Despite the scientific and medicinal importance of diploid sika deer(Cervus nippon),its genome resources are limited and haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale assembly is urgently needed.To explore mechanisms underlying...Despite the scientific and medicinal importance of diploid sika deer(Cervus nippon),its genome resources are limited and haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale assembly is urgently needed.To explore mechanisms underlying the expression patterns of the allele-specific genes in antlers and the chromosome evolution in Cervidae,we report,for the first time,a high-quality haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale genome of sika deer by integrating multiple sequencing strategies,which was anchored to 32 homologous groups with a pair of sex chromosomes(XY).Several expanded genes(RET,PPP2R1A,PPP2R1B,YWHAB,YWHAZ,and RPS6)and positively selected genes(eIF4E,Wnt8A,Wnt9B,BMP4,and TP53)were identified,which could contribute to rapid antler growth without carcinogenesis.A comprehensive and systematic genome-wide analysis of allele expression patterns revealed that most alleles were functionally equivalent in regulating rapid antler growth and inhibiting oncogenesis.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that chromosome fission might occur during the divergence of sika deer and red deer(Cervus elaphus),and the olfactory sensation of sika deer might be more powerful than that of red deer.Obvious inversion regions containing olfactory receptor genes were also identified,which arose since the divergence.In conclusion,the high-quality allele-aware reference genome provides valuable resources for further illustration of the unique biological characteristics of antler,chromosome evolution,and multi-omics research of cervid animals.展开更多
Many paleognaths(ratites and tinamous) have a pair of homomorphic ZW sex chromosomes in contrast to the highly differentiated sex chromosomes of most other birds. To understand the evolutionary causes for the differen...Many paleognaths(ratites and tinamous) have a pair of homomorphic ZW sex chromosomes in contrast to the highly differentiated sex chromosomes of most other birds. To understand the evolutionary causes for the different tempos of sex chromosome evolution, we produced female genomes of 12 paleognathous species and reconstructed the phylogeny and the evolutionary history of paleognathous sex chromosomes.We uncovered that Palaeognathae sex chromosomes had undergone stepwise recombination suppression and formed a pattern of “evolutionary strata”. Nine of the 15 studied species’ sex chromosomes have maintained homologous recombination in their long pseudoautosomal regions extending more than half of the entire chromosome length. We found that in the older strata, the W chromosome suffered more serious functional gene loss. Their homologous Z-linked regions, compared with other genomic regions, have produced an excess of species-specific autosomal duplicated genes that evolved female-specific expression, in contrast to their broadly expressed progenitors. We speculate such “defeminization” of Z chromosome with underrepresentation of female-biased genes and slow divergence of sex chromosomes of paleognaths might be related to their distinctive mode of sexual selection targeting females rather than males, which evolved in their common ancestors.展开更多
Karyotypes of four Chinese species of field mice of the genus Apodemus were examined,including Apodemus chevrieri (diploid chromosome number,2n=48,fundamental number of autosomal arms,FNa=56),A.draco (2n=48,FNa=48...Karyotypes of four Chinese species of field mice of the genus Apodemus were examined,including Apodemus chevrieri (diploid chromosome number,2n=48,fundamental number of autosomal arms,FNa=56),A.draco (2n=48,FNa=48),A.ilex (2n=48,FNa=48),and A.latronum (2n=48,FNa=48).Karyotypes of A.chevrieri,A.draco,and A.ilex are reported here for the first time,providing useful information for their species taxonomy.Determining the karyotypes of all species of Apodemus in Asia,both in this and previous studies,provides a solid overview of the chromosome evolution and species differentiation of the genus in East Asia.In addition to allopatric speciation,chromosome rearrangements likely played an important role in the formation of the four Apodemus species groups as well as speciation within each group in East Asia.For example,increased centromeric heterochromatin in A.latronum may have contributed to the post-mating reproductive isolation from the A.draco-A.ilex-A.semotus clade.展开更多
Dipterocarpoideae,the largest subfamily of the Dipterocarpaceae,is a dominant component of Southeast Asian rainforests and is widely used as a source of wood,damar resin,medicine,and essential oil.However,many Diptero...Dipterocarpoideae,the largest subfamily of the Dipterocarpaceae,is a dominant component of Southeast Asian rainforests and is widely used as a source of wood,damar resin,medicine,and essential oil.However,many Dipterocarpoideae species are currently on the IUCN Red List owing to severe degradation of their habitats under global climate change and human disturbance.Genetic information regarding these taxa has only recently been reported with the sequencing of four Dipterocarp genomes,providing clues to the function and evolution of these species.Here,we report on 13 high-quality Dipterocarpoideae genome assemblies,ranging in size from 302.6 to 494.8 Mb and representing the five most species-rich genera in Dipterocarpoideae.Molecular dating analyses support the Western Gondwanaland origin of Dipterocarpaceae.Based on evolutionary analysis,we propose a three-step chromosome evolution scenario to describe the karyotypic evolution from an ancestor with six chromosomes to present-day species with 11 and 7 chromosomes.We discovered an expansion of genes encoding cellulose synthase(CesA),which is essential for cellulose biosynthesis and secondary cell-wall formation.We functionally identified five bornyl diphosphate synthase(BPPS)genes,which specifically catalyze the biosynthesis of borneol,a natural medicinal compound extracted from damar resin and oils,thus providing a basis for large-scale production of natural borneol in vitro.展开更多
The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been ...The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been fully studied.Here we expanded cytogenetic data for the Eleotridae family,analyzing the neotropical species Dormitator maculatus,Eleotris pisonis,Erotelis smaragdus,and Guavina guavina.In addition,a meta-analytical approach was followed for elucidating the karyotype diversification versus biological aspects(habitat and egg type)of the Gobiiformes.The species E.smaragdus and E.pisonis present 2n=46 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=46),D.maculatus 2n=46(36sm+4st+6a;NF=86),and G.guavina,the most divergent karyotype,with 2n=52 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=52).Besides numeric and structural diversification in the karyotypes,the mapping of rDNAs and microsatellites also showed noticeable numerical and positional variation,supporting the high chromosomal evolutionary dynamism of these species.In Gobiiformes,karyotype patterns which are more divergent from the basal karyotype(2n=46a)are associated with characteristics less effective to dispersion,such as the benthic habit.These adaptive characteristics,connected with the organization of the repetitive DNA content in the chromosomes,likely play a synergistic role in the remarkable karyotype diversification of this group.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1706601)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(Grant No.C2017012)。
文摘Despite the scientific and medicinal importance of diploid sika deer(Cervus nippon),its genome resources are limited and haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale assembly is urgently needed.To explore mechanisms underlying the expression patterns of the allele-specific genes in antlers and the chromosome evolution in Cervidae,we report,for the first time,a high-quality haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale genome of sika deer by integrating multiple sequencing strategies,which was anchored to 32 homologous groups with a pair of sex chromosomes(XY).Several expanded genes(RET,PPP2R1A,PPP2R1B,YWHAB,YWHAZ,and RPS6)and positively selected genes(eIF4E,Wnt8A,Wnt9B,BMP4,and TP53)were identified,which could contribute to rapid antler growth without carcinogenesis.A comprehensive and systematic genome-wide analysis of allele expression patterns revealed that most alleles were functionally equivalent in regulating rapid antler growth and inhibiting oncogenesis.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that chromosome fission might occur during the divergence of sika deer and red deer(Cervus elaphus),and the olfactory sensation of sika deer might be more powerful than that of red deer.Obvious inversion regions containing olfactory receptor genes were also identified,which arose since the divergence.In conclusion,the high-quality allele-aware reference genome provides valuable resources for further illustration of the unique biological characteristics of antler,chromosome evolution,and multi-omics research of cervid animals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32061130208, 32170415)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LD19C190001)+4 种基金the European Research Council Starting Grant (grant agreement 677696)supported by Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31020000, XDB13000000)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (152453KYSB20170002)Carlsberg foundation (CF16-0663)Villum Foundation (25900)。
文摘Many paleognaths(ratites and tinamous) have a pair of homomorphic ZW sex chromosomes in contrast to the highly differentiated sex chromosomes of most other birds. To understand the evolutionary causes for the different tempos of sex chromosome evolution, we produced female genomes of 12 paleognathous species and reconstructed the phylogeny and the evolutionary history of paleognathous sex chromosomes.We uncovered that Palaeognathae sex chromosomes had undergone stepwise recombination suppression and formed a pattern of “evolutionary strata”. Nine of the 15 studied species’ sex chromosomes have maintained homologous recombination in their long pseudoautosomal regions extending more than half of the entire chromosome length. We found that in the older strata, the W chromosome suffered more serious functional gene loss. Their homologous Z-linked regions, compared with other genomic regions, have produced an excess of species-specific autosomal duplicated genes that evolved female-specific expression, in contrast to their broadly expressed progenitors. We speculate such “defeminization” of Z chromosome with underrepresentation of female-biased genes and slow divergence of sex chromosomes of paleognaths might be related to their distinctive mode of sexual selection targeting females rather than males, which evolved in their common ancestors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Major International(Regional)Joint Research Project Grant(31110103910)National Basic Research Program of China(2013FY111500)+1 种基金JSPS KAKENHI grant JP18H03602JSPS Core-to-Core Program B.Asia Africa Science Platforms
文摘Karyotypes of four Chinese species of field mice of the genus Apodemus were examined,including Apodemus chevrieri (diploid chromosome number,2n=48,fundamental number of autosomal arms,FNa=56),A.draco (2n=48,FNa=48),A.ilex (2n=48,FNa=48),and A.latronum (2n=48,FNa=48).Karyotypes of A.chevrieri,A.draco,and A.ilex are reported here for the first time,providing useful information for their species taxonomy.Determining the karyotypes of all species of Apodemus in Asia,both in this and previous studies,provides a solid overview of the chromosome evolution and species differentiation of the genus in East Asia.In addition to allopatric speciation,chromosome rearrangements likely played an important role in the formation of the four Apodemus species groups as well as speciation within each group in East Asia.For example,increased centromeric heterochromatin in A.latronum may have contributed to the post-mating reproductive isolation from the A.draco-A.ilex-A.semotus clade.
基金supported by the‘‘Thousand Talents Plan’’(5113190037)the Talents Team Construction Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University(NWPU)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3102019JC007)to J.C.
文摘Dipterocarpoideae,the largest subfamily of the Dipterocarpaceae,is a dominant component of Southeast Asian rainforests and is widely used as a source of wood,damar resin,medicine,and essential oil.However,many Dipterocarpoideae species are currently on the IUCN Red List owing to severe degradation of their habitats under global climate change and human disturbance.Genetic information regarding these taxa has only recently been reported with the sequencing of four Dipterocarp genomes,providing clues to the function and evolution of these species.Here,we report on 13 high-quality Dipterocarpoideae genome assemblies,ranging in size from 302.6 to 494.8 Mb and representing the five most species-rich genera in Dipterocarpoideae.Molecular dating analyses support the Western Gondwanaland origin of Dipterocarpaceae.Based on evolutionary analysis,we propose a three-step chromosome evolution scenario to describe the karyotypic evolution from an ancestor with six chromosomes to present-day species with 11 and 7 chromosomes.We discovered an expansion of genes encoding cellulose synthase(CesA),which is essential for cellulose biosynthesis and secondary cell-wall formation.We functionally identified five bornyl diphosphate synthase(BPPS)genes,which specifically catalyze the biosynthesis of borneol,a natural medicinal compound extracted from damar resin and oils,thus providing a basis for large-scale production of natural borneol in vitro.
基金The authors thank to the ICMBio/SISBIO(#19135-4)for the authorization in collecting specimens.We are also grateful to Dr.JoséGarcia Júnior for the taxonomic identification of specimens utilized in the study.This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient.ico e Tecnol.gico(CNPq)[#442664/2015-0,#442626/2019-3].
文摘The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been fully studied.Here we expanded cytogenetic data for the Eleotridae family,analyzing the neotropical species Dormitator maculatus,Eleotris pisonis,Erotelis smaragdus,and Guavina guavina.In addition,a meta-analytical approach was followed for elucidating the karyotype diversification versus biological aspects(habitat and egg type)of the Gobiiformes.The species E.smaragdus and E.pisonis present 2n=46 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=46),D.maculatus 2n=46(36sm+4st+6a;NF=86),and G.guavina,the most divergent karyotype,with 2n=52 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=52).Besides numeric and structural diversification in the karyotypes,the mapping of rDNAs and microsatellites also showed noticeable numerical and positional variation,supporting the high chromosomal evolutionary dynamism of these species.In Gobiiformes,karyotype patterns which are more divergent from the basal karyotype(2n=46a)are associated with characteristics less effective to dispersion,such as the benthic habit.These adaptive characteristics,connected with the organization of the repetitive DNA content in the chromosomes,likely play a synergistic role in the remarkable karyotype diversification of this group.