Melatonin treatment alleviates chilling injury in mango fruit 'Keitt' by modulating proline metabolism under chilling stress

Mangoes often suffer from low temperature-induced chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage.Therefore,advanced techniques are crucial and in high demand to solve the chilling stress of mango fruit for a higher value.This study addresses chilling stress modulation by investigating the effects of melatonin treatment on CI,proline metabolism,and related gene expressions of ‘Keitt’ mango during cold storage after dipped in 0 (control),0.1 (MT1),and 0.2 mmol L^(-1)(MT2) melatonin solution for 30 min.The results revealed that melatonin treatment in MT1 significantly reduced CI development and increased proline content in mango fruit during cold storage compared to the control.These changes were along with increases in the activity of critical enzymes as well as the expression of encoding genes involved in proline biosynthesis,such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS),pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR),ornithine D-aminotransferase (OAT),P5CS2,P5CR2,and OAT3.Additionally,proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and the expression of the PDH3 gene associated with proline dehydrogenation were lower in MT1-treated mangoes than the controlled group.Thus,melatonin treatment has regulated proline metabolism resulting in the accumulation of proline,subsequently contributing to enhancing the chilling tolerance of‘Keitt’mango fruit.

Salicylic acid alleviates postharvest chilling injury of sponge gourd(Luffa cylindrica)

Effect of salicylic acid（SA）on chilling injury（CI）of sponge gourd during storage（9 days,9°C）plus shelf life（2 days,20°C）was evaluated in this study.SA treatment at the concentration of 1.5 mmol L^-1 significantly reduced postharvest CI of sponge gourds.Besides,the application of SA could effectively decrease the electrolyte leakage,reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA）and total phenolics,enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD）,catalase（CAT）and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）,and inhibit the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL）and polyphenol oxidase（PPO）.The beneficial effects of SA could be attributed to preserved membrane integrity,inhibited membrane peroxidation,enhanced antioxidant system and suppressed activities of browning related enzymes.In a sense,SA as a postharvest tool may be commercially used in alleviating CI of sponge gourd.

Effect of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Physiological Parameters of Cucumber and Tomato Fruits During Chilling Injury Temperature Storage

Harvested tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.)were immersed in 0, 0.01 g/L, 0.05 g/L, 0.1 g/L or 0 g/L, 0.001 g/L, 0.01 g/L, 0.05 g/L, 0.1 g/L salicylic acid solutions for 15 min, respectively. Some of physiological parameters of the fruits related to chilling injury were measured during cold storage (2℃±1℃ ). It showed that the cell membrane electrolyte leakage, MDA content and free proline content in tomato with 0.01 g/L and 0.1 g/L SA were lower than those of control to a various extent. The immersion in 0.001 g/L SA could significantly decrease the cell membrane electrolyte leakage and MDA content of cucumber stored at chilling injury temperature as well as decrease free proline content to some extent.

Study on Early Warning Service of Low-Temperature Chilling Injury Risk in Shenyang Facilities Agriculture

On the basis of summarizing the research on disaster risk at home and abroad, Shenyang, one of the cities with the most frequent meteorological disasters, was taken as an example. Cold chilling injury is one of the major agricultural meteorological disasters, which poses a serious threat to the sustainable development of agriculture and food security in Jilin and Shenyang. Based on meteorological observation data of recent 65 years in Shenyang and microclimate monitoring data of agricultural facilities in two years, this paper makes statistical analysis by mathematical statistics and calculates the highest outdoor temperature, the lowest indoor air temperature and the highest ceiling temperature according to the meteorological grade index of agricultural facilities’ low temperature chilling damage, low temperature and other meteorological elements of grade indicators, analysis of greenhouse production trend of greenhouse climate change, and to discuss the relationship between temperature inside and outside the greenhouse and the facility microclimate conditions in agricultural cold weather disastrous and early warning services. The results showed that in the 21st century, the number of days with low temperature of ≤-20°C increased significantly compared with those in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The risk of low temperature chilling injury in facility agriculture in Shenyang was dominated by mild and moderate low temperature risk. Shenyang low temperature cold damage warning services standards to reduce the impact of chilling injury on agricultural facilities and development.

Research Progress and Outlook of Low Temperature Chilling Injury in Northeast China

Focused on the major agro-meteorological disaster in northeast China area—low temperature chilling injury,the research progresses of low temperature chilling injury in northeast China were reviewed systematically.The basic concepts which included the connotation and extension of chilling damage,the circulation characteristics and effect factors which formed summer low temperature in northeast China,the prediction,forecast and defense of low temperature chilling injury were summarized and done the outlook.

Methyl Jasmonate Reduces Chilling Injury and Maintains Postharvest Quality in Peaches

Zhaohui peaches(Prunus persica Batsch)were treated with 0(CK), 1, 10 or 100 μmol L-1 methyl jasmonate(MeJA)vapor at 20℃ for 24 h before stored at 0℃ for 35 d. The untreated fruits showed chilling injury(CD symptoms after 4 wk of storage, as indicated by increased fruit firmness and reduced ex-tractable juice, which is referred as leatheriness. Treatment with 1 and 10 μmol L-1 MeJA promoted normal ripening and softening, maintained higher levels of extractable juice, titratable acidity, pectinesterase(PE)and polygalacturonase(PC)activities, inhibited increases in fruit fresh weight loss, decay incidence, electrolyte leakage and MDA content, and improved color development, thereby preventing chilling injury symptoms development and maintaining edible quality. MeJA treatment also delayed the climacteric rise in respiratory rate, but promoted ethylene production during the later period of cold storage, suggesting that ethylene may involve in CI development of peaches. These results indicate that 1 and 10 μmol L-1 MeJA treatments could be used to reduce CI development and decay incidence in peaches.

Reduction of Chilling Injury and Ultrastructural Damage in Cherry Tomato Fruits After Hot Water Treatment

The effects of hot water treatment in alleviating chilling injury and reducing ultrastructural damage of mature-green cherry tomatoes （Lycopersicun esculentum cv. cerasiform Alef） were investigated. Mature-green cherry tomato fruits were treated in water at 40℃ or 45℃ for 5 min or 15 min, and then stored at 5℃ for 19 days followed by ripening at 20℃. Water treatment at 40℃ for 15 min increased tolerance of cherry tomato fruits to chilling stress, indicating as low outbreak of skin lesion, high color a＊ value, and low electrolyte leakage. Treated fruits showed typical climacteric respiration and developed normal red color with chlorophyll degradation and lycopene accumulation during ripening, while fruits without treatment failed to develop red color and suffered skin lesion. After 19 days of chilling, heated fruits showed the conversion of chloroplast to chromoplast with the disappearance of thylakoids. Mitochondria and other cell organelles were not adversely affected in treated fruits. However, ultrastructures in pericarp cells in control fruits severely damaged with extensive disorganization of cytoplasm, swelled chloroplasts, distorted and unstacked thylakoids. Chloroplast was the first and most severely impacted organelle by chilling stress. Hot water treatment （40℃ for 15 min） before storage alleviated chilling injury in cherry tomato fruits. The results suggest that chilling injury is related with the damage of cell structure under chilling stress.

Melatonin treatment induces chilling tolerance by regulating the contents of polyamine,γ-aminobutyric acid,and proline in cucumber fruit

The mechanism of melatonin(MT)induced chilling tolerance in harvested cucumber fruit was investigated at commercial maturity.In this study,cucumber fruits were treated with 100μmol L^(-1) MT at 4℃ and 90% relative humidity for 15 d of storage.In comparison with the control,cucumber treatment with MT resulted in reduced chilling injury(CI),decreased electrolyte leakage and enhanced firmness.The fruits treated with MT showed higher chlorophyll contents in storage conditions with suppressed chlorophyllase enzyme activity.MT treatment increased arginine decarboxylase(ADC)and ornithine decarboxylase(ODC)enzyme activities.Moreover,enhanced expression of the Cucumis sativus ADC(CsADC)and C.sativus ODC(CsODC)genes resulted in the accumulation of polyamine contents.Similarly,proline levels exhibited higher levels among treated fruits.Meanwhile,the proline synthesizing enzymes △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate syntheses(P5CS)and ornithine aminotransferase(OAT)were significantly increased,while a catabolic enzyme of proline dehydrogenase(PDH)activity was inhibited by treatment.In addition,MT induced expression of C.sativus OAT(CsOAT)and C.sativus P5CS(CsP5CS)genes.Cucumber fruits treated with MT also exhibited higher γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)content by enhanced GABA transaminase(GABA-T)and glutamate decarboxylase(GAD)enzyme activities and a higher C.sativus GAD(CsGAD)gene expression.To sum up,the results show that MT treatment enhanced chilling tolerance,which was associated with the regulation of polyamines,as well as proline and γ-aminobutyric acid.

Chilling Injury, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Red Pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Fruits under Cold Storage Stress

Low-temperature storage is extensively used to optimize the postharvest life of various fresh fruits.However,red pitahaya(Hylocereus polyrhizus)fruits are sensitive to chilling injury(CI),which leads to the limitation of low-temperature storage.In this study,red pitahaya fruits were stored at 2,4,6,8,and 10℃,respectively,for 27 days to determine the appropriate storage temperature.During the storage of red pitahaya fruits,storage at 8℃ was more effective in suppressing decay and maintaining quality than other low temperatures.Lowtemperature(2,4,and 6℃)storage decreased weight loss(WL)and maintained higher content of titratable acidity(TA),soluble sugars(SS),and total phenolics(TP)but different degrees of CI were detected.No CI was observed at 8℃ and 10℃.Red pitahay as stored at 8 and 10℃ were associated with better color evaluation,lower electrolyte leakage(EL),respiration rate,and lipoxygenase(LOX)activity,and higher fruit firmness,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,and catalase(CAT)activity.However,higher storage temperature(10℃)resulted in higher metabolic activity leading to lower quality and antioxidant capacities compared with 8℃.Therefore,our results demonstrated that red pitahaya stored at 8℃ exhibited a protective effect on fruit quality and resisted CI development during storage.

Regulations of m^(6)A methylation on tomato fruit chilling injury

Tomato fruit are sensitive to chilling injury(CI)during cold storage.Several factors have been discovered to be involved in chilling injury of tomato fruit.Plant hormones play an important regulatory role,however,the relationship between chilling injury and N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)methylation of transcripts in plant hormone pathways has not been reported yet.In order to clarify the complex regulatory mechanism of m^(6)A methylation on chilling injury in tomato fruit,Nanopore direct RNA sequencing was employed.A large number of enzymes and transcription factors were found to be involved in the regulation process of fruit chilling injury,which were associated with plant hormone,such as 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate synthase(ACS),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),auxin response factor(ARF2),ethylene response factor 2(ERF2),gibberellin 20-oxidase-3(GA20ox)and jasmonic acid(JA).By conjoint analysis of the differential expression transcripts related to chilling injury andm^(6)Amethylation differential expression transcripts 41 differential expression transcripts were identified involved in chilling injury including 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase(ACO)and pectinesterase(PE)were down-regulated and heat shock cognate 70 kD protein 2(cpHSC70),HSP70-binding protein(HspBP)and salicylic acid-binding protein 2(SABP2)were up-regulated.Our results will provide a deeper understanding for chilling injury regulatory mechanism and post-harvest cold storage of tomato fruit.

The location of 5′-nucleotidase in seedling cells in Yunnan rice varieties and the change of enzyme activity after chilling injury

The seedlings of three rice varieties (Damagu,Ligeng 2, and Xiuzinuo) were cultivated at 25 ±1℃. After chilling injury (at 2~C), blacksediments of lead phosphate appeared on plas-

Effects of 1-MCP on proline,polyamine,and nitric oxide metabolism in postharvest peach fruit under chilling stress

Peach(Prunus persica Batsch‘Yuhualu’)fruit are sensitive to chilling injury(CI).Proline,polyamine(PA),and nitric oxide(NO)are important small regulators of various metabolic pathways under chilling stress that mitigate CI.Ethylene is known to promote senescence and CI,while 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an antagonist that inhibits the effects of ethylene.However,how1-MCP and ethylene affect proline,PA,and NO levels under chilling stress remains unclear.To address these questions,1-MCP(1μL·L^(−1))and ethylene(1μL·L^(−1))treatments were applied to peach fruit.Fruit were stored at 4°C for 28 d,then moved to 25°C for 3 d immediately after cold storage.Peach fruit exhibited CI symptoms after 7 d of cold storage with enhanced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents.The 1-MCP treatment significantly(P<0.05)restrained peach CI,and fruit did not exhibit CI symptoms until 14 d of cold storage.Proline and PAs in peach under chilling stress weremostly synthesized from glutamate and arginine,which were catalyzed by1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and arginine decarboxylase,respectively.1-MCPtreated fruit exhibited higher proline and PA contents and enhanced chilling tolerance compared to the control,while ethylene-treated fruit had lower proline and PA contents and reduced chilling tolerance.Ethylene-treated fruit,which exhibited more severe CI symptoms compared to the control,had significantly(P<0.05)lower NO contents and NO synthase activities.However,NOmay not be a direct acting factor in 1-MCPinduced chilling tolerance,as 1-MCP-treated fruit had lower NO contents and NO synthase activities compared to the control.In conclusion,proline and PA clearly played direct and important roles in 1-MCP-induced peach chilling tolerance,while NO may not be actively involved.

Effect of Maturity Stage on the Gene Expression of Antioxidative Enzymes in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruits Under Chilling Stress

The gene expression pattems of antioxidative enzymes in cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） fruits at four different maturity stages, immature （3-8 d after anthesis （DAA）, mature （9-16 DAA）, breaker （17-22 DAA）, and yellow （35-40 DAA）, were determined before and after cold storage at 2℃ for 9 d and after subsequent rewarming at 20℃ for 2 d. The electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in cucumber fruits were increased after cold storage and subsequent rewarming. Increased expressions of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and monodehydroascorbate reductase after cold storage played an important role in cucumber fruits to cope with chilling injury. The elevated cyt-superoxide dismutase, catalase, APX and dehydroascorbate reductase after subsequent rewarming in cucumber fruits facilitated the recovery from chilling stress. The highest expression levels of all the seven antioxidative enzyme genes in yellow fruits might be responsible for the enhanced chilling tolerance. Cucumber fruits at earlier developmental stages was more susceptible to chilling stress than those at later stages. The relative higher gene expressions of antioxidative enzymes genes at earlier developmental stages may be the responses to the sever oxidative stress caused by chilling injury.

Selective ischemic-hemisphere targeting Ginkgolide B liposomes with improved solubility and therapeutic efficacy for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CI/RI)remains the main cause of disability and death in stroke patients due to lack of effective therapeutic strategies.One of the main issues related to CI/RI treatment is the presence of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),which affects the intracerebral delivery of drugs.Ginkgolide B(GB),a major bioactive component in commercially available products of Ginkgo biloba,has been shown significance in CI/RI treatment by regulating inflammatory pathways,oxidative damage,and metabolic disturbance,and seems to be a candidate for stroke recovery.However,limited by its poor hydrophilicity and lipophilicity,the development of GB preparations with good solubility,stability,and the ability to cross the BBB remains a challenge.Herein,we propose a combinatorial strategy by conjugating GB with highly lipophilic docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)to obtain a covalent complex GB-DHA,which can not only enhance the pharmacological effect of GB,but can also be encapsulated in liposomes stably.The amount of finally constructed Lipo@GB-DHA targeting to ischemic hemisphere was validated 2.2 times that of free solution in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rats.Compared to the marketed ginkgolide injection,Lipo@GB-DHA significantly reduced infarct volume with better neurobehavioral recovery in MCAO rats after being intravenously administered both at 2 h and 6 h post-reperfusion.Low levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and high neuron survival in vitro was maintained via Lipo@GB-DHA treatment,while microglia in the ischemic brain were polarized from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the tissue-repairing M2 phenotype,which modulate neuroinflammatory and angiogenesis.In addition,Lipo@GB-DHA inhibited neuronal apoptosis via regulating the apoptotic pathway and maintained homeostasis by activating the autophagy pathway.Thus,transforming GB into a lipophilic complex and loading it into liposomes provides a promising nanomedicine strategy with excellent CI/RI therapeutic efficacy and industrialization prospects.

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死者PCI术后发生对比剂 急性肾损伤的影响因素分析

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)术后发生对比剂急性肾损伤(contrast-induced acute kidney injury, CI-AKI)的影响因素。方法 选取2020年2月至2022年1月长沙市第三医院全科医学科收治的STEMI患者260例,根据患者PCI术后CI-AKI的发生情况分为CI-AKI组(n=51)和非CI-AKI组(n=209),采用多因素logistic回归法分析STEMI患者PCI后发生CI-AKI的影响因素。结果 260例患者男151例,女109例,年龄35~78岁,平均(56.1±7.7)岁;BMI 16.3~31.4 kg/m^(2),平均(22.9±2.4)kg/m^(2)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病(OR=2.044,95%CI:1.499~2.589,P=0.009)、合并高血压(OR=2.246,95%CI:1.648~2.843,P=0.004)、术后48 h高血清肌酐(OR=3.080,95%CI:2.196~3.964,P=0.010)、术后72 h高血清肌酐(OR=3.931,95%CI:2.853~5.009,P=0.011)、高血清细胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt-C)(OR=4.272,95%CI:3.454~5.089,P=0.000)、高D-二聚体(D-Dimer, D-D)(OR=1.079,95%CI:1.038~1.120,P=0.000)、高血尿酸(uric acid, UA)/ALB(OR=1.164,95%CI:1.099~1.229,P=0.000)是急性STEMI患者PCI术后发生CI-AKI的危险因素。结论 糖尿病、高血压、术后48 h和72 h血清肌酐及Cyt-C、D-D、UA/ALB升高是STEMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI发生的危险因素。

基于高分辨格点数据东北水稻延迟型冷害风险评估及保险费率厘定

利用5km×5km空间分辨率3h时间分辨率的气象格点数据集,研究东北地区水稻延迟型冷害风险及其保险费率的厘定。基于东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度的格点数据集和99个气象站的站点观测数据,以相关系数和均方根误差评价格点气象数据在东北地区的可用性。以日平均气温稳定通过10℃和18℃的日数作为获取水稻气候安全种植区域的指标,在水稻气候安全种植范围内,分析东北地区水稻延迟型冷害的空间分布特征,确定保险费率。结果表明,东北地区1981-2010年5-9月平均温度气象站点观测数据与格点数据的相关系数高,均方根误差小,表明格点数据在东北地区可用。水稻气候安全种植区域占东北的56.5%,主要分布在辽宁省、吉林省中西部、黑龙江省西南部和东北部、蒙东西部及东部与辽宁和吉林省接壤的区域。在水稻气候安全种植区内,水稻延迟型冷害发生频率呈南低北高,中间低东西高的分布特征,且重度延迟型冷害发生频率最高。低温冷害风险指数空间分布与之相似,内蒙古西部和东北部、黑龙江北部和吉林西部局部地区是风险指数的高值区。东北地区1981-2010年水稻延迟型冷害的天气指数保险费率在空间分布上与东北地区低温冷害风险指数的空间分布相似,呈南部低,北部高,中间低,东西高的特征,整个区域的保险费率在0.010~0.094,可为保险公司制定具体费率提供参考。

近60年新疆棉花苗期低温冷害时空变化规律

利用新疆不同棉区46个国家基本气象站1961-2022年日平均气温,结合棉花苗期低温冷害监测指标,通过气候倾向率、MK突变检验、累积距平等方法,分析棉花苗期轻度、中度、重度低温冷害的时间和空间变化规律,为新疆不同棉区制定合理的防灾减灾措施提供科学依据。结果表明:1961-2022年全疆棉区苗期气温呈极显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.30℃·10a^(-1)。北疆、南疆和东疆棉区分别在1999年、2004年和2003年轻度苗期冷害发生频次较少。北疆棉区于2006年、南疆和东疆棉区于2008年中度苗期冷害发生频次较少。1975年、2003年北疆和南疆棉区分别进入重度苗期冷害较少发生的阶段。近60a新疆棉花苗期低温冷害多发生于20世纪80和90年代,轻度和中度冷害发生年份分别占研究时段的79.0%和37.1%,重度冷害发生年份仅占8.1%。棉花苗期低温冷害多发生于北疆棉区,其次是南疆棉区,东疆低温冷害发生最少。

基于ULCIZ和SIT的罗非鱼耐寒性能测定模型

本文针对单一Logistic模型的不足之处,分析冷伤害上限温度(ULCIZ)、伤害低温总和(SIT)和双变量Logistic回归模型在罗非鱼低温耐寒性能研究中应用的可能性和优点,并根据罗非鱼低温胁迫试验的本身特点对其进行了改进。

黑龙江省大豆延迟型冷害指标构建及检验

黑龙江省大豆生长季冷害发生频次高、影响重,构建黑龙江省大豆延迟型冷害指标,对大豆防灾减灾、保障大豆安全生产具有重要意义。利用1961-2020年黑龙江省73县(市、区)大豆产量资料及气象站逐日温度资料,以5-9月各月月平均温度之和的距平值为致灾因子,利用致灾因子和减产率的线性关系确定冷害阈值,构建黑龙江省大豆延迟型冷害指标并验证。结果表明:研究区大豆在5个种植区轻度冷害阈值分别为-1.8℃、-1.9℃、-1.9℃、-2.0℃、-2.0℃,中度冷害阈值分别为-2.0℃、-2.2℃、-2.3℃、-2.4℃、-2.6℃,重度冷害阈值分别为-2.2℃、-2.5℃、-2.7℃、-2.9℃、-3.1℃。经检验,大豆延迟型冷害指标对冷害发生趋势判识平均准确率83%,对冷害发生等级判识平均准确率62%,典型冷害年判识冷害平均准确率93%。综上所述,大豆延迟型冷害指标界定及评价黑龙江省大豆生长季延迟型冷害准确率较高,指标获取容易且实用性强。

基于理化分析和机器学习研究低温气调对采后番荔枝冷害的影响

本文旨在探究气调包装对番荔枝冷害的影响,并通过机器学习解析各指标与冷害的关系。以室温(RT,25℃)、低温(LT,10℃)和低温气调包装(CA,10℃)贮藏条件下的果实为试验材料,测定7 d内果肉硬度、冷害指数(CI)、总酚、相对电导率(EC)、苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)活性等理化指标。结果表明,低温贮藏有效延缓番荔枝后熟,抑制软化,但易造成冷害现象,表现为果肉出现水浸状损伤,细胞膜透性增加,丙二醛积累。在此基础上,建立多种机器学习算法,筛选出预测CI的最优模型为Ridge回归。解释性分析(SHapley Additive exPlanations,SHAP)显示,贮藏时间、可溶性固形物、失重率、可溶性蛋白和总酚对模型贡献较大,与低温胁迫紧密联系。低温结合气调通过增加可溶性物质和酚类含量,提高机体渗透调节和清除活性氧能力,从而维持膜结构完整性以缓解低温冷害。