Sustainable Management of Biodegradable Waste in Guinea: Effect of Compost on Eggplant and Chilli Crop Yields Pepper

The fight against insalubrity in large urban and peri-urban agglomerations is a major challenge in developing countries. This problem is compounded by that of sustainable waste management mechanisms. Indeed, the current waste collection system in Guinea has proved inadequate, as moving garbage from point “A” to point “B” is tantamount to “moving the problem”. The aim of this experimental work is to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and benefits of sustainable waste management. As part of this drive to valorize biodegradable waste, the Waste Management Research Center has undertaken a series of activities ranging from composting organic waste to testing compost on certain crop varieties. An experimental field of 8024 m2 was laid out and treated with 1500 Kg of fine compost in doses ranging from 2.5 to 5 T/ha. Two crop varieties, eggplant and chili, were tested. Compost application increased production yields: 15 to 21 tonnes of eggplant and 10.4 to 11.1 tonnes of chili per hectare. Growth rates compared with usual yields varied from 50% to 64% and from 11% to 17% for eggplant and chili, respectively. This study resulted in an optimum compost dose of 2.5 T/ha for this phase.

Identification of Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Detection of Their Aflatoxin in Red Chilli (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) Samples Using Direct Cultural Method and HPLC

Aflatoxins are the potential lethal toxin produced by Aspergillus sp. important health hazard throughout the world. In this study, 26 Aspergillus sp. have been isolated from 50 samples of red chilli collected throughout the country. These 26 isolates were grown primarily on agar media to identify the aflatoxin producing species. It is possible to distinguish A. flavus strains from other Aspergillus sp. developing orange colour on the reverse of the plates. The Coconut Cream Agar (CCA) is used to detect aflatoxin producer strains having blue fluorescence when exposed to a UV-light. Several other media were used for morphological characteristics of Aspergillus sp. Out of 26 isolates, four isolates were confirmed as Aspergillus sp. These isolates were subjected to cross contamination with freshly ground, sterile maize and after 15 days of incubation the contaminated maize were analyzed by HPLC and found aflatoxin in each of the sample containing 186 ppb (max.). This study was conducted to assay the ability to produce aflatoxins by the Aspergillus spp. isolated from red chilli (Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae) available throughout the country. The results found in the experiment are much more behind the acceptable limit according to some international standard. As red chilli is a widely used spice in Bangladesh, the proper controlling measures may be taken for controlling the surveillance of aflatoxinic fungi like as use of bio-pesticides, proper drying method and storage conditions.

Screening and Assessment of Selected Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes for Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage

This study was undertaken to investigate oxidative stress tolerant mechanisms in chilli(Capsicum annuum L.)under drought genotypes through evaluating morphological,physiological,biochemical and stomatal parameters.Twenty genotypes were evaluated for their genetic potential to drought stress tolerant at seedling stage.Thirty days old seedlings were exposed to drought stress induced by stop watering for the following 10 days and rewatering for the following one week as recovery.Based on their survival performance,two tolerant genotypes viz.BD-10906 and BD-109012 and two susceptible genotypes viz.BD-10902 and RT-20 were selected for studying the oxidative stress tolerance mechanism.Drought reduced root and shoot length,dry weight,ratio,petiole weight and leaf area in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes,and a higher reduction was observed in susceptible genotypes.Lower reduction of leaf area and photosynthetic pigments were also found in tolerant genotypes.Moreover,tolerant genotypes showed higher recovery than susceptible genotypes after the removal of stress.A higher reduction of relative water content(RWC)may cause an imbalance between absorbed and transpirated water in susceptible genotypes.Higher accumulation of proline in tolerant genotypes might be helpful to for better osmotic maintenance than that in susceptible genotypes.Tolerant genotypes showed higher antioxidant activity as they showed DPPH radical scavenging percentage than the susceptible genotypes.Moreover,closer stomata in tolerant genotypes than susceptible ones helped to avoid dehydration in tolerant genotypes.Thus,the above morphological,physiological,biochemical and stomatal parameters helped to show better tolerance in chilli under drought stress.

Molecular Characterization of CMS Lines and Standardization of Hybrid Seed Production Technique in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

The study has been initiated with an aim to utilize cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) associated gene fragment marker to understand the marker flow in segregating population and nature of dominance of the marker. And further it was aimed to understand the best pollination time for the maximum fruit set and to economise the chilli hybrid seed production based on CMS lines. Hence, two CMS based high yielding hybrids, which were found to be much more potential than that of the non CMS based hybrids, have been identified. The CMS gene was dissected from one of the high yielding hybrid. The marker was successfully amplified in A line, F1 and F2 population with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of 600 bp. The seedlings were transplanted at the ratio of 2:1, 2:2 and 3:2 sterile:fertile for natural pollination and 2:1 sterile:fertile for artificial pollination. The percent of fruit set was calculated without emasculation (CMS line) and pollination, and with emasculation and pollination, respectively. The maximum fruit set of 95.24% per plant was recorded when artificial crossing attempted between 10:00 am and 11:00 am using male sterile lines. While, 40% fruit set was observed in emasculation and pollination system. The maximum numbers of fruit set (351 and 75) were registered in JNA1 and ACA1 male sterile lines, respectively, thorough artificial pollination. However, the maximum numbers of fruit set (20.24 and 14.74) were recorded in JNA1 and ACA1, respectively, by natural pollination. Pollinating more number of flowers and fruit set success was recorded using male sterile lines than that of the bisexual plant in chilli.

Chilli Pepper (<i>Capsicum</i>Spp.) Diversity, Production and Fungal Contamination Management in Benin

The present study was carried out in the form of a survey with the aim of listing and describing the technical itineraries of production, storage and conservation used in six departments of high production of chilli pepper in Benin. The survey was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire in the six departments of Benin: Ouémé, Plateau, Atlantic, Littoral, Zou and Collines. The survey collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of producers, the varieties of chilli pepper grown, and the current technical itineraries used for the production, storage and conservation of chilli pepper. On the other hand, it also gave an idea of the constraints that prevent the production of chilli pepper of good sanitary quality. The results of this survey show that three varieties of chilli peppers are the most produced and consumed in Benin. These are the Gbotakin variety (Capsicum chinense), the Afundja variety (Capsicum annuum) and the Danhomètakin variety (Capsicum frutescens). The technical itineraries related to the cultivation of these chilli peppers varieties are the same in the six study departments. Unfortunately, their contamination sometimes starts at the nursery stage, passing through the field where other contaminants are added and develop until harvest. After harvest, contamination can continue in storage and finally reach the consumer if proper measures are not taken. The inappropriate or inadequate use of phytosanitary products in the chilli pepper industry is also a source of illness for consumers of this vegetable fruit. Training of producers on the best technical itineraries for the production and storage of chilli peppers is essential to revitalize and develop this sector by improving the sanitary quality of the chilli peppers produced in Benin.

云南烟草产区辣椒脉斑驳病毒的调查及其遗传多样性分析

明确辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)在云南6个州(市)烟草生产区的分布、遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,对病害的防控预警具有重要意义。本研究以2022年采集自云南6个州(市)不同烟草产区的96份疑似感染ChiVMV的烟草样品为试验材料,利用电子显微镜负染色观察和分子生物学方法对病毒进行检测和鉴定,获得21个ChiVMV云南烟草分离物的cp基因序列。利用SDT、MEGA、RDP、DnaSP及Arlequin等生物学软件对21个云南烟草分离物及NCBI上下载的38个来自不同国家、地区及寄主的ChiVMV分离物cp基因序列的系统进化、遗传多样性和群体遗传结构特征进行分析。结果显示,从云南6个州(市)烟草生产区采集的96份烟草样品中,ChiVMV检出率为51.04%;序列比对发现,本研究获得的cp基因与NCBI中38个ChiVMV分离物cp基因的核苷酸一致性在84.1%以上;系统发育分析发现,59个ChiVMV分离物按照地理位置的远近被划分为4个分支,聚类结果具有明显的地理分布特征,而与寄主植物无关;遗传多样性和遗传分化分析表明,4个地理种群的ChiVMV cp基因遗传多样性水平均较高,中国种群与印度、泰国和其他国家种群间发生了很大的遗传分化且差异显著(P<0.05);遗传力分析显示,基因交流、遗传漂变和基因的负选择压力是ChiVMV分离物适应性进化的重要方式。

干辣椒复水模型构建及复水后特性和发酵品质研究

为探究干辣椒复水后的加工适应性,选取西南地区常见的5个辣椒品种进行复水试验,采用主成分分析筛选综合得分最高的品种并以其为原料制备辣椒酱。结果表明,Peleg模型适用于料液比1:50(g:mL),恒温45℃干辣椒复水过程,复水90 min时5种辣椒质构特性较好,微观结构最接近新鲜辣椒,其中二荆条为最适宜复水再加工辣椒品种。以鲜二荆条发酵辣椒酱(A)为对照,对比研究复水二荆条发酵辣椒酱(B)和复水二荆条加蔗糖发酵辣椒酱(C),辣椒酱A的总酸、还原糖和氨基酸含量显著高于辣椒酱B和C(P<0.05),但辣椒酱C的必需氨基酸含量占比(38.43%)最接近理想蛋白模式;辣椒酱B的辣度最高,添加蔗糖后辣椒酱C的辣度显著改善;辣椒酱C和A的感官评分最为接近。试验表明复水二荆条添加蔗糖发酵可提升复水辣椒酱的营养价值,感官品质也更接近鲜二荆条发酵辣椒酱。该研究结果可为复水辣椒的高值化应用提供理论参考。

不同抗性辣椒品种响应ChiVMV侵染过程中的生理生化变化

辣椒脉斑驳病毒(ChiVMV)是辣椒生产中危害较为严重的RNA病毒。为了明确不同抗性辣椒品种在响应ChiVMV侵染过程中的生理生化变化,以感病品种桂椒12号和抗病品种Perennial为材料,在人工摩擦接种ChiVMV后的第2、4、8、15、20天采样测定叶片中防御酶活性、叶绿素(Chl)、丙二醛(MDA)及渗透调节物质含量的变化,并调查接种后第30天的病情指数(DI)。结果表明:ChiVMV接种后第30天,桂椒12号DI值为79.34,达高感水平,而Perennial DI值为9.88,达高抗水平。接种ChiVMV后第2~20天,两个品种的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及MDA、脯氨酸(Pro)含量与对照(未接种ChiVMV)相比不同程度上升,而叶绿素含量下降,且抗病品种中Chl、Pro含量及POD活性均明显高于同期感病品种,MDA含量则明显低于感病品种。进一步分析发现Chl、Pro含量和POD活性与品种抗性呈正相关,MDA含量与品种抗性呈负相关,因此认为Chl、Pro、MDA含量和POD活性可以作为辣椒ChiVMV抗性评价的4个首选指标。

辣椒脉斑驳病毒外壳蛋白多克隆抗体的制备和应用

【目的】辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)是茄科植物生产上危害最严重的病毒之一,也是口岸检疫的对象。本研究旨在制备特异性强的ChiVMV外壳蛋白的多克隆抗体并用于田间病株的检测。【方法】通过RT-PCR方法扩增ChiVMV贵州烟草分离物外壳蛋白基因的全长(861 bp)和部分片段(396 bp),分别重组至原核表达载体pET28a中,转化Escherichia coli BL21后进行诱导表达,表达产物层析分离和透析纯化后免疫大耳兔制备多克隆抗体,最后使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、Western blot等方法检测抗体效价和特异性。【结果】成功制备了ChiVMV外壳蛋白的两种多克隆抗体antiCP^(1-287aa)、antiCP^(1-132aa),抗体效价分别为1∶6400、1∶12800;两种抗体antiCP^(1-287aa)、antiCP^(1-132aa)均能通过Western blot方法检测到抗原;田间病株的间接ELISA检测显示,antiCP^(1-132aa)能特异性检测ChiVMV病株,未能检测到马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)病株,而antiCP^(1-287aa)无法区分这两种病株。【结论】多克隆抗体antiCP^(1-132aa)的特异性较强,可用于ChiVMV田间病株的检测,也为ChiVMV外壳蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。

玫瑰辣酱工艺研究及货架期预测

为优化玫瑰辣酱的制作工艺及建立货架期预测模型,以玫瑰花和豆瓣酱为主要原料,通过单因素和响应面试验,以感官评分为评价指标,优化玫瑰辣酱制作工艺;分析玫瑰辣酱在不同贮藏温度(37、47、57℃)下酸价和过氧化值随时间的变化规律,并利用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程预测货架期。结果表明,玫瑰辣酱最佳工艺配方为以100 g豆瓣酱计,玫瑰花瓣添加量70 g、香油添加量64.72 g、玫瑰花酿添加量4.91 g、花椒添加量1.93 g。玫瑰辣酱随贮藏时间延长和贮藏温度升高,酸价和过氧化值均增加,且贮藏温度越高变化速率越快;按照酸价变化得到的玫瑰辣酱货架期预测方程为A=A_(0)e^(7.702×10^(7)e^(-56996/RTt)),预测货架期为254 d;按照过氧化值变化得到的玫瑰辣酱货架期预测方程为A=A_(0)e^(3.108×10^(8)e^(-60585/RTt)),预测货架期为249 d。综上所述玫瑰辣酱在常温下(25℃)货架期为249 d,为玫瑰辣酱的货架期预测提供理论依据。

化肥减量配施不同有机肥对辣椒品质和产量的影响

研究化肥减量配施生物有机肥、醇优佳等不同类型有机肥对辣椒产量和品质的影响,为化肥减量措施对辣椒产量和品质提供理论依据。以辣椒品种陇椒11号为试验材料,设置常规施肥(N 439.50 kg/hm^(2)、P2O5298.50 kg/hm^(2)、K2O 454.50 kg/hm^(2))以及化肥减量增施不同用量有机肥及生物有机肥等7个处理,测定辣椒品质和产量相关指标,并通过主成分分析对不同施肥处理辣椒品质和产量的表现进行综合评价。结果表明,不同施肥处理中,常规化肥减量30%+生物有机肥+米醋可溶性糖、维生素C含量最高,分别较常规施肥处理增加15.81%、46.86%,产量提高1.19%。化肥减量30%+醇优佳+米醋处理中可溶性蛋白和辣椒素含量最高,较常规施肥增加23.43%和6.67%。化肥减量30%+生物有机肥+阿司匹林+红糖处理产量最高,但其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白均低于常规施肥。主成分分析表明,化肥减量30%+醇优佳+米醋处理综合得分最高。因此,使用化肥减量30%+醇优佳150 kg/hm^(2)+米醋4.3 L/hm^(2)兑水3225 kg可有效提高辣椒的产量和品质。

不同温度和气体微环境对遵义干辣椒贮藏品质的影响

以遵义干辣椒为原料,考察不同贮藏温度(10、25、40℃)和气体微环境(空气、脱氧剂、N_(2)和CO_(2))下干辣椒品质的动态变化。结果表明,在90 d贮藏期内,干辣椒含水率在6.25%~9.82%,色差值呈上升趋势,剪切力、辣椒红色素、V_(C)、可溶性糖、辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量呈下降趋势。与25、40℃相比,10℃贮藏条件下干辣椒感官和有效成分含量指标更接近于0 d;与空气组和脱氧组相比,CO_(2)充气条件下品质最优,其次为N_(2)。综上,10℃低温结合CO_(2)或N_(2)充气可作为干辣椒推荐贮藏技术。

辣椒粉中4种黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A基体标准物质研制

研制辣椒粉中4种黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A基体标准物质。根据欧盟对辣椒粉中4种黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A的最大残留限量标准,选取自然污染辣椒样品,经混匀后分装,密封保存。开展了标准物质候选物的瓶间、瓶内均匀性评估,长期和短期稳定性检验,高效液相色谱法(荧光检测器)和高效液相色谱-稳定同位素稀释质谱法两种不同原理方法定值及标准物质的不确定度评估。研制的标准物质均匀性良好,可在4℃冷藏条件下保存9个月,常温下保存不少于9 d。该标准物质定值结果(k=2)分别为:黄曲霉毒素B1(6.14±0.58)μg/kg、黄曲霉毒素B2(0.91±0.10)μg/kg、黄曲霉毒素G1(0.87±0.10)μg/kg、黄曲霉毒素G2(0.92±0.08)μg/kg和赭曲霉毒素A(22.3±1.9)μg/kg。该标准物质可用于相关检测实验分析方法的确认和过程质量控制。

干辣椒中二氧化硫残留量的快速检测

针对GB 5009.34—2022《食品安全国家标准食品中二氧化硫的测定》在检测干辣椒中二氧化硫时,存在耗时长问题,本研究重点优化了前处理方式,并建立了非通氮的全自动蒸馏离子色谱法,用于快速分析测定干辣椒中二氧化硫含量,从而大大缩短了检测时间。样品酸化产生的二氧化硫气体经微量蒸馏仪快速蒸出,被氢氧化钠溶液吸收生成稳定的亚硫酸盐,经滤膜过滤后进离子色谱仪测定。结果表明,亚硫酸根在1.0~100mg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,方法检出限为1.0mg/kg。加标平均回收率为87.8%~106.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.57%~1.82%。该方法适合大批量干辣椒样品中二氧化硫的快速、准确检测。

香气活性值结合气相色谱-嗅闻技术分析辣椒油的关键挥发性风味化合物

辣椒油风味独特,用途广泛。为了鉴定辣椒油的关键风味物质,该研究采用150、190、230℃3种油温自制的辣椒油为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱-质谱法(headspace solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography×gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC×GC-MS)检测3种辣椒油的挥发性风味物质,同时通过气相色谱-嗅闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)技术筛选其香气活性物质,最后采用香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)分析各呈香组分的贡献性,从而鉴定出辣椒油的关键香气成分。结果表明,采用HS-SPME-GC×GC-MS在3种辣椒油中各检测到82、64、98种挥发性成分,总含量分别为72.00、87.27、120.52 mg/kg。各样品中醛类物质含量最高且始终保持在46 mg/kg左右,其他物质随着温度的升高呈现出显著变化。OAV法结合GC-O法共筛选出38种关键香气成分,其中10种关键香气成分为2种鉴定方法共有,在非共有成分中,有4种成分的OAV>10,另有4种成分的检测频率值达到最大值(8),这18种成分对辣椒油呈香品质具有重要作用。该研究科学筛选出3种辣椒油的关键香气成分,结果可为提升辣椒油风味品质提供理论基础。

辣椒干、辣椒粉中铝污染分析

目的:了解辣椒干、辣椒粉中铝的污染情况,并为今后开展食品安全监督管理工作提供参考依据,为辣椒干、辣椒粉中的铝污染限量提供参考数据,预防辣椒干、辣椒粉中的铝污染。方法:对农贸市场、超市等流通环节销售的辣椒干、辣椒粉进行抽样检测,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对辣椒干、辣椒粉中铝元素进行分析。结果:63批次样品中铝元素的检出率为100%,含量最低值为7.3 mg·kg^(-1),最高值为319.6 mg·kg^(-1)。含量超过100 mg·kg^(-1)的样品有18批次,占比28.6%。结论:市场上销售的辣椒干、辣椒粉中铝污染严重,可能由加工过程带入或是非法添加带入,建议建立辣椒干、辣椒粉中铝元素的污染限量标准,同时相关部门应加大监管力度,完善相关法规。

1971—2021年新兴县低温霜冻日的气候特征

基于新兴县国家气象站1971—2021逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、多项式拟合、小波分析等方法,研究了新兴县低温霜冻日气候特征。结果表明:1971—2021年新兴县年平均低温、霜冻日数分别为10.5、和4.8 d,并分别以每年0.2、0.1 d的速率显著减少。低温、霜冻日数分别在20世纪70年代和80年代日较多,21世纪10年代日较少。低温、霜冻日数在1和12月最多,3月最少。在时间周期尺度上,存在多重嵌套结构现象。

聊斋诗凄冷气氛研究——基于“气氛美学”的诠释

蒲松龄的聊斋诗笼罩着一层凄冷气氛。凄冷气氛的形成,始于诗人对现实物理空间中与自己伤感情调相合的凄冷气氛之物及其表现形式的选取,后通过通感手法将其呈现在文学审美空间中,最终形成整体的浑融的凄冷气氛。在凄冷气氛影响下,聊斋诗的空间性得到强化,产生更强的置身感与在场性,甚至超越个体性体验,生成更宽广的普遍性生存反思,实现凄冷气氛的立体性延展,衍生出内涵意义上“羚羊挂角,无迹可求”的审美效果,由此使聊斋诗的审美情蕴实现跃升。

5个不同产区地理标志辣椒营养成分分析

目的探究5个不同产区(高台、宝鸡、安集海、丘北和甘谷)地理标志辣椒果实的品质特点及营养成分。方法采用食品安全国家相关标准规定的方法测定感官指标和营养品质指标。结果不同地理标志辣椒的果实长度、果肩宽及果肉厚度等感官特性存在一定差异,其中甘谷辣椒果实最长,丘北辣椒果肩宽和果肉厚度最大。分析营养成分时发现甘谷辣椒中粗纤维、维生素C、反式辣椒红素和不挥发性乙醚提取物含量最高,分别为25.64%、45.76 mg/100 g、17.02 g/kg和7.93%;宝鸡辣椒中可溶性糖、脂肪及可溶性固形物含量最高,分别为0.38%、8.50 g/100 g、63.00%;高台辣椒中总辣椒碱和硒含量最高,分别为0.18%和1.81 mg/kg;安集海辣椒钙含量最高,达到了1.42 g/kg,丘北辣椒铁和胡萝卜素含量最高,分别为76.40 mg/kg和35.67 mg/100 g。主成分分析发现,提取的前3个主成分累计贡献率为80.8889%,对果实营养品质影响最大。第一主成分特征向量中载荷较高的营养物质有脂肪、反式辣椒红素、不挥发性乙醚提取物,第二主成分特征的硒、钙、维生素C的载荷较大,第三主成分特征的总辣椒碱和胡萝卜素含量的载荷较大,说明优良的干制辣椒应该具有高脂肪、高色价、辣味浓及高维生素C的营养品质特点。结论5个地理标志辣椒营养品质各有特点,均为健康安全的辣椒产品。

太阳能热泵一体式辣椒烘干系统设计

为贯彻“碳达峰,碳中和”发展目标,结合区域能源特色,提出太阳能热泵一体式新构型的辣椒烘干系统,解决传统单一热源烘干过程中燃烧不充分和环境污染问题。引入单片机的自动控制系统,联合热泵、太阳能互补的干燥技术,合理规划烘干温度及分段分天气烘干模式,利用自堆积式打孔螺旋传送装置,在能源高效利用的同时,实现辣椒的自动智能烘干。设计的构型在保证烘干效率要求的前提下,实现了能源的综合利用,符合创新、协调、绿色理念。