In this paper, the geometric structure and the mechanical characteristics of the sounding membrane (SM) are given, and the acting properties of the sounding movement of sM are revealed.SM is an elastic membrane with a...In this paper, the geometric structure and the mechanical characteristics of the sounding membrane (SM) are given, and the acting properties of the sounding movement of sM are revealed.SM is an elastic membrane with a non-linear structure. At contracting point, the elastic pressure and the rebounding force are about 0.146 N and 0.044 N, respectively. In the lower half, the rigidity of the convex-like shell increases obviously, its force constant is about 0.4 N/ram. In the upper half, the middle section of the three long ribs narrows, thickens and stiffens, with a breaking pressure of about 0.12N.The forced sounding movement of SM shows that the movement of SM travels along the membrane in the lower half from the contracting point and drives the three long ribs to buckle in turn and to produce a syllable to be basically the same as free song, that is, it consists of the three amplitude-modulation pulse trains of which the main peak frequency of the carrier wave is about 4.8 kHz. The buckling movement of the long ribs presents an unstable property like a frangibilio-elastic body. The critical driving force and the increment of driving force in the instability are about 0.04 N and 0.0094 N, respectively, and the force constant suddenly drops to about 0.017 N/mm.展开更多
In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type f...In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type for other species. The contracting movements of sounding muscles on both sides are synchronous for some species and alternate for other species, and the contracting frequencies are from several decade to several hundred and generally below 500 Hz. On the basis of studies on the song property and innervation of sound production in the Mingnfing cicada, the innervation frequency-response of movements in sounding muscles is studied in this note. The results provide the important basis for expounding the sounding mechanism of vari-toned songs in cicadas.展开更多
In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( c...In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( called"auditory nerve potential (AP)" for short) which are corresponding one by one to stimulating sound pulses are (3 92±0 28) ms and (0 32±0 22) mV on an average, respectively. Although the singing males are nonreactive to outside stimulating sound_pulses, they are still sensitive to calling pulses mingling in stimulating sound_pulses; the latent periods and amplitudes of auditory nerve potentials are (4 16±0 43) ms and (0 46±0 25) mV, respectively. In singing males the negative potential before each auditory nerve potential characterizes that the intrinsic link exists between sounding and auditory nerve system.展开更多
The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint me...The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint membrane, each of their vibration periods consists of three subgroup vibrations (SGV_(a,b,c)) corresponding to amplitude-modulation pulse trains (AMPT_(1,2,3)) in every syllable of synchro song. In comparison with the vibration at dorsum, the SGV_(a-c) have a subband with the function of regulating the tone. During calling song continuously, the pressure change inside the resonant cavity and the airspeed through the spiracles on both sides are about 7. 94—15.88 Paand 0.59—0.84 cm^3/s respectively, and they increase by about 7 and 2.6 times as the abdomen is moved. When the contraction motion of the sounding muscle comes up to the critical Sounding state, it further produces the twitching process, and drives the sounding membrane and the toning plate-membrane to produce AMPT_(1-3) and SGV_(a-c).展开更多
The long rib of the sounding membrane in the black cicada is an analog to the beam clamped at one end. The fundamental frequency of activation sound is between 3900-5500 Hz and is basically consistent with the possibl...The long rib of the sounding membrane in the black cicada is an analog to the beam clamped at one end. The fundamental frequency of activation sound is between 3900-5500 Hz and is basically consistent with the possible range of the main peak frequency ( MPF) of song in the black cicada. The operculum (Op), tymbal cover (TC) and joint membrane (JM)are respectively analogous to a unifor square plate clamped at one edge and free at the others, to another plate at two opposite sides and free at the other, and to a rectangular membrane clamped at four sides. The fundamental frequencies of activated vibration are basically consistent with theMPFs and main high frequency components of vibrations of the Op, TC and JM, respectively.The resonant cavity and spiracles on both sides are analogous to a current resonace circuit and to a resistance connected in parallel at the output ends, and the resonant frequency and quality factor of the circuit are in good agreement with the MPF and its tuning sharpness of son the black cicada.展开更多
In the natural song of the mottled cicada, the prelude and loud song of the prolonging and repctition songs consist separatcly of several pulses containing the three subpulscs (SP1-3). The principal frequencies (PFban...In the natural song of the mottled cicada, the prelude and loud song of the prolonging and repctition songs consist separatcly of several pulses containing the three subpulscs (SP1-3). The principal frequencies (PFband PFc) of the basic sound and carricr frcquency band are 338±20 Hz and 3617±87 Hz, respectively.The prelude or the prolonging song contains 22 pulses (P1-22),and their amplitude-modulation propertics gradually decay. The carrier-wave oscillations gradually lose symmetrics and overlap with basic waves of the SP1, and the SP2,3 are similar to sine waves. Moreover, a dominant tone of the song gradually changes from PFc into PFb. In the loud song of the prolonging song, the prelude and loud song of repetition songs, the amplitude-modulation propcrties are lost.The carrier-wave oscillations mainly overlap with basic waves of the SP2, and the amplitudes of the PFc arc 10 dB over lower than those of the PFb, and the songs are the PFb of basic sounds as a dominant tone. In view of the structure of the sounding membrane, the vibration frequencies of the three long ribs may be gradually changed from mass controlling to mechanical resistance controlling, and corresponding songs are gradually changed from the prolonging prelude with the PFc as a dominant tone to the loud song and repetition songs with the PFb as a dominant tone.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In this paper, the geometric structure and the mechanical characteristics of the sounding membrane (SM) are given, and the acting properties of the sounding movement of sM are revealed.SM is an elastic membrane with a non-linear structure. At contracting point, the elastic pressure and the rebounding force are about 0.146 N and 0.044 N, respectively. In the lower half, the rigidity of the convex-like shell increases obviously, its force constant is about 0.4 N/ram. In the upper half, the middle section of the three long ribs narrows, thickens and stiffens, with a breaking pressure of about 0.12N.The forced sounding movement of SM shows that the movement of SM travels along the membrane in the lower half from the contracting point and drives the three long ribs to buckle in turn and to produce a syllable to be basically the same as free song, that is, it consists of the three amplitude-modulation pulse trains of which the main peak frequency of the carrier wave is about 4.8 kHz. The buckling movement of the long ribs presents an unstable property like a frangibilio-elastic body. The critical driving force and the increment of driving force in the instability are about 0.04 N and 0.0094 N, respectively, and the force constant suddenly drops to about 0.017 N/mm.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type for other species. The contracting movements of sounding muscles on both sides are synchronous for some species and alternate for other species, and the contracting frequencies are from several decade to several hundred and generally below 500 Hz. On the basis of studies on the song property and innervation of sound production in the Mingnfing cicada, the innervation frequency-response of movements in sounding muscles is studied in this note. The results provide the important basis for expounding the sounding mechanism of vari-toned songs in cicadas.
文摘In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( called"auditory nerve potential (AP)" for short) which are corresponding one by one to stimulating sound pulses are (3 92±0 28) ms and (0 32±0 22) mV on an average, respectively. Although the singing males are nonreactive to outside stimulating sound_pulses, they are still sensitive to calling pulses mingling in stimulating sound_pulses; the latent periods and amplitudes of auditory nerve potentials are (4 16±0 43) ms and (0 46±0 25) mV, respectively. In singing males the negative potential before each auditory nerve potential characterizes that the intrinsic link exists between sounding and auditory nerve system.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint membrane, each of their vibration periods consists of three subgroup vibrations (SGV_(a,b,c)) corresponding to amplitude-modulation pulse trains (AMPT_(1,2,3)) in every syllable of synchro song. In comparison with the vibration at dorsum, the SGV_(a-c) have a subband with the function of regulating the tone. During calling song continuously, the pressure change inside the resonant cavity and the airspeed through the spiracles on both sides are about 7. 94—15.88 Paand 0.59—0.84 cm^3/s respectively, and they increase by about 7 and 2.6 times as the abdomen is moved. When the contraction motion of the sounding muscle comes up to the critical Sounding state, it further produces the twitching process, and drives the sounding membrane and the toning plate-membrane to produce AMPT_(1-3) and SGV_(a-c).
文摘The long rib of the sounding membrane in the black cicada is an analog to the beam clamped at one end. The fundamental frequency of activation sound is between 3900-5500 Hz and is basically consistent with the possible range of the main peak frequency ( MPF) of song in the black cicada. The operculum (Op), tymbal cover (TC) and joint membrane (JM)are respectively analogous to a unifor square plate clamped at one edge and free at the others, to another plate at two opposite sides and free at the other, and to a rectangular membrane clamped at four sides. The fundamental frequencies of activated vibration are basically consistent with theMPFs and main high frequency components of vibrations of the Op, TC and JM, respectively.The resonant cavity and spiracles on both sides are analogous to a current resonace circuit and to a resistance connected in parallel at the output ends, and the resonant frequency and quality factor of the circuit are in good agreement with the MPF and its tuning sharpness of son the black cicada.
文摘In the natural song of the mottled cicada, the prelude and loud song of the prolonging and repctition songs consist separatcly of several pulses containing the three subpulscs (SP1-3). The principal frequencies (PFband PFc) of the basic sound and carricr frcquency band are 338±20 Hz and 3617±87 Hz, respectively.The prelude or the prolonging song contains 22 pulses (P1-22),and their amplitude-modulation propertics gradually decay. The carrier-wave oscillations gradually lose symmetrics and overlap with basic waves of the SP1, and the SP2,3 are similar to sine waves. Moreover, a dominant tone of the song gradually changes from PFc into PFb. In the loud song of the prolonging song, the prelude and loud song of repetition songs, the amplitude-modulation propcrties are lost.The carrier-wave oscillations mainly overlap with basic waves of the SP2, and the amplitudes of the PFc arc 10 dB over lower than those of the PFb, and the songs are the PFb of basic sounds as a dominant tone. In view of the structure of the sounding membrane, the vibration frequencies of the three long ribs may be gradually changed from mass controlling to mechanical resistance controlling, and corresponding songs are gradually changed from the prolonging prelude with the PFc as a dominant tone to the loud song and repetition songs with the PFb as a dominant tone.
