A Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)becomes a newer type of real-time embedded device that can be utilized for a wide range of applications that make regular networking which appears impracticable.Concerning the energy prod...A Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)becomes a newer type of real-time embedded device that can be utilized for a wide range of applications that make regular networking which appears impracticable.Concerning the energy produc-tion of the nodes,WSN has major issues that may influence the stability of the system.As a result,constructing WSN requires devising protocols and standards that make the most use of constrained capacity,especially the energy resources.WSN faces some issues with increased power utilization and an on going devel-opment due to the uneven energy usage between the nodes.Clustering has proven to be a more effective strategy in this series.In the proposed work,a hybrid meth-od is used for reducing the energy consumption among CHs.A Fuzzy Logic-based clustering protocol FLUC(unequally clustered)and Fuzzy Clustering with Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol(FCERP)are used.A Fuzzy Clustering with Energy Efficient Routing Protocol(FCERP)reduces the WSN power usage and increases the lifespan of the network.FCERP has created a novel cluster-based fuzzy routing mechanism that uses a limit value to combine the clustering and multi-hop routing capabilities.The technique creates uneven groups by using fuz-zy logic with a competitive range to choose the Cluster Head(CH).The input variables include the distance of the nodes from the ground station,concentra-tions,and remaining energy.The proposed FLUC-FCERP reduces the power usage and improves the lifetime of the network compared with the existing algorithms.展开更多
The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network of Sensor Nodes(SN)which adopt radio signals for communication amongst themselves.There is an increase in the prominence of WSN adaptability to emerging applications like t...The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network of Sensor Nodes(SN)which adopt radio signals for communication amongst themselves.There is an increase in the prominence of WSN adaptability to emerging applications like the Internet of Things(IoT)and Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS).Data secur-ity,detection of faults,management of energy,collection and distribution of data,network protocol,network coverage,mobility of nodes,and network heterogene-ity are some of the issues confronted by WSNs.There is not much published information on issues related to node mobility and management of energy at the time of aggregation of data.Towards the goal of boosting the mobility-based WSNs’network performance and energy,data aggregation protocols such as the presently-used Mobility Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH-M)and Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Clustered(EEHC)scheme have been exam-ined in this work.A novel Artificial Bee Colony(ABC)algorithm is proposed in this work for effective election of CHs and multipath routing in WSNs so as to enable effective data transfer to the Base Station(BS)with least energy utilization.There is avoidance of the local optima problem at the time of solution space search in this proposed technique.Experimentations have been conducted on a large WSN network that has issues with mobility of nodes.展开更多
In this paper ,spodumene mineral was used as raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addition of MgO,ZnO and TiO2,ZrO2. The expansion coefficient of the materials is 5. 5×107/℃ . Also the effects of ...In this paper ,spodumene mineral was used as raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addition of MgO,ZnO and TiO2,ZrO2. The expansion coefficient of the materials is 5. 5×107/℃ . Also the effects of the heat treatment on the crystallzing behaviour has been discussed by XRD and DTA.展开更多
The paper attempts to analyze full load characteristics of over 500 combustion engines. Using statistical tools, the author determined the value of the coefficient of flexibility. Engine flexibility is the capability ...The paper attempts to analyze full load characteristics of over 500 combustion engines. Using statistical tools, the author determined the value of the coefficient of flexibility. Engine flexibility is the capability of the engine to adapt to varying loads. Importantly, in the investigations, the author took into account the parameters calculated in the course of the investigations on a chassis dynamometer, i.e., actual, not taken from technical specifications of brand new vehicles. Different stages of operating wear allow a better characterization of the population. Subsequent utilization of the results in tractive calculations is more reliable. The engines were divided into in six groups, depending on the type of fuel system: fuel injected gasoline and turbocharged gasoline, spark ignition LPG, naturally aspirated diesel and turbocharged diesel. However, engines running on alternative fuels are characterized with a greater flexibility than the fuel injected base engines. Conformity of flexibility of fuel injected and LPG IV generation engines have been observed, which confirms the appropriateness of engine adaptation to alternative fueling. Gasoline engine supercharging allowed a reduction of the maximum engine speed of the maximum torque, which extends the range of analyzable speeds for flexibility and consequently, the flexibility as such.展开更多
Accurate determination of the optical properties of biological tissues enables quantitative understanding of light propagation in these tissues for optical diagnosis and treatment applications.The absorption(μa)and s...Accurate determination of the optical properties of biological tissues enables quantitative understanding of light propagation in these tissues for optical diagnosis and treatment applications.The absorption(μa)and scattering(μs)coe±cients of biological tissues are inversely analyzed from their diffuse re°ectance(R)and total transmittance(T),which are measured using a double integrating spheres(DIS)system.The inversion algorithms,for example,inverse adding doubling method and inverse Monte Carlo method,are sensitive to noise signals during the DIS measurements,resulting in reduced accuracy during determination.In this study,we propose an arti ficial neural network(ANN)to estimateμa andμs at a target wavelength from the R and T spectra measured via the DIS to reduce noise in the optical properties.Approximate models of the optical properties and Monte Carlo calculations that simulated the DIS measurements were used to generate spectral datasets comprisingμa,μs,R and T.Measurement noise signals were added to R and T,and the ANN model was then trained using the noise-added datasets.Numerical results showed that the trained ANN model reduced the effects of noise inμa andμs estimation.Experimental veri fication indicated noise-reduced estimation from the R and T values measured by the DIS with a small number of scans on average,resulting in measurement time reduction.The results demonstrated the noise robustness of the proposed ANN-based method for optical properties determination and will contribute to shorter DIS measurement times,thus reducing changes in the optical properties due to desiccation of the samples.展开更多
Precise quantifi cation of climate-growth relationships can make a major contribution to scientifi c forest management.However,whether diff erences in the response of growth to climate at diff erent altitudes remains ...Precise quantifi cation of climate-growth relationships can make a major contribution to scientifi c forest management.However,whether diff erences in the response of growth to climate at diff erent altitudes remains unclear.To answer this,264 trees of Larix kaempferi from 88 plots,representing diff erent altitudinal ranges(1000-2100 m)and tree classes were sampled and used to develop tree-ring chronologies.Tree-ring growth(TRG)was either positively(dominant)or negatively(intermediate and suppressed)correlated with climate in diff erent tree classes at diff erent altitudes.TRG was strongly correlated with growing season at low altitudes,but was less sensitive to climate at middle altitudes.It was mainly limited by precipitation and was highly sensitive to climate at low altitudes.Climate-growth relationships at high altitudes were opposite compared to those at low altitudes.TRG of dominant trees was more sensitive to climate change compared to intermediate and suppressed trees.Climate factors(annual temperatures;moisture,the number of frost-free days)had diff erent eff ects on tree-ring growth of diff erent tree classes along altitudinal gradients.It was concluded that the increase in summer temperatures decreased water availability,resulting in a signifi cant decline in growth rates after 2005 at lower altitudes.L.kaempferi is suitable for planting in middle altitudes and dominant trees were the best sampling choice for accurately assessing climate-growth relationships.展开更多
文摘A Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)becomes a newer type of real-time embedded device that can be utilized for a wide range of applications that make regular networking which appears impracticable.Concerning the energy produc-tion of the nodes,WSN has major issues that may influence the stability of the system.As a result,constructing WSN requires devising protocols and standards that make the most use of constrained capacity,especially the energy resources.WSN faces some issues with increased power utilization and an on going devel-opment due to the uneven energy usage between the nodes.Clustering has proven to be a more effective strategy in this series.In the proposed work,a hybrid meth-od is used for reducing the energy consumption among CHs.A Fuzzy Logic-based clustering protocol FLUC(unequally clustered)and Fuzzy Clustering with Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol(FCERP)are used.A Fuzzy Clustering with Energy Efficient Routing Protocol(FCERP)reduces the WSN power usage and increases the lifespan of the network.FCERP has created a novel cluster-based fuzzy routing mechanism that uses a limit value to combine the clustering and multi-hop routing capabilities.The technique creates uneven groups by using fuz-zy logic with a competitive range to choose the Cluster Head(CH).The input variables include the distance of the nodes from the ground station,concentra-tions,and remaining energy.The proposed FLUC-FCERP reduces the power usage and improves the lifetime of the network compared with the existing algorithms.
文摘The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network of Sensor Nodes(SN)which adopt radio signals for communication amongst themselves.There is an increase in the prominence of WSN adaptability to emerging applications like the Internet of Things(IoT)and Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS).Data secur-ity,detection of faults,management of energy,collection and distribution of data,network protocol,network coverage,mobility of nodes,and network heterogene-ity are some of the issues confronted by WSNs.There is not much published information on issues related to node mobility and management of energy at the time of aggregation of data.Towards the goal of boosting the mobility-based WSNs’network performance and energy,data aggregation protocols such as the presently-used Mobility Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH-M)and Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Clustered(EEHC)scheme have been exam-ined in this work.A novel Artificial Bee Colony(ABC)algorithm is proposed in this work for effective election of CHs and multipath routing in WSNs so as to enable effective data transfer to the Base Station(BS)with least energy utilization.There is avoidance of the local optima problem at the time of solution space search in this proposed technique.Experimentations have been conducted on a large WSN network that has issues with mobility of nodes.
文摘In this paper ,spodumene mineral was used as raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addition of MgO,ZnO and TiO2,ZrO2. The expansion coefficient of the materials is 5. 5×107/℃ . Also the effects of the heat treatment on the crystallzing behaviour has been discussed by XRD and DTA.
基金financed from the funding allocated for science by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education–Poland
文摘The paper attempts to analyze full load characteristics of over 500 combustion engines. Using statistical tools, the author determined the value of the coefficient of flexibility. Engine flexibility is the capability of the engine to adapt to varying loads. Importantly, in the investigations, the author took into account the parameters calculated in the course of the investigations on a chassis dynamometer, i.e., actual, not taken from technical specifications of brand new vehicles. Different stages of operating wear allow a better characterization of the population. Subsequent utilization of the results in tractive calculations is more reliable. The engines were divided into in six groups, depending on the type of fuel system: fuel injected gasoline and turbocharged gasoline, spark ignition LPG, naturally aspirated diesel and turbocharged diesel. However, engines running on alternative fuels are characterized with a greater flexibility than the fuel injected base engines. Conformity of flexibility of fuel injected and LPG IV generation engines have been observed, which confirms the appropriateness of engine adaptation to alternative fueling. Gasoline engine supercharging allowed a reduction of the maximum engine speed of the maximum torque, which extends the range of analyzable speeds for flexibility and consequently, the flexibility as such.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(Grant numbers:20H04549 and 19K12822)the Japan Science and Technology Agency ACT–X(Grant Number:JPMJAX21K7).
文摘Accurate determination of the optical properties of biological tissues enables quantitative understanding of light propagation in these tissues for optical diagnosis and treatment applications.The absorption(μa)and scattering(μs)coe±cients of biological tissues are inversely analyzed from their diffuse re°ectance(R)and total transmittance(T),which are measured using a double integrating spheres(DIS)system.The inversion algorithms,for example,inverse adding doubling method and inverse Monte Carlo method,are sensitive to noise signals during the DIS measurements,resulting in reduced accuracy during determination.In this study,we propose an arti ficial neural network(ANN)to estimateμa andμs at a target wavelength from the R and T spectra measured via the DIS to reduce noise in the optical properties.Approximate models of the optical properties and Monte Carlo calculations that simulated the DIS measurements were used to generate spectral datasets comprisingμa,μs,R and T.Measurement noise signals were added to R and T,and the ANN model was then trained using the noise-added datasets.Numerical results showed that the trained ANN model reduced the effects of noise inμa andμs estimation.Experimental veri fication indicated noise-reduced estimation from the R and T values measured by the DIS with a small number of scans on average,resulting in measurement time reduction.The results demonstrated the noise robustness of the proposed ANN-based method for optical properties determination and will contribute to shorter DIS measurement times,thus reducing changes in the optical properties due to desiccation of the samples.
基金funded by Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (CAFYBB2022ZA00103)National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program)(31971652)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001308)Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (CAFYBB2022ZC001)
文摘Precise quantifi cation of climate-growth relationships can make a major contribution to scientifi c forest management.However,whether diff erences in the response of growth to climate at diff erent altitudes remains unclear.To answer this,264 trees of Larix kaempferi from 88 plots,representing diff erent altitudinal ranges(1000-2100 m)and tree classes were sampled and used to develop tree-ring chronologies.Tree-ring growth(TRG)was either positively(dominant)or negatively(intermediate and suppressed)correlated with climate in diff erent tree classes at diff erent altitudes.TRG was strongly correlated with growing season at low altitudes,but was less sensitive to climate at middle altitudes.It was mainly limited by precipitation and was highly sensitive to climate at low altitudes.Climate-growth relationships at high altitudes were opposite compared to those at low altitudes.TRG of dominant trees was more sensitive to climate change compared to intermediate and suppressed trees.Climate factors(annual temperatures;moisture,the number of frost-free days)had diff erent eff ects on tree-ring growth of diff erent tree classes along altitudinal gradients.It was concluded that the increase in summer temperatures decreased water availability,resulting in a signifi cant decline in growth rates after 2005 at lower altitudes.L.kaempferi is suitable for planting in middle altitudes and dominant trees were the best sampling choice for accurately assessing climate-growth relationships.