Rosuvastatin Reduces Plasma Small Dense Ldl-Cholesterol Predominantly in Non-Diabetic Hypercholesterolemic Patients

Aims: Small dense LDL (sdLDL) cholesterol is considered a cardiovascular risk. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rosuvastatin in reducing sdLDL and large buoyant LDL (lbLDL-C) in hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Fifty-six patients with a mean baseline LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration of 173.9 ± 40.5 mg/dL were treated with rosuvastatin 2.5 mg/day for 12 weeks. LDL-C, sdLDL-C, and apolipoprotein (apo) B were assessed and l lbLDL-C was calculated (LDL-C minus sdLDL-C). Results: After 12-week treatment with rosuvastatin 2.5mg, sdLDL-C and lbLDL-C were significantly reduced from 62.1 ± 23.8 mg/dL to 34.0 ± 13.4 mg/dL, p <0.001 and 112.7 ± 34.9 mg/dL to 77.2± 29.2 mg/dL, p < 0.001 respectively, and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratio and apo B also decreased significantly, from 0.36 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.02, p < 0.005 and 134.2 ± 4.3 to 93.6 ± 3.5 mg/dl, p < 0.001, respectively. In diabetic subjects there was significant correlation between percent reductions in the plasma triglyceride and sdLDL-C/ lbLDL-C ratio (r = 0.58, p < 0.005), but not between the percentage decrease in plasma triglyceride and sdLDL-C. Conclusions: Treatment with rosuvastatin is associated with significant reduction in sdLDL, lbLDL and sdLDL/lbLDL ratio.

Correlation between LDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein among an apparently healthy population in the city of Athens

Background: The atherogenic LDL is an impor-tant generative cause for the endothelial dys-function and the configuration of the athero-sclerotic lesions. CRP is a sensitive marker of inflammation on the vascular wall, but also seems to participate in the atheromatic process. The correlation between LDL and CRP could form valuable guidelines for the initiation of a treatment with statins for individuals with an increased risk of ischemic incidents. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate a pos-sible correlation between LDL and CRP in an important number of apparently healthy indi-viduals. Methods: The study material consisted of the test results of 260 male and 484 female adults with normal LDL levels who were clini-cally healthy. The correlation between the LDL and the CRP values of this group was investi-gated in this group and CRP was compared with the respective values of a group of 60 male and 204 female adults with elevated LDL levels. Re-sults: It was ascertained that there is not a sta-tistically important correlation between LDL and CRP values in all groups (men, women, total) of the population with normal LDL levels. Addi-tionally, the CRP mean values were not statisti-cally different between the individuals with normal and raised LDL. Conclusion: A number of causes are incriminated for the results. More studies are definitely needed for the confirma-tion of the results, particularly if the findings could lead to the formation of guidelines for the application of a treatment in people with normal LDL levels but increased CRP levels.

Ezetimibe Completely Replaced LDL-Apheresis for the Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Coronary Artery Disease after CABG—A Case Report

Intensive treatment of hyperlipidemia is an important factor in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Among several therapies, statins are well recognized as playing a central role, although low density lipoprotein bound cholesterol-apheresis can be used to treat very severe cases of familial hypercholesterolemia. However, statins are not always effective on their own and, recently, ezetimibe has emerged as a unique anti- hypercholesterolemic drug that acts as a cholesterol transporter inhibitor;its role is only partially understood. I experienced rare case that appeared to benefit from ezetimibe therapy, and report them as they help increase our knowledge of this novel drug.

Lower Baseline LDL Cholesterol Affects All-cause Mortality in Patients with First Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective Foreign studies have reported that coronary artery disease(CAD) patients with high baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) may have a good prognosis, which is called the “cholesterol paradox”. This study aimed to examine whether the “cholesterol paradox” also exists in the Chinese population.Methods A total of 2,056 patients who underwent the first percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)between 2014 and 2016 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study and classified into two groups based on baseline LDL-C = 2.6 mmol/L(100 mg/d L). The outcomes of interest included major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE), all-cause mortality, recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction, unexpected coronary revascularization, or any nonfatal stroke.Results All-cause mortality occurred in 8 patients(0.7%) from the low-LDL-C group and 12 patients(2.4%) in the high-LDL-C group, with a significant difference between the two groups(adjusted hazard ratio: 4.030, 95% confidence interval: 1.088–14.934;P = 0.037). However, no significant differences existed for the risk of MACE or other secondary endpoints, such as unexpected revascularization, nor any nonfatal stroke in the two groups.Conclusion In this study, a high baseline LDL-C was not associated with a low risk of clinical outcomes in CAD patients undergoing first PCI, which suggested that the “cholesterol paradox” may be inapplicable to Chinese populations.

The New Molecular Entity Evolocumab, One Kind of PCSK9 Inhibitor, Reduce Plasma Small Size LDL-Cholesterol Levels by Using a New Standardized Method of Measuring LDL Size

Aims: There has been no evidence on the effects of evolocumab, protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, on small size LDL. We observationally investigated the efficacy and side effects of evolocumab on the LDL subfraction particle diameter using PAGE system for lipoprotein analysis. Methods: We defined 30 patients with high-risk hyperlipidemia. As for analysis of LDL subfraction profile, we used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis three methods: 1) 3% nondenatured poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis method (3%PAGE), 2) 2% - 16% nondenatured poly-acrylamide gradient gel electro-phoresis method (2% - 16% GGE) and 3) 2.7% - 5% GGE. Evolocumab 140 mg/day administered together with statin significantly improved serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-dense lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C after four-week treatment. Results: TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were improved by, respectively, 33%, 20%, 10%, and 54%. The mean LDL size significantly increased from 25.6 ± 0.4 nm to 26.4 ± 0.8 nm. The small dense LDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C), large buoyant LDL-cholesterol (lbLDL-C), and mid-band lipoprotein-cholesterol were reduced, respectively. Therefore, the preliminary study on this paper can be the first step into a new insight on the world of lipid metabolism. Conclusion: Short-term administration of evolocumab addedons to statin therapy, significantly reduced small size LDL levels.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Dietary Fats Differentially Affect Hepatic ACAT Activity and LDL-Cholesterol in Postweanling Pigs Fed Low-Fat Diets

ABSTRACT：Two separate studies tested the hypoth- esis that plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C ） can be decreased by conjugated linoleic acid （CLA） by depressing hepatic acyl-coenzyme A： cholesterol acyltransferase （ACAT） activity. In the first experiment, 3 groups of 6 early-weaned piglets were fed low-fat diets containing either 1.5% CLA, 1.5% corn oil or 1.5% beef tallow;fat provided 8% of the energy intake. In the second experiment, 4 groups of 6 early-weaned piglets were fed high-fat di- ets containing either 15% beef tallow, 12% beef tal- low plus 3% CLA, 15% corn oil, or 12% corn oil plus 3% CLA; fat provided 29% of energy intake. Cholesterol was balanced across diets in both experi-ments. In pigs fed the low-fat diets, all dietary fats in- creased LDL-C and triacylglycerols and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （ HDL-C ） and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （VLDL-C）. LDL-C was the same in pigs fed low-fat tallow or low-fat CLA diets. However, ACAT activity was near- ly 80% higher in pigs fed the low-fat tallow diet than in pigs fed the low-fat CLA diets. All high-fat diets increased LDL-C, HDL-C and triacylglycerols equally with no effect on VLDL-C. There were no unique fat- ty acid effects of the high-fat diets on ACAT activity. We conclude that supplemental fats had differential effects on hepatic ACAT activity and LDL-C, but on- ly in pigs fed low-fat diets.

Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage

Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions,such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability,the synthesis of steroid hormones,and myelination.Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system.The brain contains 20%of the whole body’s cholesterol,80%of which is located within myelin.A huge number of processes(e.g.,the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway)participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis,intracellular transport,and efflux.Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences.Therefore,we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype,with high mortality and morbidity.Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.Moreover,secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation,such as neuroinflammation,demyelination,and multiple types of programmed cell death.Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage.In this paper,we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system,the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage,and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death.We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Liver as a new target organ in Alzheimer's disease:insight from cholesterol metabolism and its role in amyloid-beta clearance

Alzheimer's disease,the primary cause of dementia,is characterized by neuropathologies,such as amyloid plaques,synaptic and neuronal degeneration,and neurofibrillary tangles.Although amyloid plaques are the primary characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the central nervous system and peripheral organs,targeting amyloid-beta clearance in the central nervous system has shown limited clinical efficacy in Alzheimer's disease treatment.Metabolic abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease.The liver is the primary peripheral organ involved in amyloid-beta metabolism,playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.Notably,impaired cholesterol metabolism in the liver may exacerbate the development of Alzheimer's disease.In this review,we explore the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease and elucidate the role of the liver in amyloid-beta clearance and cholesterol metabolism.Furthermore,we propose that restoring normal cholesterol metabolism in the liver could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing Alzheimer's disease.

补骨脂素通过PCSK9/LDLR信号通路抗高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症研究

目的基于前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)探讨补骨脂素对高脂血症的影响及作用机制。方法首先使用分子对接法对补骨脂素与PCSK9蛋白结合能力进行预测。随后分别采用高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症小鼠模型和HepG2细胞红色荧光标记低密度脂蛋白(Dil-LDL)摄取法考察补骨脂素对模型小鼠血脂水平和HepG2细胞Dil-LDL摄取的影响。C57BL/6J 50只小鼠适应性喂养1周,未造模小鼠作为正常组,造模后的高脂血症小鼠随机分为模型组和20、40、80 mg/kg补骨脂素组,每组10只。全自动生化仪检测丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平,以及总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high densit lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平。20μg/mL Dil-LDL观察补骨脂素对HepG2细胞脂质摄取的影响,分为对照组和10、20、40、80μmol/L补骨脂素组。酶标仪检测各组荧光强度;Real-time PCR和Western blot法检测补骨脂素对PCSK9和低密度脂蛋白受体(low-density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)基因和蛋白表达的影响。结果分子对接结果显示补骨脂素与PCSK9对接结合能为-6.04 kcal/mol,提示补骨脂素可能与PCSK9结合。进一步在在体动物模型验证中发现,与高脂饮食诱导的模型组相比,20 mg/kg补骨脂素可显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清中ALT、TC和LDL-C水平(P<0.05),40 mg/kg补骨脂素显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清ALT、AST、TC、TG和LDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。细胞实验结果显示,与对照组相比,10μmol/L、20μmol/L和40μmol/L补骨脂素可显著增强HepG2细胞Dil-LDL摄取能力(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,40μmol/L补骨脂素可显著提高LDLR mRNA和蛋白表达(P<0.05),并降低PCSK9 mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。结论补骨脂素具有抗高脂饮食导致的高脂血症作用,机制可能与下调PCSK9/LDLR信号通路有关。

急性脑梗死患者血清Hcy、SAA及LDL/HDL水平与颈动脉斑块类型及预后的相关性

目的:探讨急性脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL/HDL)水平与颈动脉斑块及预后的相关性。方法:选取102例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,根据患者颈动脉斑块的稳定性分为稳定组(n=64)和不稳定组(n=38),比较两组患者外周血指标(Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL)及颈动脉斑块稳定性(易损性评分),Spearman分析外周血指标与颈动脉斑块稳定性的相关性;根据患者预后情况分为预后良好组(n=57)和预后不良组(n=45),比较两组患者血外周血指标(Hcy、SAA,LDL/HDL),受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析外周血指标对患者预后的预测价值。结果:稳定组患者Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL水平及易损性评分低于不稳定组(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析显示,颈动脉斑块稳定性与Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL均呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。预后良好组患者血清Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL水平低于预后不良组(P<0.05);ROC曲线分析显示,Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL水平对预后预测的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.788、0.796、0.676(P<0.05)。结论:急性脑梗死患者Hcy、SAA、LDL/HDL水平与颈动脉斑块稳定性相关,且对患者预后有较好的预测价值。

Treatment with β-sitosterol ameliorates the effects of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing cholesterol overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis

β-Sitosterol is a type of phytosterol that occurs naturally in plants.Previous studies have shown that it has anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,and anti-tumor effects,but it is unknown whetherβ-sitosterol treatment reduces the effects of ischemic stroke.Here we found that,in a mouse model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion,β-sitosterol reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and brain edema,reduced neuronal apoptosis in brain tissue,and alleviated neurological dysfunction;moreover,β-sitosterol increased the activity of oxygen-and glucose-deprived cerebral cortex neurons and reduced apoptosis.Further investigation showed that the neuroprotective effects ofβ-sitosterol may be related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by intracellular cholesterol accumulation after ischemic stroke.In addition,β-sitosterol showed high affinity for NPC1L1,a key transporter of cholesterol,and antagonized its activity.In conclusion,β-sitosterol may help treat ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuronal intracellular cholesterol overload/endoplasmic reticulum stress/apoptosis signaling pathways.

LDL、oxLDL对THP-1巨噬细胞PCSK9、LDLR表达的影响研究

为研究低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、氧化修饰的低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)对THP-1源性巨噬细胞中PCSK9、LDLR表达的影响及两者之间的关系.分别用0mg/L、10mg/L、20mg/L、30mg/L的LDL和0mg/L、10mg/L、20mg/L、30mg/L的oxLDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞,油红O染色检测细胞荷脂情况,免疫荧光检测THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9蛋白表达及分布情况,RT-PCR、Western blot检测THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9、LDLR mRNA、蛋白质的表达.结果发现,不同浓度LDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞后,随着LDL浓度的增大,细胞内脂滴数目略有增多.免疫荧光染色发现,PCSK9在THP-1巨噬细胞上的表达随LDL浓度的增加而增多,胞浆内定位于某一特定细胞器中;RT-PCR、Western blot检测发现,LDL可以呈浓度依赖性下调THP-1巨噬细胞中LDLR的表达和上调PCSK9的表达.不同浓度oxLDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞后,随oxLDL浓度的增大,脂滴颗粒明显增加;oxLDL处理对THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9、LDLR mRNA、蛋白质的表达影响均不明显.研究结果表明:THP-1巨噬细胞上,同时有PCSK9和LDLR的表达,且PCSK9定位于胞浆中某一特定细胞器;oxLDL对THP-1巨噬细胞LDLR和PCSK9表达没有影响;LDL能够降低THP-1巨噬细胞表面LDLR的表达,同时上调PCSK9表达,初步说明在THP-1巨噬细胞中,两者有一定的相关性.

Causal associations between intermediate very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-total lipids ratio and peptic ulcer:A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic investigations have consistently demonstrated a strong association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-lowdensity lipoprotein(VLDL)and the occurrence of peptic ulcers(PU).However,the precise causal relationship between these factors remains ambiguous.Consequently,this study aims to elucidate the potential correlation between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and the incidence of peptic ulcer.AIM To investigate the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL)association with PU via genetic methods,guiding future clinical research.METHODS Genome-wide association study(GWAS)datasets for the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL and peptic ulcer were retrieved from the IEU OpenGWAS project(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk).For the forward Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis,72 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as instrumental variables.These SNPs were selected based on their association with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL,with peptic ulcer as the outcome variable.Conversely,for the inverse MR analysis,no SNPs were identified with peptic ulcer as the exposure variable and the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL as the outcome.All MR analyses utilized inverse variance weighted(IVW)as the primary analytical method.Additionally,weighted median and MR-Egger methods were employed as supplementary analytical approaches to assess causal effects.Egger regression was used as a supplementary method to evaluate potential directional pleiotropy.Heterogeneity and multiplicity tests were conducted using the leave-one-out method to evaluate result stability and mitigate biases associated with multiple testing.RESULTS The genetically predicted ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was significantly associated with an elevated risk of peptic ulcer(IVW:OR=2.557,95%CI=1.274-5.132,P=0.008).However,no causal association of peptic ulcer with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was observed in the inverse Mendelian randomization analysis.CONCLUSION In conclusion,our study reveals a significant association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and an elevated risk of peptic ulcers.However,further validation through laboratory investigations and larger-scale studies is warranted to strengthen the evidence and confirm the causal relationship between these factors.

豚鼠高脂血症模型LDL-C代谢紊乱的机制研究

目的建立豚鼠高胆固醇血症模型,并对形成机制进行探讨。方法高脂饲料诱导法建立豚鼠高胆固醇血症模型,分别于造模1、2、4周检测血清脂质的动态变化;检测肝脏脂质;酶联免疫分析法测定血清ox-LDL浓度;实时荧光定量PCR法检测肝脏CYP7A1(cholesterol 7a-hydroxylaseA1)、肝脏法尼酯X受体(hepatic farnesoid X receptor,FXR)、肝X受体α(liver X receptor,LXRα)、HMG-CoA还原酶mRNA的相对表达;Western blot法检测肝脏LDL-R的蛋白表达情况。结果豚鼠经高脂饲料诱导1周后,模型组与对照组比较血清TC、LDL-C即发生升高,随造模时间延长,血脂一直维持在较高水平。造模4周后模型组血清ox-LDL、sd-LDL浓度,肝脏TC水平比正常组升高。肝脏HMG-CoA还原酶表达下调,LDL-R蛋白表达量明显高于正常组。值得注意的是豚鼠肝脏法尼酯X受体(FXR)表达明显上调,且肝X受体α(LXRα)表达也明显上调,但二者激活水平相当,最终未改变肝脏CYP7A1mRNA的表达水平。结论高脂诱导豚鼠形成高胆固醇血症主要与外源性胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白的清除发生障碍有关。

Biochemistry and transcriptome analysis reveal condensed tannins alleviate liver injury induced by regulating cholesterol metabolism pathway

Free cholesterol has been considered to be a critical risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).It remains unknown whether dietary intake of condensed tannins(CTs)have distinguishable effects to alleviate liver damage caused by a high cholesterol diet.Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks,and given CTs treatment at a dosage of 200 mg/(kg·day)at the same time.The results indicated that compared with mice fed a normal diet,a high cholesterol diet group resulted in significant weight loss,dysregulation of lipid metabolism in blood and liver,and oxidative stress in the liver,but CTs treatment dramatically reversed these negative effects.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining and frozen section observation manifested that CTs treatment could effectively reduce the deposition of liver cholesterol and tissue necrosis caused by high cholesterol intake.CTs alleviated liver injury mainly by regulating the expression of related genes in cholesterol metabolism pathway and AMPK phosphorylation.Our results confirmed that CTs have remarkable cholesterol lowering and anti-liver injury effects in vivo.

Inhibitory effect of procyanidin B2 and tannin acid on cholesterol esterase and their synergistic effect with orlistat

This study was aimed to analyze the effect of procyanidin B2(PC)and tannin acid(TA)on the activities of cholesterol esterase(CEase)and the inhibitory mechanisms of enzymatic activity.The interaction mechanisms were investigated by enzymatic kinetics,multi-spectroscopy methods,thermodynamics analysis,molecular docking,and dynamic simulations.PC and TA could bind with CEase and inhibit the activity of enzyme in a mixed-competitive manner and non-competitive manner,which was verified by molecular docking simulations and dynamics simulations.Also,PC and TA showed the synergistic inhibition with orlistat.Fluorescence,UVvis and the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the complexes were formed from CEase and inhibitors by noncovalent interaction.As revealed by the circular dichroism results,both PC and TA decreased enzymatic activities by altering the conformations of CEase.The inhibition of PC and TA on CEase might be one mechanism for its cholesterol-lowering effect.

HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测在2型糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值

目的:探究糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)联合检测在2型糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值。方法:选取2019年1月—2021年12月南京中医药大学附属苏州市中医医院收治的120例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象。根据患者是否发生糖尿病肾病将其分为合并肾病组(n=35)和未合并肾病组(n=85)。收集两组患者一般资料。检测两组Hb A1c、LDL-C、HDL-C。比较两组一般资料及Hb A1c、LDL-C、HDL-C水平。分析2型糖尿病肾病的危险因素。分析HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C对2型糖尿病肾病的诊断价值。结果:合并肾病组糖尿病病程长于未合并肾病组,吸烟史占比高于未合并肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。合并肾病组HbA1c、LDL-C水平均高于未合并肾病组,HDL-C水平低于未合并肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic分析结果显示,HbA1c、LDL-C、吸烟史、糖尿病病程均是2型糖尿病患者合并糖尿病肾病的危险因素,HDL-C是保护因素(P<0.05)。HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测的AUC最高。结论:HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测应用于2型糖尿病肾病诊断中,具有较高的诊断价值,为临床对2型糖尿病肾病的早期诊断提供新思路。

阿利西尤单抗降低血脂不达标冠心病患者LDL-C的有效性及对动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响

目的:探讨阿利西尤单抗降低血脂不达标冠心病(CHD)患者低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的临床效果及对动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响。方法:选择2017年9月至2021年3月期间深圳市龙华区人民医院收治的血脂不达标的CHD患者127例,根据是否接受阿利西尤单抗治疗分为联合组(46例)和对照组(81例)。对照组维持原他汀类药物治疗方案不变,联合组在原他汀类药物治疗方案基础上应用PCSK9抑制剂阿利西尤单抗注射液,75mg皮下注射,每2周一次。两组均进行3个月的治疗,并随访12个月。比较两组治疗前、随访12个月后总胆固醇(TC)和LDL-C水平,斑块纤维帽厚度、脂质斑块弧度、脂质斑块长度、最小管腔横截面积,以及不良反应和临床终点事件情况。结果:随访12个月后,与对照组比较,联合组血浆TC[(3.48±1.04)mmol/L比(2.29±0.76)mmol/L]、LDL-C[(2.08±0.53)mmol/L比(1.27±0.41)mmol/L]水平均显著降低,脂质斑块弧度[(107.22±13.29)°比(92.65±11.81)°]、脂质斑块长度[(5.45±0.89)mm比(4.84±0.82)mm]显著减小,斑块纤维帽厚度[(123.60±14.87)μm比(131.46±14.29)μm]和最小管腔横截面积[(2.51±0.37)mm 2比(2.69±0.33)mm 2]显著增加(P均<0.01)。两组不良反应发生率(χ^(2)=0.428,P=0.513)和临床终点事件发生率(χ^(2)=0.253,P=0.615)均无显著差异。结论:阿利西尤单抗可显著降低血脂不达标的CHD患者LDL-C水平,增加斑块纤维帽的厚度和管腔横截面积,降低斑块内部脂质负荷,提高斑块的稳定性,且安全性良好。

丝瓜络对高脂血症小鼠LDL-R基因表达的影响

目的:观察中药丝瓜络(RLF)对高脂血症小鼠低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)基因表达的影响。方法:用高脂饲料喂养雄性昆明小鼠建立高脂血症模型,以血脂康作为阳性对照观察饲料中补充丝瓜络粉剂喂养对小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)的影响。按Trizol法提取小鼠肝脏总RNA,利用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定LDL-R mRNA的表达,观察其在正常、高脂和给药3种条件下的差异。结果:(1)高脂组小鼠的血清TC和LDL-C分别为(5.71±0.82)和(3.99±1.12)mmol/L,显著高于正常对照组的TC(2.31±0.21)mmol/L和LDL-C(1.72±0.28)mmol/L(P<0.01),而高脂+丝瓜络组、高脂+血脂康组的TC分别为(3.65±0.28)mmol/L、(3.94±0.65)mmol/L和LDL-C分别为(2.74±0.54)mmol/L、(3.00±0.23)mmol/L,显著低于高脂组(P<0.01);(2)与正常对照组比较,高脂组小鼠肝脏LDL-R mRNA的表达减弱(P<0.01);与高脂组比较,高脂+丝瓜络组、高脂+血脂康组小鼠肝脏LDL-R mRNA的表达增强(P<0.01)。结论:丝瓜络对实验性高脂血症小鼠有明显的降血脂效应,且能使实验性高脂血症小鼠肝组织的LDL-R mRNA表达增强。

Hepatic steatosis is associated with dysregulated cholesterol metabolism and altered protein acetylation dynamics in chickens

Background Hepatic steatosis is a prevalent manifestation of fatty liver, that has detrimental effect on the health and productivity of laying hens, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we aimed to systematically investigate the genetic regulatory mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in laying hens.Methods Ninety individuals with the most prominent characteristics were selected from 686 laying hens according to the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, and were graded into three groups, including the control, mild hepatic steatosis and severe hepatic steatosis groups. A combination of transcriptome, proteome, acetylome and lipidome analyses, along with bioinformatics analysis were used to screen the key biological processes, modifications and lipids associated with hepatic steatosis.Results The rationality of the hepatic steatosis grouping was verified through liver biochemical assays and RNA-seq. Hepatic steatosis was characterized by increased lipid deposition and multiple metabolic abnormalities. Integration of proteome and acetylome revealed that differentially expressed proteins(DEPs) interacted with differentially acetylated proteins(DAPs) and were involved in maintaining the metabolic balance in the liver. Acetylation alterations mainly occurred in the progression from mild to severe hepatic steatosis, i.e., the enzymes in the fatty acid oxidation and bile acid synthesis pathways were significantly less acetylated in severe hepatic steatosis group than that in mild group(P < 0.05). Lipidomics detected a variety of sphingolipids(SPs) and glycerophospholipids(GPs) were negatively correlated with hepatic steatosis(r ≤-0.5, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the severity of hepatic steatosis was associated with a decrease in cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and an increase in exogenous cholesterol transport.Conclusions In addition to acquiring a global and thorough picture of hepatic steatosis in laying hens, we were able to reveal the role of acetylation in hepatic steatosis and depict the changes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. The findings provides a wealth of information to facilitate a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of fatty liver and contributes to the development of therapeutic strategies.