The Three Aspects of “Human Existence” from the Human Rights Perspective

At present,the West overrides the east in international human rights discourse.In order to break through the shackles,it is imperative to provide legal support for China’s human rights discourse.taking the concept of“human existence”as the fulcrum and comparing it with nature,otherness,and community as the reference,the human being showcases triple facets:“individual person”,“person in relations”,and“person with rights”,which correspond to the three personal perspectives and progressively deduce the subjectivity of human beings,the world history of human rights,and the comprehensive and free development of human rights discourse.the concept of“individual person”is the starting point of human rights,and the harmonious,moral concept of subjectivity provides an orderly basis for the importance of the“right to subsistence and right to development”.“person in relations”represents the externality of human rights,and the world-historical view of time and space has laid the value foundation for the unity of“universality and particularity of human rights”.“person with rights”is the goal of human rights,and the concept of cooperation for the well-rounded and free development of human rights paves the conceptual way for the realization of people’s well-being.

Relations between Environmental Right for Citizens and the Right to Use Environmental Resources owned by Company and Enterprise

From angles of administrative law and private law, the article analyzes relations between environmental right for citizens and the right to use environmental resources owned by company and enterprise and points out three principles to balancing two relations: A principle of equal protection, a principle that general interest is superior to special interest as well as taking an account for special interest, in specific circumstances, for example, in the circumstance that clashes between environmental and economic interests can not be avoided, policy makers can put an emphasis on more important social interest according after considering weight of each interest. Finally, the article reaches a conclusion that China should establish system of environmental right for citizens from legislative and administrative levels so that a harmonious society can be constructed with guarantee.

Pay Attention to Vulnerable Groups & Safeguard Citizens' Marriage, Family Rights——On New Marriage Law

Marriage and family remain a universal and eternal subject of study. It covers law, ethics, sociology, psychology and even economics. Law and ethics play the most outstanding role in it. Family ethics and moral standards constitute an important part of social ethical system while marriage and family constitute part of the legal system nearest to the life of the common people. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have paid full attention to the marriage and family system. Compared with other laws, the law about marriage and family was the first to be legislated. On May 1, 1950, New China’s first law, the 1950 version of Marriage Law, was promulgated. Commenting on the legal document, Chairman Mao Zedong had this to say: Marriage law concerns

Book on Citizens' Legal Rights Published

A book on the legal rights of citizens has been published by the China Procuratorate Publishing House.

Important Guarantee for The Basic Rights of Citizens——China's State compensation system

A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and also get compensation if they are wronged. State compensation system It would be inevitable for government functionaries to cause damages to some citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the course of their management of the society. That is why China has established a State compensation system to compensate for the damages to citizens, legal persons and other organizations caused by government functionaries in exercising their power.

On China's Protection of Citizens' Right to Be Informed and Construction of Government Information Publicity System

I. The Unfolding Situation of the Philosophy of Right to Be Informed in China and Early Construction of Government Information Publicity System The origin of the thought,known as China＇s protection of right to be informed and the construction of government information publicity system

Chinese Citizens' Right To Work and Social Security Effectively Protected——An interview with Zheng Silin, minister of labor and social security

Following is an interview by staff reporters of the Human Rights magazine with Zheng Silin, Chinese minister of labor and social security. The interview was meant in part to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the implementation of the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China that falls on January 1,2005. We are publishing this transcript with a view to providing our readers with information about how China has worked persistently to protect citizens' right to work and social security and the achievements it has made in this regard. We need to remind our readers of the fact that back in March 2004, the National People's Congress, China's highest legislature, approved a recommendation for revision of China's Constitution. In accordance with the recommendation, the Constitution had one more clause added: The state shall establish and improve a social security system commensurate to the level of the economic and social development.

Progress in Reform of China's Education and Pro tection of Citizens' Right to Educatio n ——An Interview with Zhou Ji, Minister of Education

Following is a transcript of an interview by our staff reporter with Zhou Ji, Minister of Education, on a range of questions concerning China's education. These include how China is reforming its education system, what the Chinese Government has done to protect the right of citizens to education, as well as the investment made by the state in education.

The Profound Revelation of Human Social Relations and the Profound Realization of Information Right of Citizens——The social significance of network technique advancement in the perspective of “Entity Cube”

The R＆D group of relationship searching in Microsoft Asia Research Institute explains ＂Entity Cube＂ launched in 2008 as follows：

能源法的法权构造及其体系展开

能源法的核心范畴界定较为模糊,亟待澄清。基于能源权利与能源权力的交互性、能源公益与能源私益的均衡性、能源监管与能源市场的协调性等需求考量,法权可作为能源法的核心范畴。能源法法权结构可从本体论、运行论和价值论三个层面予以构造,形成体系化安排。本体论上,应以公民能源权利与国家能源权力的交互为基础,强调公民能源权作为法权结构的逻辑起点、以落脚为能源普遍服务的能源权力作为法权结构的基本保障;运行论上,应以能源合同作为法权结构运行的具体承载;价值论上,应以能源正义作为法权结构价值的最终目的。由此,可仰仗能源法的法权结构构筑能源法学体系。

侵犯个人信息行为的刑法全流程规制模式研究

在个人信息行为规制方面,我国前置法与刑法之间存在明显差异,前置法通过处理规则的设计实现了全流程规制,而刑法只能对部分不法处理行为进行惩治。此种规范格局导致法律难以衔接并形成刑法保护的盲区,不利于全面保护个人信息权益。对此,应提倡个人信息的刑法全流程规制模式,通过间接罪名适用法和法益量刑评价法对不同类型处理行为进行合理规制。通过理论维度和规范维度的证成,可以验证全流程规制模式具有可操作性。应当适用刑法合理规制非法收集行为和非法存储行为,保障前期阶段信息处理安全;适用刑法精准规制非法加工行为、非法使用行为和非法流转行为,保障中期阶段信息处理安全;运用刑法适度规制非法披露行为和非法删除行为,保障后期阶段信息处理安全。

《大明律》对成宗时期朝鲜的影响

朝鲜从成宗初年开始,适用法律偏离《大明律》的做法遭到了挑战,多种法律并存的状况发生变化,《大明律》成为定罪量刑的基本准则。随着《大明律》地位的提升,君主不可随意变通《大明律》的观念逐渐形成,《大明律》甚至成了抵制君主不正确决定的根据。由半岛特定的国情与风俗所决定,君主虽仍时或会推动朝廷对《大明律》的一些条款进行变通,但已相当节制。为了进一步提升《大明律》的地位与权威,朝廷还积极以《大明律》移风易俗,这是以法律形塑社会,乃《大明律》在半岛发挥的重要功能。

台湾地区居民法律地位:三重面向、内容构造与优化路径

台湾地区居民法律地位问题,是防范与遏制“台独”分裂活动、推动两岸融合发展、推进国家完全统一进程中必须面对的重大现实问题。在法律实践中,台湾地区居民地位具有“待解放的中国人民”“特殊的中国公民”“同等待遇的中国居民”三重面向。相关立法坚持目标和问题导向,逐渐趋向具体化、同等化和常态化。当前,台湾地区居民法律地位的主要问题是如何推动落实同等待遇,这在一定程度上影响了其内容构造。其中,“居住地”标准是优化落实台湾地区居民法律地位的基础,权利义务是其规范内核,政策则对法律规定起着引领、实施和补充的重要作用。为切实提升台湾地区居民国家认同,建议接续推进身份管理模块化、推动同等待遇实质化、逐步实现权利义务体系化,形成优化台湾居民法律地位的系统方案。

中国推广安宁疗护的正当性研究

安宁疗护是推进医疗卫生领域现代化建设的重要一环,通过尊重自然人在生命最后的决定权,避免过度医疗带来的痛苦,是保障公民生命末期生命尊严的重要形式。但由于安宁疗护的实施过程涉及放弃维生治疗,导致在实践中存在概念误区、伦理争议与法律风险等问题。安宁疗护的概念服务于人权本身,其服务内容旨在保障公民生命末期的人格尊严,其推广具有人权正当性。因此,各级政府应从加强死亡教育、探索知情同意基础上的生前预嘱制度、完善相关配套制度和建立专门研究咨询机构等方面入手,发展完善安宁疗护服务,增进保障公民“全周期”生命质量与尊严。

分享权视域中的公民体育权

分享权与服务行政直接相关。包括体育权在内的精神文化类权利是现代社会公民实现“优良生活”所必不可少的重要内容。作为宪法社会权面向的体育权主要是行政法层面的分享权而非宪法层面的请求权,是宪法平等权在体育权领域的衍生性权利。公民体育分享权的实现进路是体育行政给付。具体而言,包括适当程度的体育公共服务、财政允许的体育资源直接给付以及以私法方式转化实现的体育行政给付。

农业转移人口市民化:政策演化、现实挑战与施策重点

农业转移人口市民化是推进新型城镇化、促进城乡融合发展的必然选择。党的十八大以来,国家对农业转移人口市民化的工作逐步深化,取得显著进展。然而,当前仍面临迁入地、迁出地以及农业转移人口自身因素的三重障碍,体现在迁入地财政和用地压力较大、落户政策与农业转移人口落户意愿不匹配、农村“三权”退出不畅、农业转移人口购房能力不足以及城市融入度较低等问题。针对农业转移人口市民化的现实困境,未来亟需从深化户籍制度改革、健全常住地提供基本公共服务制度、促进农业转移人口在城镇稳定就业、发挥农村“三权”退出的支撑作用以及完善农业转移人口市民化激励政策五个方面重点持续发力,加快农业转移人口市民化进程。

大数据时代公民隐私权保护应对策略探讨

大数据时代的到来是人类社会进步的表现,大数据技术的发展给人们的生活和工作提供了极大的便利,但随着信息数据的高速增长,公民隐私权的保护变得愈加困难。现阶段,我国的公民隐私权保护体系还有待加强完善,探讨大数据时代公民隐私权保护应对策略便显得尤为重要。对此我们结合大数据时代背景,对大数据时代的公民隐私权进行界定,并结合我国的实际情况提出构建完善的公民隐私权法律保护体系、加强执法监督、增大社会普法力度等建议,以推动我国在大数据背景下对公民隐私权的进一步保护,进而实现整个经济社会的稳健发展。

刑事诉讼领域个人信息保护问题研究

刑事诉讼领域对公民个人信息保护依赖于现有刑事诉讼程序的执行,缺乏独立性。现行《刑事诉讼法》对公民个人信息采用的是被动保护的方式,完全依靠司法机关履行义务,公民无法积极主动保护个人信息,有悖于《公民个人信息保护法》中公民个人信息权的积极主动性质。刑事诉讼的私密性、公权性特征以及大数据技术使得刑事诉讼对公民个人信息的干涉程度加深;加强对司法人员的培训,促进司法人员树立保护公民个人信息的司法理念。结合《公民个人信息保护法》的规定,先行出台司法解释,时机成熟后再修法。

地权依赖:土地发展权过度转移与失地农民市民化困境

城镇化的高质量发展取决于失地农民市民化转型的完成度,而土地发展权配置对市民化内涵演变至关重要,因此探究城镇化进程中的土地发展权配置与失地农民市民化关系具有较强的理论意义和现实必要性。既有关于失地农民市民化的主要研究普遍认为需要增权于民,但却难以解释为何部分地区失地农民土地权利密集与市民化转型迟缓同生并存的现实。基于此,该研究采用质性研究方法,以珠三角城郊失地农民作为研究对象,系统地论证土地发展权配置是如何影响农民市民化发展进程及其社会性后果。研究结果表明:①囿于历史与制度等原因,珠三角城郊失地农民长期享有着较为充分的土地发展权配置,但是失地农民并没有真正完成市民化转型,反而在市场就业、居住选择和社会场域等方面呈现出多重反市民化现象。②究其实质在于,珠三角地区土地发展权过度转移强化了失地农民对土地增值收益的高度依赖,致使大部分失地农民不断地“再乡土化”,进而形塑出反市民化结构,最终造成其日趋脱嵌于现代城市发展体系。这意味着,土地发展权的赋权并不必然等同于失地农民市民化能力的获得。③据此,需要校正目前珠三角地区土地发展权配置偏差,在保障失地农民合法权益的前提下,逐渐推动土地发展权配置由过度型向适度型转变。为此,一是需要强化政府土地发展统筹,明晰权利归属法律主体;二是应优化征地补偿方式,促进土地增值收益分配的公共性和公益性;三是有必要建立失地农民诉求的甄别和回应机制体系,完善土地征收与收益分配的制度监督。

训练民众开会:孙中山民权初步思想实践研究(1928—1935年)

孙中山在《建国方略》中提出民权初步思想,主张训练民众开会以培养现代公民,进而实现“纠合群力”“发达民权”。借助学校和民众教育,南京国民政府以普及和演习议事规则为着力点,实践了民权初步思想。在学校,国民党注重传授学生系统的议事规则,训练其专业的议事技能。围绕选举权的行使,以识字为先导,国民党面向失学民众普及议事常识并训练其使用选举权。受观念束缚,受训后的民众议事能力与孙中山的设想仍有较大差距,这表明训练开会既要系统灌输议事规则,更要树立良好的会议氛围,以变迁议事观念,启蒙公民的权利、集体和规则意识。总结民权初步思想的实践教训对于新时代培养合格公民、发展社会主义民主政治具有一定鉴戒意义。