Mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil for analgesia based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry integrated network pharmacology

This study aims to explore the analgesic ingredients and mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil(CCEO).The constituents in CCEO were characterized qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Targets related to active ingredients were collected by PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction.Targets related to pain were screened by TTD and OMIM database,and compound-target network was established by Cytoscape software.Gene ontology(GO)function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis of targets were carried out by DAVID database.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was established and analyzed by STRING database.Molecular docking method was used to verify the interaction between main components and relevant core targets.A total of 13 compounds were identified in CCEO,and 58 related targets were predicted.GO function enrichment analysis revealed that the selected targets were mainly involved in biological processes such as chemical synaptic transmission and molecular function such as neurotransmitter receptor activity;24 signal pathways were screened by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and calcium signaling pathway.Docking results showed that the main constituents had certain affinities with the key targets.The active ingredients in CCEO regulated multiple signaling pathways to ameliorate pain through AR,ACHE,ESR1,GABRG2,PTGS2 and PPARγ.

不同光照水平下叶损失对樟(Cinnamomum camphora)生物量分配的影响

对不同光照条件及叶组织受损程度对植物生物量分配的影响进行了研究.结果表明:光照条件不同和叶损失程度不同都会导致植物物质分配方式的变化.高光照水平下,植株加大对根的生物量分配,低光照水平下增加对叶的生物量分配,中度光照条件下植株对根和叶的分配则处于两者之间;叶组织损失使植株加大对叶的生物量投资,不同处理阶段结果有所不同;低光照条件下,叶损失植株对叶的生物量分配显著高于高光照下的叶损失植株.

模拟酸雨对盆栽樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,以不同pH值(3.0、4.0、5.0)的模拟酸雨溶液对樟树幼苗进行浇灌处理,研究不同酸度酸雨对樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,各酸雨处理后樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量都受到一定程度的影响,N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Cu、Mn、Ni含量均较对照有所增加;C、K、Zn含量有所减少。S、Cd、Pb含量变化表现为:pH3.0处理S、Cd含量增加,Pb含量下降;pH4.0处理S、Cd、Pb含量均下降;pH5.0处理S、Cd含量减少,Pb含量增加。相关分析则表明,酸液pH值与樟树幼苗叶中N、Mn含量呈显著负相关。该项研究可为南方城市绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)对钉螺过氧化物酶影响的研究

分别用新鲜樟树的根皮、茎皮、叶的水浸液处理钉螺,结果表明:樟树各部分的水浸液均有很好的灭螺效果;灭螺效果的顺序依次为:根皮、茎皮、叶;樟树各部水浸液对钉螺的过氧化物酶有明显影响,经处理1～3天样品的酶活高于对照组,处理4天的酶活最强,而处理5天的酶活则大大减弱.在这一处理过程中,有时出现新的酶带,有时又有酶带消失.

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (Machilus yunnanensis) in Yunnan Province and the introduced tree species (Cinnamomum camphora). The leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, proline content and plasma membrane permeability for two species seedlings were measured in different soil drought conditions. The results showed that, on the 9th day of drought stress, the leaf water potential of two species decreased obviously, whereas the free proline content and plasma membrane permeability increased sharply. On the 11th day, the leaf water potential of C. camphora seedlings was lower than that of M. yunnanensis seedlings; the plasma membrane permeability in C. camphora seedling leaves increased much more than that in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves, which showed that the injury to the former by soil drought stress was more severe than that to the latter. The free proline content in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves continued to increase on the 11th day, but that in the C. camphora seedling leaves started to drop obviously, indicating that the reduction of osmotic regulation substance in C. camphora seedling leaves after the 11th day was unable to maintain the osmotic balance between the plasma system and its surroundings and the water loss occurred inevitably. Comprehensively, M. yunnanensis seedlings enhanced the drought-resistance in the course of soil drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential and by increasing osmotic regulation substance to promote cell plasma concentration and maintain membrane structure integrity so as to reduce water loss. The subordination function index evaluated with fuzzy mathematic theory also showed that the drought-resistant capacity of M. yunnanensis seedlings was stronger than that of C. camphora seedlings.

Effect of plant growth regulators on direct somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree(Cinnamomum camphora L.)from immature zygotic embryos and embryogenic calli induction

A description of a successful direct somatic embryogenesis induction from immature zygotic embryos of a camphor tree （Cinnamomum camphora L.） is presented. After a subculture of 2-3 years, embryogenic calli could be derived from primary somatic embryos. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with a range of combinations of cytokinins （BA） and auxins （2,4-D or NAA） for somatic embryo induction. Primary somatic embryos could be induced directly in almost all PGR combinations. A positive effect of 2,4-D on somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of camphor tree was obtained. BA at appropriate concentrations （〈 5 mg-L-1） had an effect similar to 2,4-D, whereas high concentrations （〉 5 mg·L^-1） of BA had the effect of restraining somatic embryo induction. NAA had a less positive effect on somatic embryogenesis than 2,4-D.

Yellowing of disease? Or differentiating for adaptation? Study on Cinnamomum camphora ecotypes

Cinnamomum camphora （L.） Presl is an evergreen broad-leaved tree of the Lauraceae family, widely distributed in the sub-tropical areas in the south of China and used as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets in Shanghai for its beautiful shape and intensive stress-resistance. However, yellowing of C camphora in recent years casts doubt about its significance. We believe the green-leaved and yellow-leaved C camphora might be two different ecotypes, and tentatively refer to the green-leaved C camphora as C camphora f. viridis f. nov （CCV） and the yellow-leaved as C camphora f.flavus f. nov （CCF）. We studied their differences and arrived at the following conclusions： 1） compared with CCF, the area of lamina of CCV is significantly larger and the amount of chlorophyll （Chl） significantly higher; 2） the lamina and palisade tissues of CCV are significantly thicker than those of CCF, but its cuticle is significantly thinner; 3） the shape of the stomata of CCV is different from that of the CCF; the stomatal density and stomatal index of CCV are significantly lower than those of CCF. These results show that C camphora might evolve adaptive dif- ferentiation in some aspects which can be used in virescence in urban streets and gardens.

Studies on Antibacterial Effect of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora( L.) Presl. to Avian Escherichia coli and Salmonella

[Objective]This study aimed to observe the antibacterial activity of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. aqueous extracts and their antibiotical effect when being used with commonly used antibiotics in- vitro. [Method] Broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution method were used and the reference strain E. coli ATCC25922 and clinical sample separation strains of E. coli and Salmonella were selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration（ MIC） and fractional inhibitory concentration（ FIC）. [Result] The MICs of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. for E. coli and Salmonella were both 1 mg /mL,and that of other antibiotics for the two strains were in the quality control range provided by NCCLS. [Conclusion] The synergistic effect or additive effect were observed when they were applied with the commonly used antibiotics.

Impact of elevated CO_2 concentration under three soil water levels on growth of Cinnamomum camphora

Forest plays very important roles in global system with about 35% land area producing about 70% of total land net production. It is important to consider both elevated CO2 concentrations and different soil moisture when the possible effects of elevated CO2 concentration on trees are assessed. In this study, we grew Cinnamomum camphora seedlings under two CO2 concentrations （350 μmol/mol and 500μmnol/mol） and three soil moisture levels [80%, 60% and 40% FWC （field water capacity）] to focus on the effects of exposure of trees to elevated CO2 on underground and aboveground plant growth, and its dependence on soil moisture. The results indicated that high CO2 concentration has no significant effects on shoot height but significantly impacts shoot weight and ratio of shoot weight to height under three soil moisture levels. The response of root growth to CO2 enrichment is just reversed, there are obvious effects on root length growth, but no effects on root weight growth and ratio of root weight to length. The CO2 enrichment decreased 20.42%, 32.78%, 20.59% of weight ratio of root to shoot under 40%, 60% and 80% FWC soil water conditions, respectively. And elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased the water content in aboveground and underground parts. Then we concluded that high CO2 concentration favours more tree aboveground biomass growth than underground biomass growth under favorable soil water conditions. And CO2 enrichment enhanced lateral growth of shoot and vertical growth of root. The responses of plants to elevated CO2 depend on soil water availability, and plants may benefit more from CO2 enrichment with sufficient water supply.

Occurrence Reasons and Integrated Control of Physiological Chlorosis ofCinnamomum camphora L. in Urban Area of Pingdingshan City

The relevant factors for physiological chlorosis of Cinnamomum camphora L. in Pingdingshan were studied combining with references and production sur- vey. The resuhs showed that the disease was the integrated results of soil environment, planting situation, microenvironment construction and maintenance manage- ment. Therefore, the countermeasures of ＂prevention first, restore tree vigor; integrated control, enhance tree vigor＂ were proposed. Chlorosis of C. camphora had been basically controlled after four years, and the control effect was obvious.

Investigation of the Population Change of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl. during the Past Century in Wuxi

Through investigating the population change of Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl. in Wuxi City, the research found that C. camphora(L.) Presl. in the past century had already become common species from rare species, then explored the causes, advantages and disadvantages of the change. In view of sustainable development of urban greening, zonal vegetation and fl ora, this paper explored the scientifi c and reasonable application of tree species and also protection of urban plant diversity.

香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)果实酪氨酸酶的分离纯化及特性分析

[目的]检测并分离香樟果实中的酪氨酸酶。[方法]从香樟成熟果实中分离和纯化出酪氨酸酶,研究该酶的酶活、蛋白质含量、最适pH值、最适温度、动力学特性和稳定性,并分析了不同金属离子、化合物和中药对其酶活的影响。[结果]经分离和纯化,获得43 kD的酪氨酸酶。该酶的最适pH值和最适温度分别为7.5和50℃。以L-DOPA为底物,测得Km和Vmax分别为12.83 mmol/L和180.65U/mg。该酶在pH值4-7和较高温度时均较为稳定。Al^3＋和Cu^2＋对该酶活性具有抑制作用,而Zn^2＋、Mg^2＋等则有激活作用。250mmol/LEDTA对该酶有激活作用,抗坏血酸和1 mmol/Lβ-巯基乙醇有完全抑制作用。中药女贞对其有强激活作用,乌梅对其抑制作用最明显。[结论]香樟果实中酪氨酸酶同工酶的存在为该酶的纯化带来一定难度。

龙脑樟(Cinnamomum camphora)组培快繁与苗木工厂化生产技术研究

选取龙脑含量高的优良单株,以其树干基部的幼嫩萌条为外植体开展龙脑樟组培快繁技术研究。结果表明:以改良MS+BA2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 0.1 mg.L-1为芽诱导培养基,诱导率为93%;最佳增殖培养基为改良MS+BA 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 0.05 mg.L-1,增殖系数为5.57,生长周期为30 d;适宜的增殖培养条件为温度25℃,光照强度3 000 lx,光照时间11 h,不定芽长势良好;最佳生根培养基为1/2改良MS+IBA 0.5 mg.L-1+IAA 0.4 mg.L-1+蔗糖20 g.L-1,生根率可达97.3%,生根条数为3～5条,生根时间为12 d;以草炭+珍珠岩(3∶1)为移栽基质,成活率可达86.2%。通过试验总结出一套组培快繁技术体系,可应用于龙脑樟组培苗工厂化生产。

不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗生长和叶片性状对氮磷添加的响应

人类活动改变了氮素从大气向陆地生态系统输入的方式和速率,进而导致森林生态系统养分变化和失衡。研究氮磷添加对不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗生长和叶片性状的影响,可以为全球氮磷沉降背景下亚热带地区樟树人工林的经营管理提供依据。本试验以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥模拟大气氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO 42H2O)模拟磷添加。氮磷处理设置CK、施N、施P和施N+P4个水平,种植密度设置10、20、40和80株 m^-24个水平。实验数据表明:N、P 和 N+P 处理对樟树幼苗的苗高和地径均有促进作用,且 N+P 处理对幼苗生长的促进效果最好。 N、P和 N+P 处理在整体上均能增加幼苗叶片的 SPAD 值,N 和 N+P 处理均增加了幼苗叶片的比叶面积(SLA),而 P 处理减少了幼苗的 SLA。随着种植密度的增大,N、P 和 N+P 处理下樟树平均单株幼苗的苗高、地径、SPAD 值呈现下降的趋势,各施肥处理下叶片的 SLA 变化规律不明显。密度和氮磷添加对叶片的 SPAD 值产生显著的交互作用。

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗细根形态对氮磷添加和幼苗密度的响应

全球氮沉降对森林生态系统结构和功能的影响已成为现代生态学研究热点之一,我国华南地区氮沉降的增长引起了土壤酸化和磷限制加剧等一系列生态问题。密度制约着植物个体对环境资源的吸收利用,是自然界中十分重要的选择压力之一。因此研究樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗的细根形态对氮磷添加和密度的响应,有利于了解亚热带树木根系对氮沉降和磷添加与林分密度的响应过程和机制,并为全球变化背景下樟树林生态系统的管理提供依据。本研究以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥以模拟大气氮沉降,并且以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH2 PO4·2H2 O)模拟磷添加,氮磷处理设置4个水平,即对照、施N、施P和施N+P;种植密度设置10、20、40和80株/m^2 4个水平。测定各处理樟树幼苗细根的根长、表面积、体积和根尖数,分析氮磷添加、密度和两者交互作用对樟树幼苗细根的影响。研究结果表明,与对照处理相比,N、P和N+P处理促进了幼苗细根长度、表面积、体积以及根尖数的增加。低密度条件下的N添加对幼苗根系形态的促进效果强于P添加。N+P处理对10、20、40株/m^2幼苗根系形态的促进效果最佳,而各处理对80株/m^2幼苗根系形态的促进效果均无显著性差异。随着种植密度的增大,幼苗细根长度、表面积、体积和根尖数均减少。樟树幼苗的细根长度、表面积、体积和根尖数在各密度间和不同氮磷添加处理间均有显著性差异,密度和氮磷处理间的交互作用对根系形态各指标均无显著影响。

Contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components in Cinnamomum camphora foliar litter in different-sized gaps in Pinus massoniana plantations

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.

Behavioral Response of Lasioderma serricorne to Materials from Cinnamomum camphora

The attractiveness of Cinnamomum camphora(Laurales: Lauraceae) blocks and essential oil to Lasioderma serricorne(Fabricius)(Coleoptera: Anobiidae) adults was investigated. The results showed that the behavioral response values of L. serricorne adults to C. camphora blocks significantly increased with increasing doses above the dose of 0.8 g. The highest behavioral response values of L. serricorne adults were 93.33% to C. camphora blocks and 81.67% to C. camphora essential oil, respectively. C. camphora blocks had stronger attractiveness to L. serricorne adults than C. camphora oil. These results demonstrate that the effectiveness to control L. serricorne in practice of C. camphora blocks and C. camphora oil deserve to be further investigated.

Effects of 60-day NO_2 fumigation on growth,oxidative stress and antioxidative response in Cinnamomum camphora seedlings

Objective： To study the oxidative stress and antioxidative response of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings exposed to nitrogen dioxide （NO2） fumigation. Methods： Measurements were made up of the growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation of one-year-old C. camphora seedlings exposed to NO2 （0.1, 0.5, and 4 μl/L） fumigation in open top chambers over a period of 60 d. Results： After the first 30 d, 0.5 and 4.0 μl/L NO2 showed insignificant effects on the growth of C. camphora seedlings. However, exposure to 0.5 and 4.0 pilL NO2 for 15 d significantly reduced their chlorophyll content （P〈0.05）, enhanced their malondialdehyde （MDA） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity （P〈0.05）, and also significantly reduced the maximal quantum yield of PSII in the dark [the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence （Fv/Fm）] （P〈0.05）. In the latter 30 d, 0.5μl/L NO2 showed a positive effect on the vitality of the seedlings, which was reflected by a recovery in the ratio of Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content, and obviously enhanced growth, SOD activity, ascorbate （AsA） content and glutathione reductase （GR） activity （P〈0.05）; 4.0 pilL NO2 then showed a negative effect, indicated by significant reductions in chlorophyll content and the ratio of Fv/Fm, and inhibited growth （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest adaptation of C. camphora seedlings to 60-d exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 μl/L NO2, but not to 60-d exposure to 4.0 pilL NO2 C. camphora seedlings may protect themselves from injury by strengthening their antioxidant system in response to NO2-induced oxidative stress.

A new 3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-propane-1,2-diol glycoside from the roots of Cinnamomum camphora

A new 3-（3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl）-propane-1,2-diol glycoside,named cinnamomdiol A（1）,together with two known compounds,3-（3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl）-propane-1,2-diol（2） and taxifolin（3）,was isolated from the roots of Cinnamomum camphora.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences.Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from the title plant for the first time.

Short-term Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration of Cinnamomum camphora Plantation

The nitrogen deposition experiments on Cinnamomum camphora plantation of Hunan provincial botanical garden were simulated from June the 7th to October the 7th,2010,the nitrogen deposition levels was respectively as control(CK, 0 g·m-2 a-1),low nitrogen(LN,5 g·m-2 a-1),medium nitrogen(MN,15 g·m-2 a-1) and high nitrogen(HN, 30 g·m -2 a-1).The soil respiration speed and soil surface temperature and the surface water content of the soil were determined by LI-8100 measuring instrument.The results show that the average values of soil respiration speed were CK (4.09±0.66μmol·m-2 s-1),LN(2.39±029μmol·m-2 s-1), MN(2.18±0.19μmol·m-2s-1),HN (2.28±0.25μmol·m-2 s-1),and the treatment of the CK was obviously higher than the other three treatments（P【0.01）.With different nitrogen concentrations deposition treatments,the Q10 （temperature sensitivity coefficients） for soil respiration of CK,LN,MN and HN treatments were 1.84,1.71,1.83 and 1.56.It was positive correlation between the respiration speed and the surface（≤10 cm） temperature of tested soil.It was negative correlation between the respiration speed and the surface（≤5 cm） water content of tested soil（P】0.05）.Volumetric water content of 5-cm soil was between 0.266 6-0.294 4(m3·m-3), and the monthly content did not vary too much during the research period（1.8%-9.4%）.The findings suggest that the initial stage of nitrogen deposition obviously influenced the soil respiration of C.camphora plantation.