Coupling Effect of Cryogenic Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Chloride Ion Erosion Effect in Pre-Cracked Reinforced Concrete

Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of different low-temperaturecycles (20°C, –80°C, and −160°C) and concrete specimen crack widths (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mm) on the Cl−ion diffusion performance through rapid erosion tests conducted on pre-cracked concrete. The results show thatthe minimum temperature and crack width of freeze-thaw cycles enhance the erosive effect of chloride ions. TheCl− ion concentration and growth rate increased with the increasing crack width. Based on the experimental modeland in accordance with Fick’s second law of diffusion, the Cl− ion diffusion equation was modified by introducingcorrection factors in consideration of the freeze-thaw temperature, crack width, and their coupling effect.The experimental and fitting results obtained from this model can provide excellent reference for practical engineeringapplications.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Chloride Transportation in Concrete: Prediction Model and Experiment

This research aims to investigate the effect of frost damage on chloride transportation mechanism in ordinary andfiber concrete with both theoretical and experimental methods.The proposed theoretical model takes into account the varying damage levels caused by concrete cover depth and freeze-thaw cycles,which are the two primary parameters affecting the expression of the chloride diffusion coefficient.In the experiment,three types of concrete were prepared:ordinary Portland concrete(OPC),polypropylenefiber concrete(PFC),and steelfiber concrete(SFC).These were then immersed in NaCl solution for 120 days after undergoing 10,25,and 50 freeze-thaw cycles.The damage coefficient of the tested concrete was determined by measuring the dynamic elas-tic modulus.The results indicated that the relative dynamic elasticity modulus of the specimens decreased with each freeze-thaw cycle,and the chloride diffusion coefficient of the specimens increased as the degree of frost degradation increased.Samples containing steel and polypropylenefibers exhibited greater resistance to cyclic water freezing compared to the controlled concrete withoutfibers.A model has been also developed that takes into account the damage caused by freezing-thawing cycles and the depth of the concrete,which can predict variations in free chloride concentration at different depths.The calculated values were in good agreement with the test results for depths between 10 to 30 mm.This new damage-induced diffusion model can helpfill the gap in research on the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on chloride diffusion.

Intracellular chloride regulates the G_1/S cell cycle progression in gastric cancer cells

Recent studies show that ion channels/transporters play important roles in fundamental cellular functions. Several reports indicating the important roles of Cl- channels/transporters on cell proliferation suggest that the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) regulated by them would be one of critical messengers. We investigated whether the [Cl-]i controls cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in human gastric cancer cells. Our studies indicated that furosemide, a blocker of Na+ /K+ /2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC), diminished cell growth by delaying the G1-S phase progression in gastric cancer cells with high expression and activity of NKCC. Furthermore, we found that the culture in the low Cl- medium (replacement of Cl- by NO3-) decreased the [Cl-]i and inhibited cell growth of gastric cancer cells and that this inhibition of cell growth was due to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase caused by diminutionof CDK2 and phosphorylated Rb. The culture of cells in the low Cl- medium significantly increased expressions of p21 mRNA and protein. In addition, the low Cl- medium induced phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Treatment with an inhibitor of p38 or JNK significantly suppressed p21 upregulation caused by culture in a low Cl- medium and rescued gastric cancer cells from the low Cl- -induced G1 cell cycle arrest. These findings revealed that the [Cl-]i affects the cell proliferation via activation of MAPKs through upregulation of p21 in gastric cancer cells. Our results suggest that the [Cl-]i regulates important cellular functions in gastric cancer cells, leading to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Chloride Ion Transmission Model under the Drying-wetting Cycles and Its Solution

The chloride ion transmission model considering diffusion and convection was established respectively for different zones in concrete by analyzing chloride ion transmission mechanism under the dryingwetting cycles. The finite difference method was adopted to solve the model. The equation of chloride ion transmission model in the convection and diffusion zone of concrete was discreted by the group explicit scheme with right single point （GER method） and the equation in diffusion zone was discreted by FTCS difference scheme. According to relative humidity characteristics in concrete under drying-wetting cycles, the seepage velocity equation was formulated based on Kelvin Equation and Darcy＇s Law. The time-variant equations of chloride ion concentration of concrete surface and the boundary surface of the convection and diffusion zone were established. Based on the software MATLAB the numerical calculation was carried out by using the model and basic material parameters from the experiments. The calculation of chloride ion concentration distribution in concrete is in good agreement with the drying-wetting cycles experiments. It can be shown that the chloride ion transmission model and the seepage velocity equation are reasonable and practical. Studies have shown that the chloride ion transmission in concrete considering convection and diffusion under the drying-wetting cycles is the better correlation with the actual situation than that only considering the diffusion.

Performance of interface between TRC and existing concrete under a chloride dry-wet cycle environment

Textile-reinforced concrete(TRC)is suitable to repair and reinforce concrete structures in harsh environments.The performance of the interface between TRC and existing concrete is an important factor in determining the strengthening effect of TRC.In this paper,a double-sided shear test was performed to investigate the effects of the chloride dry-wet cycles on the average shear strength and slip at the interface between the TRC and existing concrete,also considering the existing concrete strength,bond length,textile layer and short-cut fiber arrangements.In addition,X-ray diffraction(XRD)technology was used to analyze the microscopic matter at the interface in the corrosive environment.The experimental results indicate that the interface performance between TRC and existing concrete would decrease with continued chloride dry-wet cycles.Compared with the specimen with a single layer of textile reinforcement,the specimens with two layers of textile with added PVA or AR-glass short-cut fibers could further improve the properties of the interface between the TRC layer and existing concrete.For the TRC with a single layer of textile,the average shear strength tended to decrease with increasing bond length.In addition,the strength grade of the existing concrete had a minor effect on the interface properties.

Effect of Carbonation and Drying-Wetting Cycles on Chloride Diffusion Behavior of Coral Aggregate Seawater Concrete

Based on seawater immersion,drying-wetting cycles,carbonation and drying-wetting cycles for coral aggregate sea-water concrete(CASC)with different strength grades,the effect of carbonation and drying-wetting cycles on chloride diffusion be-havior of CASC is studied.The results show that the free surface chloride concentration(Cs),free chloride diffusion coefficient(Df)and time-dependent index(m)of CASC in the drying-wetting cycles is obviously higher than that in seawater immersion.The Df and m of CASC of carbonation and drying-wetting cycles is higher than that in the drying-wetting cycles.Carbonation increases the Df and m of CASC,which is against CASC to resist chloride corrosion.The corrosion possibility of CASC structures in different ex-posed areas is as follows:splash zone(carbonation and drying-wetting cycles)>tidal zone(drying-wetting cycles)>underwater zone(seawater immersion).Besides,the chloride diffusion rate of C65-CASC is 17.8%-63.4%higher than that of C65-ordinary aggre-gate concrete(OAC)in seawater immersion(underwater zone).Therefore,anti-corrosion measures should be adopted to improve the service life of CASC structure in the oceanic environment.

Durability of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP sheet under wet-dry cycles and loading

The test results of eight concrete beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheets subjected to an aggressive environment under a sustained load are presented. The beams are 1 700 mm long with a rectangular cross-section of 120- mm width and 200-mm depth. The beams are precracked with a four-point flexural load, bonded CFRP sheets, and placed into wet-dry saline water（ NaCl） either in an unstressed state or loaded to about 30% or 60% of the initial ultimate load. The individual and coupled effects of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses on the long term behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with the CFRP are investigated. The test results show that the coupled action of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses appears to significantly affect the load capacity and the failure mode of beam strengthened with CFRP, mainly due to the degradation of the bond between CFRP and concrete. However, the stiffness is not affected by the coupled action of wet-dry cycles and a sustained load.

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd,Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

Degradation of Pore Structure and Microstructures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-dry Cycles in Sea Water

Hardened cement paste was subjected to the flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water. The degradation of microstructures was obtained using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis was carried to analyze the local composition. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （Poremaster GT-60） was used to analyze the degradation of pore structures. The experimental results show that the synergistic action of the flexural loading, wet-dry cycles and sea water leads to significant deterioration of hardened cement paste. The degradation of microstructures in the tensile region is more serious than that in the compressive region. The flexural loading and wet-dry cycles accelerate the chemical attack of sea water.

Degradation of bond between steel bar and freeze-thaw concrete after electrochemical chloride extraction

The effect of electrochemical chloride extraction （ECE） on bond strength between steel bar and freeze-thaw concrete contaminated by chloride was experimentally investigated for beam specimens with dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 ram. During the experiment, 3% NaC1 （vs mass of cement, mass fraction） was mixed into concrete to simulate chloride contamination, and the specimens experienced 0, 25, 50, 75 freeze-thaw cycles before ECE. In the process of ECE, different current densities and durations were adopted. It is indicated that the bond strength between reinforcement and concrete decreases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles; the more the current and the electric quantity of ECE are, the more the loss of bond strength is; and the largest loss is up to 58.7%. So, it is important to choose proper parameters of ECE for the reinforced concrete structures contaminated by chloride and subjected to freeze-thaw cycles.

Damage characteristics and new constitutive model of sandstone under wet–dry cycles

The mechanical properties of rock deteriorate under repeated wet-dry(WD)cycles,causing the deformation and failure of the rock mass.A reasonable damage constitutive model can truly reflect the whole process of rock deformation and failure.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the damage characteristics and constitutive behaviour of rock subjected to numerous WD cycles.First,sandstone from Tingliang tunnel was sampled for the WD cycle experiment,and uniaxial and triaxial tests were carried out on the rock samples after various numbers of WD cycles to analyze their macroscale damage characteristics.Then,the damage mechanisms of the rock samples under the action of WD cycling were identified by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Finally,based on the test data,the WD cycle-induced damage variable,Weibull distribution function,damage threshold,Drucker-Prager(D-P)yield criterion and residual strength correction coefficient were introduced,a wet-dry loading(WDL)constitutive damage model that considers the cracking stress of rock masses was established,and the expressions of the corresponding parameters were given.The results show that an increasing number of WD cycles induces considerable variations in the macroscopic physical and mechanical parameters(such as the rock sample mass,saturated water content,longitudinal-wave velocity,compressive strength and elastic modulus),and the rate of change presents two stages,the inflection point of their rate of change is the 15th WD cycle.Microscopically,the rock sample structure changes from intact and dense to fragmented and unconsolidated;additionally,the surface roughness increases,and the mineral composition changes.The established constitutive damage model exhibited good agreement with the experimental data;thus,this model can reflect the deformation and failure of rocks under WDL conditions,and the physical meaning of each parameter is clear.

Chloride Ion Critical Content in Reinforced Concrete

Chloride ion critical content was studied under soaking and cycle of dry and wet conditions, with three electrochemical nondestructive measuring techniques, i e, half-cell potential, A C impedance, and time potential. The experimental results show that chloride ion critical content is primarily determined by the water cement ratio, while for the same concrete mixture the chloride ion critical content in soaking conditions is larger than that in a cycle of dry and wet conditions.

Chloride diffusivity in flexural cracked Portland cement concrete and fly ash concrete beams

In order to examine the effect of load-induced transverse cracks on the chloride penetration in flexural concrete beams, two different concretes, Portland cement concrete(PCC) and fly ash concrete(FAC), were tested with various crack widths. Total 14 reinforced concrete(RC) beams, ten of which were self-anchored in a three-point bending mode, were immersed into a 5% NaCl solution with the condition of dry-wet cycles. Then, the free chloride ion contents were determined by rapid chloride testing(RCT) method. Based on the proposed analytical models of chloride penetration in sound and cracked concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles, the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and chloride diffusivity of concrete were discussed. It can be found that the performance of chloride diffusivity in both concretes will be improved with the increase of crack width, and that the influence of convection action will also be augmented. Based on the two samples obtained in sound concrete after 15 and 30 cycles, the time-exponent, m, for chloride diffusion coefficient was determined to be 0.58, 0.42, 0.62 and 0.77 for PCC1, PCC2, FAC1 and FAC2 specimens, respectively. Finally, two influencing factors of fly ash content and crack width on chloride diffusivity were obtained by regression analysis of test data, and it can be seen that factors kf and kw can be expressed with quadratic polynomial functions of fly ash content, f, and crack width, w, respectively.

Research on the Pitting Mechanism of Dispersion-Strengthened High-Strength Steel Under Wet-Dry Cycling in a Marine Environment

Due to the wet-dry cycling in the ocean tidal zone,the supply of dissolved oxygen and salt-containing particles were sufficient,so the corrosion was serious.Pitting corrosion was a common form of localized corrosion.This paper studied the pitting corrosion mechanism of dispersion-strengthened high-strength steel under different wet-dry ratio environments.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to study the changes of corrosion rate and electric double layer structure of the dispersionstrengthened high-strength steel.Scanning electron microscope,Raman spectroscopy,electron probe microanalysis and laser confocal scanning microscope were used to observe the corrosion product morphologies,analyze the corrosion product compositions,analyze the secondary distribution of alloy elements in the corrosion products and analyze the pitting information of the steel after the corrosion products were removed.The results showed that the degree of the steel corrosion was slight when the wetting time was longer,the size and depth of the corrosion pits on the surface were smaller.This was because the environment with longer wetting time made the corrosion products denser.In this environment,the conversion ofγ-FeOOH to Fe3O4 was promoted.In addition,it could also promote the alloying elements to be more concentrated in the rust layer.The above phenomena hindered the further corrosion of the matrix by dissolved oxygen and Cl−in the seawater.

铁尾矿混凝土力学性质及耐久性

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为了研究铁尾矿混凝土在受硫酸钠溶液干湿循环作用后的力学特性和耐久性,开展了受硫酸钠溶液侵蚀混凝土的抗压实验、抗氯离子侵蚀实验、抗冻实验和水化特性实验,分析不同铁尾矿掺量、干湿循环次数、溶液浓度对混凝土力学性质和耐久性的影响。结果表明:在铁尾矿掺量为30%、干湿循环次数为60次和硫酸钠浓度为5%时,混凝土的质量损失率较小而抗压强度耐腐蚀系数较大。随着铁尾矿掺量的不断增大,混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀性能、抗冻性能越好,水化反应放热量不断减小。

受冻融作用钢筋混凝土电化学除氯模型研究

氯盐侵蚀与冻融循环作用下,钢筋混凝土结构遭受严重的耐久性损伤。电化学除氯能有效解决氯盐侵蚀产生的钢筋锈蚀问题,但在盐冻地区其除氯机理受混凝土冻融损伤的影响。对内掺氯盐的冻融损伤混凝土开展电化学除氯试验,基于相对动弹性模量建立混凝土冻融损伤度,研究冻融循环作用后钢筋混凝土电化学除氯机理,建立冻融损伤混凝土电化学除氯效率评价模型。研究结果表明,相较于普通混凝土,冻融环境下粉煤灰混凝土冻融损伤度更大,平均除氯效率更低。随冻融次数和粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土冻融损伤度增大。随冻融损伤度和除氯时间的增加,混凝土平均除氯效率增加。冻融损伤混凝土平均除氯效率相较于未遭受冻融损伤混凝土,达到钝化目标所需时间更短。基于混凝土损伤度建立了冻融损伤混凝土电化学除氯模型,试验值与模型拟合良好。

强辐照作用下水泥浆体微结构与抗氯离子侵蚀性能研究

以南海为代表的远海海洋服役环境恶劣,具有高温、高湿、高盐、高辐照的环境特点。现有研究表明辐照会改变水泥浆体的组成与结构,但对水泥浆体耐久性的影响常被忽略。为阐明强辐照作用对水泥浆体微结构与抗氯离子侵蚀性能的影响,本研究利用紫外线耐气候试验箱进行加速模拟实验,并与水养、室内环境进行对比分析,表征了不同条件下水泥的浆体吸水率、碳化深度、物相组成、孔结构与氯离子固化能力,并在紫外辐照-干湿循环耦合作用条件下进行了氯离子侵蚀实验。结果表明,辐照时间由500 h增加至1500 h,浆体的最可几孔径由135.8 nm增大至283.8 nm,孔隙率由25.0%增大至29.5%,孔结构劣化,氯离子扩散通道增加。同时,强辐照造成AFm、水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H)等水化产物碳化分解,导致水泥浆体的氯离子固化量由51.9 mg/g下降至23.9 mg/g。此外,长期辐照耦合干湿循环作用产生的温度应力会增大浆体开裂的风险,裂纹会显著降低浆体的抗氯离子侵蚀能力。

多因素耦合作用下混凝土内氯离子传输试验研究

海水中氯离子、硫酸根离子和镁离子是海工钢筋混凝土结构的主要侵蚀性离子,硫酸根离子和镁离子侵蚀使混凝土物理力学性能和渗透性发生变化,氯离子侵蚀是造成钢筋锈蚀的主要因素。在海洋潮汐循环下,硫酸根离子和镁离子侵蚀对氯离子传输的影响是有待研究的课题。为此设计单一氯离子、氯离子+硫酸根离子和氯离子+硫酸根+镁离子3种侵蚀溶液,利用潮汐循环系统模拟水位变动,开展混凝土自然暴露试验。在不同暴露时间测定混凝土相对动弹性模量、氯离子浓度分布、孔隙率和孔径分布,同时分析腐蚀产物微观形貌,探究硫酸根离子、镁离子和干湿比对氯离子传输的影响。结果表明:在200d暴露时间内,硫酸根离子和镁离子的存在提高了混凝土相对动弹性模量,降低了氯离子浓度,减小了孔隙率和最可几孔径。相较于单一硫酸根离子,镁离子和硫酸根离子耦合时对氯离子传输的抑制作用更显著。

冻融循环下混凝土中氯离子传输机制细观模拟

基于经典应力水平-疲劳寿命方程,本文提出了以冻融循环次数为自变量的氯离子扩散系数数学表达式,并在此基础上建立了冻融循环下氯离子在混凝土中传输的三维细观数值模型,研究了冻融循环、混凝土细观结构特征、结合效应等因素对氯离子传输行为的影响。研究结果表明,冻融循环可以促进氯离子的扩散,当冻融循环的次数接近极限冻融循环次数时,这种促进作用十分显著。更重要的是,通过模拟混凝土细观结构中氯离子的扩散轨迹,揭示了界面过渡区促进氯离子扩散的机理。最后,通过对氯离子长期扩散性能模拟发现,在靠近侵蚀面区域出现了结合氯离子饱和区域,混凝土失去了对自由氯离子的固化能力,促进了氯离子扩散。