Polycomb group （PcG） and trithorax group （trxG） proteins have been shown to act antagonistically to epigenetically regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. The trxG proteins counteract PcG-mediated floral repressio...Polycomb group （PcG） and trithorax group （trxG） proteins have been shown to act antagonistically to epigenetically regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. The trxG proteins counteract PcG-mediated floral repression in Arabidopsis, but their roles in other developmental processes are poorly understood. We investigated the interactions between the trxG genes, ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG OF TRITHORAX1 （ATX1） and ULTRAPETALA1 （ULT1）, and the PcG gene EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1 （EMF1） during early development. Unexpectedly, we found that mutations in the trxG genes failed to rescue the early-flowering phenotype of emfl mutants. Instead, emfl atxl ultl seedlings showed a novel swollen root phenotype and massive deregulation of gene expression. Greater ectopic expression of seed master regulatory genes in emfl atxl ultl triple than in emfl single mutants indicates that PcG and trxG factors together repress seed gene expression after germination. Furthermore, we found that the widespread gene derepression is asso- ciated with reduced levels of H3K27me3, an epigenetic repressive mark of gene expression, and with globally altered chromatin organization. EMF1, ATXl, and ULT1 are able to bind the chromatin of seed genes and ULT1 can physically interact with ATX1 and EMF1, suggesting that the trxG and EMF1 proteins directly associate at target gene loci for EMFl-mediated gene silencing. Thus, while ATXl, ULT1, and EMF1 interact antagonistically to regulate flowering, they work together to maintain chromatin integrity and prevent precocious seed gene expression after germination.展开更多
Male infertility might be clearly associated with aberrant DNA methylation patterns in human spermatozoa. An association between oxidative stress and the global methylation status of the sperm genome has also been sug...Male infertility might be clearly associated with aberrant DNA methylation patterns in human spermatozoa. An association between oxidative stress and the global methylation status of the sperm genome has also been suggested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the global sperm DNA methylation status was affected in the spermatozoa of carriers of chromosome structural aberrations. The relationships between the 5-methylcytosine （msC） levels in spermatozoa and chromatin integrity status were evaluated. The study patients comprised male carriers of chromosome structural aberrations with reproductive failure （n = 24）, and the controls comprised normozoospermic sperm volunteers （n = 23）. The global msC level was measured using thin-layer chromatography （TLC） and immunofluorescence （IF） techniques. The sperm chromatin integrity was assessed using aniline blue （AB） staining and TUNEL assay. The mean msC levels were similar between the investigated chromosome structural aberrations carriers （P） and controls （K）. However, sperm chromatin integrity tests revealed significantly higher values in chromosomal rearrangement carriers than in controls （P 〈 0.05）. Although the potential relationship between sperm chromatin integrity status and sperm DNA fragmentation and the msC level juxtaposed in both analyzed groups （P vs K） was represented in a clearly opposite manner, the low chromatin integrity might be associated with the high hypomethylation status of the sperm DNA observed in carriers of chromosome structural aberrations.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation （grant 5182028 to L.P.）, the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, CAAS, China （to L.P.）, the National Science Foundation, USA （NSF grant lOS 0956409 to Z.R.So）, and the National Science Council, Taiwan, China （grant NSC 98-2311-B-001-001-MY3 to L.O.C.）.
文摘Polycomb group （PcG） and trithorax group （trxG） proteins have been shown to act antagonistically to epigenetically regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. The trxG proteins counteract PcG-mediated floral repression in Arabidopsis, but their roles in other developmental processes are poorly understood. We investigated the interactions between the trxG genes, ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG OF TRITHORAX1 （ATX1） and ULTRAPETALA1 （ULT1）, and the PcG gene EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1 （EMF1） during early development. Unexpectedly, we found that mutations in the trxG genes failed to rescue the early-flowering phenotype of emfl mutants. Instead, emfl atxl ultl seedlings showed a novel swollen root phenotype and massive deregulation of gene expression. Greater ectopic expression of seed master regulatory genes in emfl atxl ultl triple than in emfl single mutants indicates that PcG and trxG factors together repress seed gene expression after germination. Furthermore, we found that the widespread gene derepression is asso- ciated with reduced levels of H3K27me3, an epigenetic repressive mark of gene expression, and with globally altered chromatin organization. EMF1, ATXl, and ULT1 are able to bind the chromatin of seed genes and ULT1 can physically interact with ATX1 and EMF1, suggesting that the trxG and EMF1 proteins directly associate at target gene loci for EMFl-mediated gene silencing. Thus, while ATXl, ULT1, and EMF1 interact antagonistically to regulate flowering, they work together to maintain chromatin integrity and prevent precocious seed gene expression after germination.
文摘Male infertility might be clearly associated with aberrant DNA methylation patterns in human spermatozoa. An association between oxidative stress and the global methylation status of the sperm genome has also been suggested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the global sperm DNA methylation status was affected in the spermatozoa of carriers of chromosome structural aberrations. The relationships between the 5-methylcytosine （msC） levels in spermatozoa and chromatin integrity status were evaluated. The study patients comprised male carriers of chromosome structural aberrations with reproductive failure （n = 24）, and the controls comprised normozoospermic sperm volunteers （n = 23）. The global msC level was measured using thin-layer chromatography （TLC） and immunofluorescence （IF） techniques. The sperm chromatin integrity was assessed using aniline blue （AB） staining and TUNEL assay. The mean msC levels were similar between the investigated chromosome structural aberrations carriers （P） and controls （K）. However, sperm chromatin integrity tests revealed significantly higher values in chromosomal rearrangement carriers than in controls （P 〈 0.05）. Although the potential relationship between sperm chromatin integrity status and sperm DNA fragmentation and the msC level juxtaposed in both analyzed groups （P vs K） was represented in a clearly opposite manner, the low chromatin integrity might be associated with the high hypomethylation status of the sperm DNA observed in carriers of chromosome structural aberrations.
