It has been shown that annually around 1250 children younger than 15 years old die in traffic accident.The number of children who also injured as a consequence of car accidents is noticeably higher.According to the EC...It has been shown that annually around 1250 children younger than 15 years old die in traffic accident.The number of children who also injured as a consequence of car accidents is noticeably higher.According to the ECE-R44 regulation the safety of children in the cars,the use of a child safety seat(CSS)is highly recommended.Using a CSS would dramatically diminish the injuries of traffic accidents.However,the posture,especially the angle,of a child when seating on a seat may also affect the amount of injury occurs during the accident.It has been revealed that during the accident only few children remained seated in the standard position,and most of them whether slouched or slanted and turned their head to the side-support of the CSS.Extreme positions,such as leaning forward,escaping from the harness or holding feet were also observed.This study aimed to perform a finite element(FE)study to figure out what angle of seating would result in the least amount of injury to the child head in a typical car crash under the speed of 47 km/h.To do that,a 1.5 years old child dummy(a dummy representing the anthropometry of a 1.5 years old child)has been accommodated on a seat under the angles of 15°,30°,and 45°.The results revealed.The resulted displacements in the head after the accident were also calculated at X,Y,and Z directions.The results in this regard indicated a higher displacement at X direction whereas the lowest one was seen at Y direction.The results have implications not only for understanding the amount of injury to the child head after the accident under different seating angles,but also for giving an insight to the CSS industries and families to choose the right seating posture for the child in the car to reduce the severity of injury.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crash(MVC) related injury has been identified as a major public health concern. Child restrain(CR) seat belts can minimize the mortality and morbidity from MVC. The use for seat belts is subs...BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crash(MVC) related injury has been identified as a major public health concern. Child restrain(CR) seat belts can minimize the mortality and morbidity from MVC. The use for seat belts is substantially low in developing countries like Pakistan even though its use has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality by a significant extent.METHODS: This was a case control study with cases from the general population(GP) and controls from the Aga Khan University(AKU) employees in a 3:1 ratio. The study questionnaire was based on parameters like gender, education level, awareness and presence of CR and also assessed the frequency of usage, reasons for not using CR and the source of knowledge regarding CR use.RESULTS: Out of 848 respondents, 212 were from AKU and 636 were from the GP. 96.7% from AKU had at least a bachelor's degree while less than half(42.6%) of those from the GP were graduate or above(P<0.001). A statistically signif icant difference was found between the two groups with drivers from AKU being generally more aware about CR and its use. 81.1% of the group from AKU compared to 59.7% from the general population were found to be aware of child restraint use(P<0.001). Media(40.6%) was found to be the most common source of information amongst the AKU employees.CONCLUSION: Most motor vehicle related injuries in children can be prevented or their severity may be reduced by the use of appropriate child restraint seat belts.展开更多
文摘It has been shown that annually around 1250 children younger than 15 years old die in traffic accident.The number of children who also injured as a consequence of car accidents is noticeably higher.According to the ECE-R44 regulation the safety of children in the cars,the use of a child safety seat(CSS)is highly recommended.Using a CSS would dramatically diminish the injuries of traffic accidents.However,the posture,especially the angle,of a child when seating on a seat may also affect the amount of injury occurs during the accident.It has been revealed that during the accident only few children remained seated in the standard position,and most of them whether slouched or slanted and turned their head to the side-support of the CSS.Extreme positions,such as leaning forward,escaping from the harness or holding feet were also observed.This study aimed to perform a finite element(FE)study to figure out what angle of seating would result in the least amount of injury to the child head in a typical car crash under the speed of 47 km/h.To do that,a 1.5 years old child dummy(a dummy representing the anthropometry of a 1.5 years old child)has been accommodated on a seat under the angles of 15°,30°,and 45°.The results revealed.The resulted displacements in the head after the accident were also calculated at X,Y,and Z directions.The results in this regard indicated a higher displacement at X direction whereas the lowest one was seen at Y direction.The results have implications not only for understanding the amount of injury to the child head after the accident under different seating angles,but also for giving an insight to the CSS industries and families to choose the right seating posture for the child in the car to reduce the severity of injury.
文摘BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crash(MVC) related injury has been identified as a major public health concern. Child restrain(CR) seat belts can minimize the mortality and morbidity from MVC. The use for seat belts is substantially low in developing countries like Pakistan even though its use has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality by a significant extent.METHODS: This was a case control study with cases from the general population(GP) and controls from the Aga Khan University(AKU) employees in a 3:1 ratio. The study questionnaire was based on parameters like gender, education level, awareness and presence of CR and also assessed the frequency of usage, reasons for not using CR and the source of knowledge regarding CR use.RESULTS: Out of 848 respondents, 212 were from AKU and 636 were from the GP. 96.7% from AKU had at least a bachelor's degree while less than half(42.6%) of those from the GP were graduate or above(P<0.001). A statistically signif icant difference was found between the two groups with drivers from AKU being generally more aware about CR and its use. 81.1% of the group from AKU compared to 59.7% from the general population were found to be aware of child restraint use(P<0.001). Media(40.6%) was found to be the most common source of information amongst the AKU employees.CONCLUSION: Most motor vehicle related injuries in children can be prevented or their severity may be reduced by the use of appropriate child restraint seat belts.
文摘为解决现有儿童乘车约束系统的使用率低和误用率高等问题,基于用户需求对集成式儿童安全座椅进行创新设计。基于层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)进行用户需求研究,搭建基于文献和用户访谈的集成式儿童安全座椅用户需求层次模型,并计算出各项用户需求要素的权重和排序,确定设计过程中有待解决的重点问题。基于质量功能展开法(Quality Function Deployment,QFD)构建反映用户需求与设计要素关联性的质量屋模型,计算出设计要素的综合权重和排序。基于TRIZ理论,结合设计需求权重,对设计要素实现过程中存在的矛盾冲突进行分析,并根据质量屋模型提出集成式儿童安全座椅创新设计方案。
