in HIV-1 infected pregnant women delivering between 2011 and 2016. Materials: We conducted 6 years cohort study in urban Mali. Outcome included preterm delivery, small for gestational age, infant survival status and HIV transmission. Comparison concerned women clinical WHO stage, mother viro-immunological status, and newborn anthropometric parameters. Results: HIV-1 infected women who delivered low birth weight newborn were 20.9% (111/531) versus 16.5% (1910/11.546) in HIV negative patients (p = 0.016). CD4 T cell counts low than 350 T cells count were strongly associated to LBW (p = 0.000;RR = 3.03;95% CI [1.89 - 3.16]). There is no significant association between ART that was initiated during pregnancy (p = 0.061, RR = 0.02;CI 95% (1.02 - 1.99)) or during delivery (p = 0.571;RR = 1.01;CI 95% (0.10 - 3.02)) and LBW delivery. In multivariate analysis ART regimens containing protease inhibitor (PI) were lone regimens associated with LBW ((p = 0.030;RR = 1.001;95% confidence interval [1.28 - 3.80]). Very low birth weight was statistically associated to women HIV infection (adjusted relative risk, 2.02;p = 0.000;95% confidence interval (2.17 - 4.10)). There is no significant difference between mother to child HIV transmission rate in the two HIV-infected pregnant women (10 infected children in group 2: MTCT rate 4.5%) and 3 infected children in group 1 (MTCT rate: 2.7%) (p = 0.56;RR, 0.59;CI 95% (0.18 - 4.39)). In multivariate analysis, LBW was associated with infant death (p = 0.001;RR = 2.04;CI 95% [1.04 - 5.05]). The median weight of infant at the moment of death in group 1 was 851 g (IQR: 520 - 1833 g). Significant relationship was found between infant death among LBW newborn with mother WHO stage 2 (p = 0.004;adjusted RR = 3.22;CI 95% [2.25 - 6.00]), CD4 T cells count 3 (p = 0.005;RR = 2.81;CI 95% [1.20 - 4.11]), PI regimens (p = 0.030;RR = 1.00;CI 95% [1.28 - 3.80]). Conclusion: We confirm increased risk of low birth weight and mother HIV-1 infection and we identified strongest association between mortality in infant born to HIV-1 infected mother and LBW.
文摘American Hollywood animated films have conquered the world.In recent years,many successful works have appeared in domestic animated films,bringing new vitality to the Chinese animated film industry.Based on Lacan’s Mirror Stage Theory,this study attempts to start from the bravery of Judy and Nezha,the protagonists of Zootopia(2016)and Nezha(2019).It analyzes and compares their embodiment,formation,influence and reflection with real society to solve the problems of the two brave characters’formation causes,characteristic differences and social influences,including racial discrimination,individualism in American society and family problems in Chinese society.This study sheds light on the transmission of intercultural values in animated films.
文摘Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight 2500 g at birth, regardless of the term of pregnancy. The objective of this study is to evaluate their stature and weight growth from 0 to 9 months of corrected age (CA) in Senegal. Methodology: This is a prospective, descriptive, and analytical cohort follow-up up to 9 months of CA including all live newborns of LBW hospitalized and followed up from 01 August 2019 to 31 May 2020. World Health Organization growth charts were used to assess stature and weight growth. Results: During the study 136 LBW newborns were included. The mean gestational age was 32 weeks of amenorrhea. At discharge, 46 children (33.82%) were exclusively breastfed. At birth, the mean weight was 1487 g (3<sup>rd</sup>-10<sup>th</sup> percentile) and the mean height was 41.52 cm (10<sup>th</sup>-25<sup>th</sup> percentile). At 9 months of CA, the mean weight was 8119 g (median) and the mean height was 74 cm (median). The children had achieved satisfactory growth in weight (84%) and height (89%). At 9 months of CA, 27% of the children were behind in one of the four areas of psychomotor development. Conclusion: At the end of 9 months of CA, stature and weighted growth was normal.