Designing a Need Based Social Protection Intervention Package for Children and Adolescents Living with HIV and AIDS in Ghana—An Eclectic Perspective on Desired Social Protection Intervention Package/Framework

Background: Designing a need-based social protection intervention for children comes as comprehensive tool for addressing the overall quality of life of HIV positive children. Not much has been examined on what constitute the desired social protection framework for HIV positive children. Methods: This study was informed by a qualitative descriptive exploratory design approach. The study drew insights from the shared perspectives of 27 participants sampled from positive HIV status disclosed children—10 - 17 years, healthcare workers, Social and Development worker, HIV positive caregivers and parents from 7 ART clinics in rural and urban Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions of Ghana. Data was collected through interviews and two focus group discussions with study participants. Drawing on the emerged themes from the transcripts, thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data using comparative thematic framework approach. Findings: The eclectic perspectives on the type of social protection policy/intervention preferred demonstrated the need for an interrelated and integrated social protection policy. This should not be designed in isolation towards addressing the child vulnerability. The study found that social protection policies aimed at addressing vulnerability levels of children should consider the dual vulnerability situation within which HIV positive children and adolescents are located. A set of unique specific tailored approach and package reflecting minimum combination social protection package to HIV positive children was considered essential for inclusion. The themes that emerged covered social policy/intervention package inclusive of a disease ending/eradication intervention package, cash transfer for children and their caregivers, free comprehensive health insurance integrating all consultancy and laboratory services charges, direct food supplements supply and nutritional support, research, target specified with evidenced-based monitoring. Counseling support and preferential treatment for children visiting ART for treatment were to be included. Conclusion: Combination social protection intervention packages remain the pathway to yielding maximum dividends on any social intervention that seeks to address the vulnerability levels of HIV positive children in Ghana. This should be designed taking into consideration the preference of the main target beneficiaries (HIV positive children) while accounting for the inclusion of the technical expertise of implementing stakeholders in the policy design from conceptualization to evaluation.

The Legal Protection of Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: An Appraisal

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the resultant disease—Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome are global epidemics in recent times. Although the effects of the epidemic have been curtailed somewhat in the developed world, it is not so in developing countries. As such it affects not only the infected but those directly dependent on them. Some of the affected people have been identified as children, who turn out to be unprepared for and defenceless against the imminent hardship prevalent as a consequence of the disease. The effects of the epidemic are felt more in the developing world than in developed countries and this is because the attitude of the developed world to the epidemic is positive, enhanced by awareness of the disease;whereas in the developing countries, a lot of myths are attached to it, affecting the requisite attitude needed to combat the epidemic and its effects. This paper seeks to examine the effects of this epidemic on children in Nigeria, comparing the effects on children in other African countries. The paper also looks at structures in place to cater for these children, and then seeks to proffer improved means of protecting their rights.

United States Law on the Protection of Abused and Neglected Children

I. Introduction This paper discusses child protection in the United States. I will discuss four general topics. The first topic is United States laws on the protection of children from child abuse and neglect. The second topic is providing care for children who must be removed from their homes. The third is the role of courts in child protection in the United States.

Setting up Foundling Islands and the Protection of Children Rights

Foundling islands are also called baby safety islands. Overseas they are also called foundling protection cabins and are a place to care for abandoned babies. In June 2011, the Shijiazhuang Social Welfare Institute in Hebei Province set up a foundling island. By the end of 2013, many cities had set up such islands, which is a new measure for ensuring children rights.

Children's Rights Protection Enters New Stage in China

The State Council of China is- sued the National Program on the Development of Children （2011-2020） on July 30,2011,outlining new targets and new measures by the government in promoting under- takings concerning children. The new program marks the start of a new era of children＇s rights protection in China.

Education is the key to protecting children against smoking: What parents think and do

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ communication with their children about the topic of smoking. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Twenty-nine parents who lived in rural communities and who had children in kindergarten to Grade 6 were interviewed. The data were analyzed for themes. A large majority of parents communicated with their children about smoking through verbal interaction, using any one of three approaches: discussing smoking with their children, telling their children about smoking, or acknowledging their children’s understanding of smoking. Those parents also had shown disapproval of smoking, which took different forms and varied from explicit messages in their verbal communication to implicit messages in their behaviours. Three parents had not verbally communicated at all with their children about smoking. Overall, the parents’ communication patterns with their children varied in terms of quality and coherence with recommendations in the literature.

The effect of protective genital care protocol on preventing diaper dermatit development in 0 - 18 month old children using antibiotics

Diaper dermatit is among the widely seen inflamatory skin diseases in neonatals and small 0 - 18 month old children. Control of causative agents as well as providing good genital care may prevent or reduce the risk of the disease. The aim of this study is find out the effect of protective genital care on reducing the diaper dermatit development in 0 - 18 months old inpatient 0 - 18 month old children who are using antibiotic. The study was conducted as prospective half-experimetal using control-experimental groups. Our samples comprise of 0 - 18 month old children admitted at Dokuz Eylul University Practical and Research Hospital, pediatric clinic between January and May 2009, 41 0 - 18 month old children as a control group were not under protective genital care, and 42 0 - 18 month old children as an experimental group were under the protecion and using vaseline. The mothers of the experimental group 0 - 18 month old children were given education. All 0 - 18 month old children were followed-up 3 - 7 days and the collected data were evaluated in computer using Pearson’s chisquare, Fisher’s exact chi-square and Yatest-corrected chi-square tests. The diaper dermatit develop- ment ratio was 34.1% in the control group and 7.1% in the experimental group

Broad-based Network for Protecting the Rights and Interests of Women and Children——A story about the Women's Federation of Qinhuangdao City

The room is in utter chaos, with chairs piling up in a comer and the cable TV not connected to the power source. But one thing is put in place： a slogan on the wall ＂Creating an outstanding WFQ team for the benefit of all women and children.＂

儿童智能监护产品设计研究

目的近年来,随着社会的不断发展和生活质量的提高,大众对儿童身心健康的需求和重视程度也在不断增强。针对目前的育儿压力,越来越多的家长开始需要一种能够看护孩子健康成长的产品,在对用户需求进行充分梳理和研究的基础上,为该类产品的创新设计提供可借鉴思路。方法通过线上与线下发放问卷的形式进行市场调研,采集用户需求反馈,与专家和行业内的设计师一起研讨,筛选出12条初始用户需求点,运用KANO模型制定和发放调研问卷,梳理家长对产品各种功能的评价与需求,得到使用需求的优先排序,归纳不同满意度的需求指标。结果根据KANO模型中得出的必备型需求、期望型需求和魅力型需求中包含的9项产品功能,对儿童智能监护产品进行创新设计,并通过产品测评验证该设计与开发方法的有效性。结论通过KANO模型分析确立的需求重要度可以给相关设计要素的优先级排序提供有效的参考,更好地满足家长使用儿童智能监护产品的需求,实现轻松育儿的愿望,进一步提高儿童健康成长的水平。

论跨境代孕中公共秩序保留制度的适用

一国对跨境代孕的法律态度体现的是本国或者本民族所维护的公共利益和价值追求,因此跨境代孕问题的处理实际是公共秩序在法律多元化环境下的正确适用。而公共秩序保留制度因在跨境代孕中存在适用范围模糊、适用标准不一等问题,在司法实践中常有被“滥用”的情况,严重损害了代孕儿童权益。为回应国际社会对公共秩序保留限制性适用的强烈要求,各国应将保护儿童权益作为处理代孕儿童相关事务的出发点,通过明确公共秩序的效力适用范围、统一其适用标准及深化对其谨慎适用的司法实践,以达至儿童权益与公共秩序间的利益平衡。

婴童运动护具中异噻唑啉酮汗液迁移限值模型的构建

婴童的生理特征和行为模式与成人存在一定差异,导致其在使用相同类型产品时,对有害化学物质的暴露频率及暴露量远高于成人。因此,各国法规标准对婴童用品设置了有害化学物质的安全限值,用以保护最脆弱且敏感的婴童群体。异噻唑啉酮是一种能引起过敏性皮炎的强致敏性化合物,国内尚未设置其化学安全限值,国外也仅限于对其总含量的限制。为此,文中通过考察婴童的化学安全评估方法,总结现有化学安全限值模型,明确了构建限值模型的关键步骤。首先确定剂量反应数据;接着根据产品使用特征确定限值的量纲;然后基于量纲分析法,引入产品特征和人体行为模式参数,建立剂量反应数据与限值之间的联系。在此基础上,通过引入致敏阈值、总致敏评估因子、出汗率、运动时长构建了婴童运动护具中异噻唑啉酮汗液迁移限值模型。最后,结合婴童及产品特征选择合适的参数值,并应用该模型计算出3种异噻唑啉酮(MI、CMI和BIT)的迁移限值,分别为0.150、0.014和0.150 mg/L。该值拟在2023年底公布的国家标准《婴童用品日常运动防护器具通用技术要求》中被应用,用以保障婴童皮肤免受异噻唑啉酮的危害。

死后人工生殖所育子女利益的法律保护——以国内首例父亲工亡后试管婴儿索赔抚养费案为视角

司法者在处理“父亲工亡后试管婴儿索赔抚养费”这一典型案件时,创新性地将体外胚胎认定为“准胎儿”,确认了死后人工生殖所育子女与死亡配偶之间的亲子关系,对其损害予以充分地救济,体现了司法者对“潜在的人”的最大保护。在法律缺失的背景下作出此判决,为我国死后人工生殖以及体外胚胎的立法提供了裁判指引。为了消除司法者在法律适用过程中以结果为导向,突破现有规则的潜在质疑,必须以合理、正当的法理为基础,对该裁判所涉胎儿利益延伸保护与亲子关系认定两大法律问题进行深入论证。

儿童的主体地位差异分析——以《儿童权利公约》原则在《未成年人保护法》中的适用为视角

《儿童权利公约》作为国际人权条约体系的重要组成部分,明确了儿童这一独特群体的权利主体地位,我国自加入《公约》之后,将《公约》“国内法化”为以《未成年人保护法》为主的一系列未成年人保护法律。然而我国在《未成年人保护法》中体现的儿童主体地位与《公约》之间却存在着一定的差距,儿童更多地成为被保护的对象,而非权利主体。通过对《公约》原则的适用分析差异存在的原因,才能更好地改善并缩小和《公约》的差距,保护儿童的权利主体地位。

网络风险背景下儿童个人信息保护研究

自我保护意识不足、大数据的挖掘特性等因素让儿童在互联网中面临个人信息泄露、潜在算法歧视、身心受挫等风险。究其根本原因在于,中国现行儿童个人信息保护机制仍存在法律法规尚不完善、监护人同意制度流于形式、网络平台鲜少采取主动保护措施等问题,亟须政府完善制度设计与落实、网络平台建立全链条儿童保护机制、家庭加强网络教育,多方共同建立完备的法律保护体系。

安全交互智能儿童户外防护服设计

采用问卷调查和统计学方法,分析学龄前儿童群体的户外安全功能需求,确定儿童户外防护服设计要素。阐述交互式儿童户外防护服的创新设计模式与设计思路,以学龄前儿童为例,进行基于安全交互智能模块的儿童户外防护服设计实践,设计出一款具备落水自动充气浮力自救模块、GPS定位救援模块,并与户外功能性面料结合的儿童户外防护服。所设计开发的儿童户外防护服将安全交互智能的创新方法运用到儿童户外服装产品设计中,实用易用,功能符合儿童在户外环境的使用需求,为儿童功能性服装的研发提供参考。

留守儿童适当生活水准权实现的法治路径——以习近平民生思想为指引

习近平民生思想的核心就是“以人民为中心”。站在新的发展阶段,民生领域中的问题,既有新的挑战,也有老生常谈的问题,如留守儿童的权益保障等。儿童享有的适当生活水准权应包括衣着权、食物权、健康权、住房权、受教育权等方面。我国通过法律法规及相关政策的贯彻落实,在留守儿童的权益保障工作方面取得了一定的成果,但也存在不少问题,如立法层级低、政出多门等。在未来,应建立健全留守儿童适当生活水准权的法律保障体系,将适当生活水准权的具体内容法定化,明确留守儿童适当生活水准权实现的国家义务,建立专门的儿童权益保障行政管理机构,设立留守儿童权益保障工作的专项财政资金,并建立留守儿童社会工作的职业化人才队伍。

儿童环保颜料聚乳酸纤维原液着色综合性能研究

为开发更为环保的儿童专用颜料,尝试以聚乳酸纤维为基础制备一种儿童专用的环保颜料,聚乳酸纤维具有较强的生态环保性,将其应用于儿童颜料中可以有效降低颜料本身给儿童带来的健康威胁。对儿童环保颜料聚乳酸纤维原液的制备思路进行分析,以实验方式对这种原液的着色综合性能进行研究。结果表明,该原液母粒着色性能、着色效果、着色稳定性等均较为理想,与一般市售颜料原液相比可以提供更好的综合着色性能。

黄河流域“拴娃娃”风俗的文化溯源与当代传承

“拴娃娃”风俗作为黄河文化的重要组成部分,既根植于中国古代的土地崇拜观念、始祖崇拜和孝亲重生观念,又有民族文化、中外文化交流融汇的历史背景。当前黄河流域“拴娃娃”风俗传承与保护的突出问题是泥娃娃制作工艺传承与保护不到位。要想使泥娃娃制作工艺发扬光大,创作出既有古风韵味又符合现代艺术审美情趣的工艺品,地方政府、文化管理部门和民间就要共同发力。地方政府和文化艺术管理部门可以借助行政渠道或政策杠杆推动“拴娃娃”文化传承与保护工作,民间可以集中人力和智慧发掘和复原传统泥娃娃制作技艺,并在继承优秀传统技艺的基础上进行创新设计与现代改造。