Synthetic polymers:A review of applications in drilling fluids

With the growth of deep drilling and the complexity of the well profile,the requirements for a more complete and efficient exploitation of productive formations increase,which increases the risk of various complications.Currently,reagents based on modified natural polymers(which are naturally occurring compounds)and synthetic polymers(SPs)which are polymeric compounds created industrially,are widely used to prevent emerging complications in the drilling process.However,compared to modified natural polymers,SPs form a family of high-molecular-weight compounds that are fully synthesized by undergoing chemical polymerization reactions.SPs provide substantial flexibility in their design.Moreover,their size and chemical composition can be adjusted to provide properties for nearly all the functional objectives of drilling fluids.They can be classified based on chemical ingredients,type of reaction,and their responses to heating.However,some of SPs,due to their structural characteristics,have a high cost,a poor temperature and salt resistance in drilling fluids,and degradation begins when the temperature reaches 130℃.These drawbacks prevent SP use in some medium and deep wells.Thus,this review addresses the historical development,the characteristics,manufacturing methods,classification,and the applications of SPs in drilling fluids.The contributions of SPs as additives to drilling fluids to enhance rheology,filtrate generation,carrying of cuttings,fluid lubricity,and clay/shale stability are explained in detail.The mechanisms,impacts,and advances achieved when SPs are added to drilling fluids are also described.The typical challenges encountered by SPs when deployed in drilling fluids and their advantages and drawbacks are also discussed.Economic issues also impact the applications of SPs in drilling fluids.Consequently,the cost of the most relevant SPs,and the monomers used in their synthesis,are assessed.Environmental impacts of SPs when deployed in drilling fluids,and their manufacturing processes are identified,together with advances in SP-treatment methods aimed at reducing those impacts.Recommendations for required future research addressing SP property and performance gaps are provided.

Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers and Its Effect on Water Vapor Permeability of Microfiber Synthetic Leather

A series of hyperbranched poly(amine-ester)polyols were synthesized by the polycondensation of N,N-diethylol-3-amine-methylpropionate(prepared by Michael addition reaction of methyl acrylate with diethanolamine)as an AB2-type monomer with trimethylol propane as the core moiety,proceeding in one-step procedure in the melt with p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst.The obtained monomer and polymers were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.The solubility and surface activity in aqueous solution of the polymers were also examined.The gas permeability,water vapor permeability,and moisture absorption of microfiber synthetic leather treated by hyperbranched polymer were studied.The optimum conditions were that the dosage of dye and hyperbranched polymer was 5% and 10%,respectively.The water vapor permeability and moisture absorption of microfiber synthetic leather reached to 0.525 4 mg/(10 cm2·24 h)and 0.046 7 mg/(10 cm2·24 h).Compared with blank samples,they increased by 15% and 35%,respectively.However,the dosage of hyperbranched polymer has little influence on gas permeability of microfiber synthetic leather.SEM results show that the fiber of microfiber synthetic leather treated by hyperbranched polymer is incompact.

Factors affecting flocculation performance of synthetic polymer for turbidity control

A multilateral effort into managing nonpoint source pollution from agriculture has gotten much attention for many years. Particularly during the heavy rain season, run-off of turbid water from sloped farmlands, fallow ground and/or unmanaged uplands is deteriorated. Flocculant polymer, commonly used in wastewater treatment facilities, but now exploited to improve control of sediment turbidity by promoting flocculation of particles in construction site. This study used the flocculant polymer to control the discharge of agricultural nonpoint source pollution and focused on the understanding of how soil-water and polymer properties affect flocculation performance. Therefore, a series of flocculation experiments under different conditions was evaluated for better polymer clarification efficiency. Various factors such as flocculant dose, end-over-end inversion of a cylinder, and soil-water properties (pH, NaCl, organic matter) were studied. The effective flocculant dose that fulfilled fast settling rate was 10mg·L-1. Additional findings included that 1) increasing pH decreased the settling rate of soil particle;2) a positive relationship between the percentage of turbidity reduction and a level of salinity in Kaolin suspension was observed, and 3) organic matter in soil solution inhibited PAM adsorption onto soil particles, which caused the reduction of flocculation performance. The findings of this study revealed that flocculant polymer possess good results as a turbidity reducetion measure and couldfurther provide valuable information to make better decision on establishment of Best Management Practice for handling agricultural nonpoint source pollution.

A brief review on natural fiber used as a replacement of synthetic fiber in polymer composites

The use of composites in different sectors has become inevitable due to the enhancement in properties, reduction in the manufacturing cost and suitability to several applications. Among different classifications, polymeric composites are mainly focused on their use as structural components and the selection and composition of reinforcement play a vital role in determining the characteristics of the composite. Although composites are developed with man-made reinforcement in the beginning stage, in the present situation, natural reinforcements have proved excellent results in terms of properties. Hence, nowadays researches are mainly focused on the use of different natural fibers in different forms as reinforcements in polymeric composite. This work presents a brief overview on the properties of natural fiber and natural fiber reinforced composites which is an emerging area in polymer science. Interests in natural fiber is reasonable due to the advantages of these materials compared to others, such as synthetic fiber composites, including low environmental impact and low cost and support their potential to be used. Moreover, the disadvantage of the synthetic and fiber-glass as reinforcement, the use of natural fiber reinforced composite gained the attention of the young scientists, researchers, and engineers and are being exploited as a replacement for the conventional fiber such as glass, aramid, carbon etc. Natural fibers have been proven alternative to synthetic fiber in transportation such as automobiles, railway coaches and aerospace, military, building, packaging, consumer products and construction industries for ceiling paneling, partition boards etc. However, in development of these composites, some drawbacks have also emerged. In this paper, it has been tried to overview all of this together.

DNA Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis with Ultraviolet Detection using Mixed Synthetic Polymers

The mixtures of two polymers, poly (N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were synthesized and used as the separation medium for double-stranded and single-stranded DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis with UV detector. On optimal conditions, 2%w/v PDMA + 2%w/v PVP can be used to separate the doublet 123/124bp in pBR322/Hae III Markers.

Numerical study on polymer nanofibers with electrically charged jet of viscoelastic fluid in electrospinning process

Electrospinning is a useful and efficient technique to produce polymeric nanofibers. Nanofibers of polymers are electrospun by creating an electrically charged jet of polymer solution. Numerical study on non-Newtonian and viscoelastic jets of polymer nanofibers in electrospinning process is presented in this work. In particular, the effect of non-Newtonian rheology on the jet profile during the electrospinning process is examined. The governing equations of the problem are solved numerically using the Keller-Box method. The effects of yield stress and power-law index on the elongation, velocity, stress and total force are presented and discussed in detail. The results show that by increasing the values of yield stress, the fluid elongation is reduced significantly.

Engineered polymer nanoparticles incorporating L-amino acid groups as affinity reagents for fibrinogen

Synthetic polymer hydrogel nanoparticles(NPs)were developed to function as abiotic affinity reagents for fibrinogen.These NPs were made using both temperature-sensitive N-isopropyl acrylamide(NIPAm)and L-amino acid monomers.Five kinds of L-amino acids were acryloylated to obtain functional monomers:L-phenylalanine(Phe)and L-leucine(Leu)with hydrophobic side chains,L-glutamic acid(Glu)with negative charges,and L-lysine(Lys)and L-arginine(Arg)with positive charges.After incubating the NPs with fibrinogen,g-globulin,and human serum albumin(HSA)respectively,the NPs that incorporated Nacryloyl-Arg monomers(AArg@NPs)showed the strongest and most specific binding affinity to fibrinogen,when compared with g-globulin and HSA.Additionally,the fibrinogen-AArg binding model had the best docking scores,and this may be due to the interaction of positively charged AArg@NPs and the negatively charged fibrinogen D domain and the hydrophobic interaction between them.The specific adsorption of AArg@NPs to fibrinogen was also confirmed by the immunoprecipitation assay,as the AArg@NPs selectively trapped the fibrinogen from a human plasma protein mixture.AArg@NPs had a strong selectivity for,and specificity to,fibrinogen and may be developed as a potential human fibrinogen-specific affinity reagent.

Synthetic biodegradable functional polymers for tissue engineering:a brief review

Scaffolds play a crucial role in tissue engineering. Biodegradable polymers with great processing flexibility are the predominant scaffolding materials. Synthetic biodegradable polymers with well-defined structure and without immunological concerns associated with naturally derived polymers are widely used in tissue engineering. The synthetic biodegradable polymers that are widely used in tissue engineering, including polyesters, polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes, polyurethane, and poly(glycerol sebacate) are summarized in this article. New developments in conducting polymers, photoresponsive polymers, amino-acid-based polymers, enzymatically degradable polymers, and peptide-activated polymers are also discussed. In addition to chemical functionalization, the scaffold designs that mimic the nano and micro features of the extracellular matrix(ECM) are presented as well, and composite and nanocomposite scaffolds are also reviewed.

A comprehensive review of biodegradable synthetic polymer-ceramic composites and their manufacture for biomedical applications

The application of various materials in biomedical procedures has recently experienced rapid growth.One area that is currently receiving significant attention from the scientific community is the treatment of a number of different types of bone-related diseases and disorders by using biodegradable polymer-ceramic composites.Biomaterials,the most common materials used to repair or replace damaged parts of the human body,can be categorized into three major groups:metals,ceramics,and polymers.Composites can be manufactured by combining two or more materials to achieve enhanced biocompatibility and biomechanical properties for specific applications.Biomaterials must display suitable properties for their applications,about strength,durability,and biological influence.Metals and their alloys such as titanium,stainless steel,and cobalt-based alloys have been widely investigated for implant-device applications because of their excellent mechanical properties.However,these materials may also manifest biological issues such as toxicity,poor tissue adhesion and stress shielding effect due to their high elastic modulus.To mitigate these issues,hydroxyapatite(HA)coatings have been used on metals because their chemical composition is similar to that of bone and teeth.Recently,a wide range of synthetic polymers such as poly(L-lactic acid)and poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide)have been studied for different biomedical applications,owing to their promising biocompatibility and biodegradability.This article gives an overview of synthetic polymer-ceramic composites with a particular emphasis on calcium phosphate group and their potential applications in tissue engineering.It is hoped that synthetic polymer-ceramic composites such as PLLA/HA and PCL/HA will provide advantages such as eliminating the stress shielding effect and the consequent need for revision surgery.

Segmental long bone regeneration guided by degradable synthetic polymeric scaffolds

Recent developments in synthetic bone grafting materials and adjuvant therapeutic agents have opened the door to the regenerative reconstruction of critical-size long bone segmental defects resulting from trauma,osteoporotic fractures or tumour resections.Polymeric scaffolds with controlled macroporosities,degradability,useful surgical handling characteristics,and the ability to deliver biotherapeutics to promote new bone ingrowth have been developed for this challenging orthopaedic application.This review highlights major classes of degradable synthetic polymers and their biomineral composites,including conventional and amphiphilic polyesters,polyanhydrides,polycarbonates,and polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels,that have been explored for the regenerative reconstruction of critical-size long bone segmental defects over the past two decades.The pros and cons of these synthetic scaffold materials are presented in the context of enabling or impeding the functional(mechanical and radiographic)repair of a long bone segmental defect,with the long bone regeneration outcomes compared with healthy long bone controls or results achieved with current grafting standards.

Co-pyrolysis of cassava peel with synthetic polymers:thermal and kinetic behaviors

This research effort focuses on the co-pyrolysis of cassava peels waste and some synthetic polymers towards energy conversion and reducing the volume of these waste fractions dumped on dumpsites.The co-pyrolysis behavior and pyrolysis kinetics of various synthetic polymer wastes/cassava peel blends were investigated by blending cassava peel waste with low-density polyethylene(LDPE),polyethylene terephthalate(PET),and polystyrene(PS)at different weight ratios.The physical characteristics of each sample were investigated and the co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at a heating rate of 10℃/min from room temperature to 800℃in N_(2)atmosphere in a thermogravimetric analyzer.Subsequent to thermal decomposition,kinetic analysis was done using the thermogravimetric data.Results from physicochemical characterization showed that cassava peel has a relatively lower calorific value of 15.92 MJ/kg compared with polystyrene(41.1 MJ/kg),low-density polyethylene(42.6 MJ/kg),and polyethylene terephthalate(21.1 MJ/kg).The thermal decomposition behavior of cassava peel was seen to be significantly different from those of the synthetic polymers.The decomposition of the biomass material such as cassava peel generally occurs in two stages while the decomposition of LDPE,PS,and PET occurred in a single stage.The activation energy required for thermal degradation in cassava peel was also found to be lower to that of the plastic material.The co-pyrolysis of cassava peel and different synthetic polymers affected the thermal and kinetic behaviors of the blends,reduce the activation energy and residue after pyrolysis.

造纸用干强剂的研究进展与应用

本文介绍了造纸用干强剂的增强机理,系统阐述了不同类型造纸用干强剂的研究进展与应用。其中,重点讨论了淀粉、壳聚糖、水溶性植物胶、纤维素及其衍生物、聚丙烯酰胺及其他化学合成类干强剂在造纸湿部领域的研究现状,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。

加快我国高分子材料高端化步伐

概述了我国高分子产业的发展现状,指出我国高分子产业存在产品结构类同、低端产品结构性过剩、技术支撑能力不足等问题,必须加快高端高分子材料的研究与开发。分析了三大通用高分子材料的消费趋势,预测了近中期市场需求有较快增长、长期市场需求可能保持稳定的十一类高端高分子材料。提出了高分子材料高端化的研发思路:一是既要重视特种材料的研究开发,也必须高度重视高端通用材料的研究开发;二是深入研究高分子材料结构与性能的关系,尽快实现从定性分析向定量建模的深化;三是重视高分子材料高端化的技术路径的优化与选择,实现低能耗、低投资和低成本的高端化;四是突破高端分子材料的单体制约;五是加强加工应用技术及装备的研究开发。

耐盐两性聚丙烯酰胺的合成及其性能评价

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体制备两性聚丙烯酰胺AMPAM,测试耐盐性能。结果表明,AMPAM在20000 mg/L的NaCl溶液、10000 mg/L的CaCl_(2)溶液中,仍能保持10 mPa·s以上的黏度。对不同矿化度下0.5%浓度AMPAM溶液,使用SEM扫描电镜对其微观形貌的变化进行了观察,由于分子间引力和斥力的严重削弱,分子链开始靠拢、卷曲,形成大量的分子簇,最终形成完整的块状结构,此时溶液黏度变化很小,并逐渐趋于稳定。

超细纤维合成革用阻燃水性聚氨酯的制备及其性能

针对超细纤维合成革用聚氨酯涂层易燃、强度低、韧性不足等问题,自制了一种含磷双元醇反应型阻燃剂(DHIMP),并将其作为扩链剂与二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、聚四氢呋喃醚二醇、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸共聚得到分散性、稳定性良好的阻燃水性聚氨酯(P-WPU)。将P-WPU制成涂层浆料并通过双面刮涂—交换凝固—烘干等制备工艺,最终在超细纤维合成革表面构建柔软强韧的聚氨酯涂层。通过傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱分析了DHIMP的分子结构,对比表征了DHIMP对P-WPU乳液的粒径、力学性能以及超细纤维合成革阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:DHIMP不仅提高了P-WPU涂层的阻燃性,同时也提高了其弹性模量、断裂强度、断裂伸长率;当DHIMP质量分数为11.7%时,超细纤维合成革的综合性能最佳,其断裂强度为29.04 MPa,断裂伸长率达795.40%;当DHIMP质量分数为16.1%时,阻燃超细纤维合成革的阻燃性能最佳,极限氧指数达28.6%,熔滴数量为0~1,具有良好的阻燃效果。

新型超交联聚合物在蜂蜜中抗生素残留的检测研究

为了实现蜂蜜中多种抗生素的残留量同时测定,优化前处理流程,合成了一种新型的多孔聚合物材料(POP),应用于检测蜂蜜中的11种抗生素残留。前处理采用多孔聚合物材料分散吸附方式,液相色谱串联质谱以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行洗脱,AtiantisR T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm)分离,11种抗生素可在4 min内达到良好分离效果。四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类药物分别在10~500、2~100和1~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限分别为3.0、0.6和0.3μg/kg,定量限分别为10.0、2.0和1.0μg/kg。11种抗生素在低、中、高三水平加标下的平均回收率为90.9%~108.7%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~9.4%。相较于传统固相萃取净化方式,使用POP的检测方法具有操作便捷、节能高效的特点;且重复性好,回收率高,可用于蜂蜜中多种抗生素残留的检测。

Recent Advances of Imide-Functionalized Polymer Donors for Non-fullerene Solar Cells

In recent years,there has been a shift towards using non-fullerene electron acceptors in organic solar cells(osCs)as a replacement for fullerene derivatives.This change requires polymer donors that possess compatible physical properties,such as absorption range,HoMo energy level,miscibility,and crystallinity.Moreover,the high cost and poor batch-to-batch reproducibility of polymer donors also hinder future large-scale manufacturing.These emphasize the need to explore alternative types of polymer donors.The imide-functionalized building units possess several key attributes that make their polymers highly promising for non-fullerene OsCs.These attributes include ease of synthesis,strong electron-withdrawing ability,rigid and co-planar structure,and the ability to easily tune solubility through imide side chains.In this review,we summarized the synthetic routes of imide building units,and the structural evolution of imide-functionalized polymer donors by focusing on the effects of polymer structure on their physical,optoelectronic,and photovoltaic properties.We hope that this mini-review will serve as a catalyst for future research on imide-functionalized polymers toward high-performance,cost-effective,and durable organic solar cells(oscs).

《高分子材料》课程思政设计——以“合成纤维”教学实践为例

“高分子材料”是高等院校高分子材料与工程专业的必修课程,内容衔接高分子专业基础课程和专业核心课程。本文以《高分子材料》课程的“合成纤维”章节教学为案例,对如何将思政元素有机融入专业课程中进行了探索,并构建高分子材料课程与思政育人相伴而行的教学模式,为工科类大学培养高素质应用型工科人才提供新的视角。

A review of polymer-derived hard carbon materials as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries

This paper describes the sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon,including the insertion-adsorption model,adsorption-insertion model,adsorption-filling model,and adsorption-insertion-filling model.The research progress of hard carbon prepared by synthetic polymers in recent years is reviewed.The modification strategies of morphology and structure regulation,surface engineering,defect engineering,heteroatom doping,and pretreatment are proposed to improve the electrochemical performance of hard carbon materials and promote the research and development of hard carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.