Strategies of selective electroreduction of aqueous nitrate to N_(2) in chloride-free system:A critical review

Electroreduction of nitrate has been gaining wide attention in recent years owing to it's beneficial for converting nitrate into benign N_(2) from the perspective of electrocatalytic denitrification or into value-added ammonia from the perspective of electrocatalytic NH_(3) synthesis.By reason of the undesired formation of ammonia is dominant during electroreduction of nitrate-containing wastewater,chloride has been widely used to improve N_(2) selectivity.Nevertheless,selective electroreduction of nitrate to N2 gas in chloride-containing system poses several drawbacks.In this review,we focus on the key strategies for efficiently enhancing N_(2) selectivity of electroreduction of nitrate in chloride-free system,including optimal selection of elements,combining an active metal catalyst with another metal,manipulating the crystalline morphology and facet orientation,constructing core–shell structure catalysts,etc.Before summarizing the strategies,four possible reaction pathways of electro-reduction of nitrate to N_(2) are discussed.Overall,this review attempts to provide practical strategies for enhancing N2 selectivity without the aid of electrochlorination and highlight directions for future research for designing appropriate electrocatalyst for final electrocatalytic denitrifi-cation.

Chloride ion battery:A new emerged electrochemical system for next-generation energy storage

In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.

One-step preparation of efficient cuprous chloride catalyst for direct synthesis of trimethoxysilane

CuCl-based catalysts are the most commonly used catalysts for the“direct synthesis”of trimethoxysilane(M3).CuCl species are sensitive to air and water,and are prone to oxidation deactivation.When CuCl is directly used as a catalyst,it needs to be purified before the utilization,and the operating conditions for the catalyst preparation are relatively harsh,requiring the inert gas environment.Considering a high-temperature activation step required for CuCl-based catalysts used for catalyzing synthesis of M3 to form active phase Cu–Si alloys(Cu_(x)Si)with Si powder,in this work,a series of catalysts for the“direct synthesis”of M3 were obtained by a one-step high-temperature activation of the mixture of stable CuCl_(2) precursors,activated carbon-reducing agent,and Si powder,simultaneously achieving the reduction of CuCl_(2) to CuCl and the formation of active phase Cu_(x)Si alloys of CuCl with Si powder.The prepared samples were characterized through various characterization techniques,and investigated for the catalytic performance for the“direct synthesis”of M3.Moreover,the operation conditions were optimized,including the activation temperature,catalyst dosage,Si powder particle size,and reaction temperature.The characterization results indicate that during the one-step activation process,the CuCl_(2) precursor is reduced to CuCl,and the resulting CuCl simultaneously reacts with Si powder to form active phases Cu3Si and Cu15Si4 alloys.The optimal catalyst Sacm(250,0.8:10)exhibits a good catalytic activity with selectivity of 95%and yield of 77%for M3,and shows a good universality for various alcohol substrates.Furthermore,the catalytic mechanism of the prepared catalyst for the“direct synthesis”of M3 was discussed.

Fabrication of pollution-free coal gangue-based catalytic material utilizing ferrous chloride as activator for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation

Novel coal gangue-based persulfate catalyst(CG-FeCl_(2))was successfully synthesized by the means of calcinating under nitrogen atmosphere with the addition of ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(FeCl_(2)·_(4)H_(2)O).The phase transformation of the prepared materials and gas products during the heating process are thoroughly investigated.It is suggested that ferrous chloride participated in the phase transformation and formed Si-O-Fe bonds.And the main gaseous products are H_(2)O,H_(2),and HCl during the heating process.Besides,the ability of CG-FeCl_(2) to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for catalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and phenol was deeply studied.More than 95%of naphthyl,phenanthrene and phenol were removed under optimizied conditions.In addition,1O_(2),·OH,and SO_(4)·−were involved in the CG-FeCl_(2)/PMS system from the free radical scavenging experiment,where 1O_(2) played a major role during the oxidation process.Furthermore,CG-FeCl_(2)/PMS system exhibited superior stability in a relatively wide pH range and the presence of common anion from related degradation experiments.Overall,the novel CG-FeCl_(2) is an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst,displaying potential application prospect in the field of PAHs and phenol-contaminated wastewater treatment.

Experimental investigation of the inhibition of deep-sea mining sediment plumes by polyaluminum chloride

Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.

Effect of Modification Treatment on Chloride Ions Permeability and Microstructure of Recycled Brick-mixed Aggregate Concrete

The modification methods of pozzolan slurry combined with sodium silicate and silicon-based additive were respectively adopted to treat recycled coarse brick-mixed aggregate(RCBA)in this study.The compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)before and after modification treatment were tested,and the microstructure of RAC was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that the physical properties of RCBA strengthened by modification treatment are improved,and the compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of treated RAC are also significantly improved.The modification treatment optimizes the pore size distribution of RAC,which increases the number of gel pores and transition pores,and decreases the number of capillary pores and macro pores.The surface fractal dimension shows a significant correlation with chloride diffusion coefficient,indicating that the variation of chloride permeability of treated RAC is consistent with the microstructure evolution.

Influence of Polyaluminum Chloride Residue on the Strength andMicrostructure of Cement-Based Materials

In this paper,cement and dechlorinated Polyaluminum Chloride Residue(PACR)have been used to prepare a net slurry and mortar specimens.Two hydration activity indicators have been used to quantitatively analyze the dechlorinated PACR hydration activity.In particular,the effect of dechlorinated PACR content on the compressive strength of mortar has been assessed by means of compressive strength tests.Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)have been employed to observe the microstructure of the considered hydration products.The following results have been obtained.The 28th day activity index of the dechlorinated PACR is 75%,and therefore it meets the criterion for the use of active admixture.The increase in the content of the dechlorinated PACR tends to reduce the compressive strength of mortar specimens,however,it is beneficial to its later strength growth.When the content is not greater than 10%,the strength remains unchanged,otherwise,it decreases.The PACR does not form a new crystalline phase in the cement slurry,and the dechlorinated PACR remains active until the age of the 28th day.The inclusion of the PACR mainly deteriorates the early strength of the cement slurry,but it promotes the production of hydration products in the cement slurry after the 7th day.

Overcoming the Na-ion conductivity bottleneck for the cost-competitive chloride solid electrolytes

Chloride solid electrolytes possess multiple advantages for the construction of safe,energy-dense allsolid-state sodium batteries,but presently the chlorides with sufficiently high cost-competitiveness for commercialization almost all exhibit low Na-ion conductivities of around 10^(-5)S cm^(-1)or lower.Here,we report a chloride solid electrolyte,Na_(2.7)ZFCl_(5.3)O_(0.7),which reaches a Na-ion conductivity of 2.29×10^(-4)S cm^(-1)at 25℃without involving overly expensive raw materials such as rare-earth chlorides or Na_(2)S.In addition to the efficient ion transport,Na_(2.7)ZrCl_(5.3)O_(0.7)also shows an excellent deformability surpassing that of the widely studied Na_(3)PS_(4),Na_(3)SbS_(4),and Na_(2)ZrCl_(6)solid electrolytes.The combination of these advantages allows the all-solid-state cell based on Na_(2.7)ZrCl_(5.3)O_(0.7)and NaCrO_(2)to realize stable room-temperature cycling at a much higher specific current than those based on other non-viscoelastic chloride solid electrolytes in literature(120 mA g^(-1)vs.12-55 mA g^(-1));after 100 cycles at such a high rate,the Na_(2.7)ZFCl_(5.3)O_(0.7)-based cell can still deliver a discharge capacity of 80 mAh g^(-1)at25℃.

Coupling Effect of Cryogenic Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Chloride Ion Erosion Effect in Pre-Cracked Reinforced Concrete

Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of different low-temperaturecycles (20°C, –80°C, and −160°C) and concrete specimen crack widths (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mm) on the Cl−ion diffusion performance through rapid erosion tests conducted on pre-cracked concrete. The results show thatthe minimum temperature and crack width of freeze-thaw cycles enhance the erosive effect of chloride ions. TheCl− ion concentration and growth rate increased with the increasing crack width. Based on the experimental modeland in accordance with Fick’s second law of diffusion, the Cl− ion diffusion equation was modified by introducingcorrection factors in consideration of the freeze-thaw temperature, crack width, and their coupling effect.The experimental and fitting results obtained from this model can provide excellent reference for practical engineeringapplications.

Reversed-Phase-HPLC Assay Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Sodium Chlorides in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Drug Solution for Infusion

A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.

Effectiveness of Sodium Silicate on the Corrosion Protection of AA7075-T6 Aluminium Alloy in Sodium Chloride Solution

The influence of sodium silicate on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the AA7075-T6 surface. Silicate can significantly reduce corrosion deterioration and the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration of Na2SiO3. The corrosion inhibition mechanism involves the formation of a protective film over the alloy surface by adsorption of aluminosilicate anions from solution, as has also been suggested by others in literature.

Effects of plant density and mepiquat chloride application on cotton boll setting in wheat–cotton double cropping system

Sowing cotton directly after harvesting wheat in the Yangtze River Valley of China requires early mature of cotton without yield reduction.Boll-setting period synchronisation and more yield bolls distributed at the upper and middle canopy layers are also required for harvesting.The objective of this study is to quantify the individual and interaction effects of plant density and plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride(MC)on temporal and spatial distributions of yield bolls,as well as yield and yield components.During the 2013–2016 cotton growing seasons,the experiments were conducted on a shortseason cotton cultivar CRRI50 at Yangzhou University,China.Various combinations of plant density(12.0,13.5 and 15.0 plants m^(–2))and MC dose(180,270 and 360 g ha^(–1))were applied on cotton plants.The combination of 13.5 plants m^(–2)and 270 g ha^(–1)MC resulted in the greatest boll number per unit area,the highest daily boll setting number and more than 90%of bolls positioned within 45–80 cm above the ground.In conclusion,appropriate MC dose in combination of high plant density could synchronize boll-setting period and retain more bolls at the upper and middle canopy layers without yield reduction in the system of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest,and thus overcome the labor-intensive problem in current transplanting cropping system.

COMPUTER-COUPLED THERMODYNAMIC AND PHASE DIAGRAM ANALYSIS OF THE ALKALI AND YTTRIUM CHLORIDE SYSTEMS

In the present paper the phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of the alkali and yttrium chloride （ACl—YCl3, A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs） binary systems have been assessed and optimized by using CALPHAD technique. The optimized results having thermodynamic consistency between phase diagrams and thermodynamic data are discussed.

Role of the cation-chloride-cotransporters in the circadian system

The circadian system plays an immense role in controlling physiological processes in our body.The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) supervises this system,regulating and harmonising the circadian rhythms in our body.Most neurons present in the SCN are GABAergic neurons.Although GABA is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS,recent studies have shown that excitatory responses were recorded in this area.These responses are enabled by an increase in intracellular chloride ions[Cl;];levels.The chloride (Cl;) levels in GABAergic neurons are controlled by two solute carrier 12 (SLC12)cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs):Na^(+)/K^(+)/Cl^(-)co-transporter (NKCC1) and K^(+)/Cl^(-)cotransporter (KCC2),that respectively cause an influx and efflux of Cl^(-).Recent works have found altered expression and/or activity of either of these co-transporters in SCN neurons and have been associated with circadian rhythms.In this review,we summarize and discuss the role of CCCs in circadian rhythms,and highlight these recent advances which attest to CCC’s growing potential as strong research and therapeutic targets.

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE TERNARY SYSTEM VINYL CHLORIDE-CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE-POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)

Swelling capacity of vinyl chloride (VC) in chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) with 25—40 wt% Cl at temperature 30—57℃ was studied and their relationships were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations. A ternary phase diagram for VC-CPE-PVC was also established. In-situ polymerization conditions of CPE-g-VC were proposed and CPE content control was analyzed for the manufacturing process of CPE-g-VC graft product based on results of phase equilibrium study.

Phase Regulation and Defect Passivation Enabled by Phosphoryl Chloride Molecules for Efficient Quasi‑2D Perovskite Light‑Emitting Diodes

Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.

Effects of mepiquat chloride and plant population density on leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in upland cotton

Background Mepiquat chloride(MC)application and plant population density(PPD)increasing are required for modern cotton production.However,their interactive effects on leaf physiology and carbohydrate metabolism remain obscure.This study aimed to examine whether and how MC and PPD affect the leaf morpho-physiological characteristics,and thus final cotton yield.PPD of three levels(D1:2.25 plants·m^(-2),D2:4.5 plants·m^(-2),and D3:6.75 plants·m^(-2))and MC dosage of two levels(MC0:0 g·ha^(-2),MC1:82.5 g·ha^(-2))were combined to create six treatments.The dynamics of nonstructual carbohydrate concentration,carbon metabolism-related enzyme activity,and photosynthetic attributes in cotton leaves were examined during reproductive growth in 2019 and 2020.Results Among six treatments,the high PPD of 6.75 plants·m^(-2)combined with MC application(MC1D3)exhibited the greatest seed cotton yield and biological yield.The sucrose,hexose,starch,and total nonstructural carbohydrate(TNC)concentrations peaked at the first flowering(FF)stage and then declined to a minimum at the first boll opening(FBO)stage.Compared with other treatments,MC1D3 improved starch and TNC concentration by 5.4%~88.4%,7.8%~52.0% in 2019,and by 14.6%~55.9%,13.5%~39.7% in 2020 at the FF stage,respectively.Additionally,MC1D3 produced higher transformation rates of starch and TNC from the FF to FBO stages,indicating greater carbon production and utilization efficiency.MC1D3 displayed the maximal specific leaf weight(SLW)at the FBO stage,and the highest chlorophyll a(Chl a),Chl b,and Chl a+b concentration at the mid-late growth phase in both years.The Rubisco activity with MC1D3 was 2.6%~53.2% higher at the flowering and boll setting stages in both years,and 2.4%~52.7% higher at the FBO stage in 2020 than those in other treatments.These results provided a explanation of higher leaf senescence-resistant ability in MC1D3.Conclusion Increasing PPD coupled with MC application improves cotton yield by enhancing leaf carbohydrate production and utilization efficiency and delaying leaf senescence.

Studies on Solvent System of Cesium Chloride and Lanthanum Chloride and Synthesization of Four Types of New Compounds

This article describes the solubility data of the quaternary systems of CsCl LaCl 3 HCl H 2O(25 ℃, HCl 13% or 23%(wt)) and CsCl LaCl 3 HAc H 2O(30 ℃, HAc 42%(wt)), and the corresponding solubility equilibrium diagrams. Three new compounds, CsCl·LaCl 3·4H 2O, 2CsCl·LaCl 3·2H 2O and 3CsCl·LaCl 3·3H 2O have been found. From analysis of the systems by the X ray powder diffraction, TG DTG and DTA, the properties of the compounds are presented. The interpretation of the mechanism of Meyer′s reactions is discussed further and the synthesis method of four type new compounds is offered.

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ANTAGONIST ON VASCULAR SYSTEM AGAINST TOXICITY INDUCED BY MERCURIC CHLORIDE

Objective To explore the toxic effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) on vascular smooth muscle as well as its relationship to calcium antagonist. Methods By using isolated vascular tension methods, we studied the effect of HgCl 2 on isolated rabbit aortic rings. Results HgCl 2 (1-100 μmol·L -1) caused a concentration-dependent contraction of rabbit aortic rings, which did not change with phentolamin or without endothelium. In KH solution with Ca 2+ , the maximum contraction amplitude reduced by(61.2±3.3)%. Nifedipine produced a concentration-dependent decrease of the maximum contraction amplitude. Conclusion Calcium antagonist has protective effects on vascular smooth muscle against damage induced by HgCl 2.

ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF 4f ELECTRON TRANSITIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF NEODYMIUMSEMIXYLENOL ORANGE-CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE

In this paper the absorption spectra of Nd-SXO-CPC complex by 4f electron transitions have been studied by zero-order and fourth-order derivative spectrophotome-try. The molar absorptivity is 2.6×10~3 1.mol^(-1).cm^(-1) at 585 nm, the fourth-order derivative molar absorptivity is 1.4×10~4 1.mol^(-1).cm^(-1) at 584.5(-) and 587(+) nm. They are 300 times and 1600 times greater than those of the chloride, respectively.