Development of urban underground space in coastal cities in China:A review

The development of urban underground space is a critical way to alleviate the lack of urban resources,and improve environmental conditions as well as residents'quality of life,which has important practical significance.As the most densely populated and economically developed areas,coastal cities face many challenges in underground space development owing to their unique environmental geological conditions.This study examined the current situation of underground space development,academic research,technology application,evaluation methods,planning,and legislation in coastal cities in China.On this basis,it analyzed the future development trends,and presented reasonable suggestions for the critical scientific and technical problems faced by the development of underground space in coastal cities.The key suggestions are as follows:it is necessary to define and clarify the critical geological issues,distributions,and hazards that affect underground space development and major engineering construction in coastal cities;the land-sea integrated detection technology for sea crossing bridges and submarine tunnels needs to be studied;in evaluating the suitability of underground space in coastal cities,the land and sea area evaluation factors should be integrated;and the evaluation system of landsea integration needs to be established.

Planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area(city of over 5 million people):Contributions of China’s geologists and urban geology

China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.From 2017 to 2021,the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space,resources,environments,and disasters according to the general requirements of“global vision,international standards,distinctive Chinese features,and future-oriented goals”in Xiong’an New Area,identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area.The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area,along with“one city proper and five clusters”,insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land,geothermal resources,groundwater,and wetland of the area before engineering construction,a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area,and the“Transparent Xiong’an”geological information platform that is open,shared,dynamically updated,and three-dimensionally visualized.China’s geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area,providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning,construction,operation and management.The future urban construction of Xiong’an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science(ESS)from various aspects,and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green,low-carbon,and sustainable development of this area.

RELATION BETWEEN THE MRT BUILDING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE EXPLOITATION——A Case in Guangzhou City

On the basis of analyzing the history and characteristics of the undergroundspace exploitation and the urban space development in Guangzhou, and making a thorough study on theunderground space exploitation based on the subway building, this paper points out some mam problemsin the exploitation of underground space in Guangzhou, and emphasizes that Guangzhou must developthe underground space on a large scale with the aid of the subway building, and puts forward aproposal on the urban space coordinate development between on-ground and underground in GuangzhouCity.

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.

3D Modeling Quantitative Evaluation for the Underground Space Resources in Beijing City

Recently,underground space evaluation has become fundamental for a city’s long term sustainable development planning.This paper,based on the 3D-GIS tools,adopts"multi-factors comprehensive evaluation"models to establish a practicable underground space resources quantitative evaluation system.It sets up

New framework of low-carbon city development of China:Underground space based integrated energy systems

Cities play a vital role in social development,which contribute to more than 70%of global carbon emission.Low-carbon city construction and decarbonization of the energy sector are the critical strategies to cope with the increasingly serious climate change problems,and low-carbon technologies have attracted extensive attention.However,the potential of such technologies to reduce carbon emissions is constrained by various factors,such as space,operational environment,and safety concerns.As an essential territorial natural resource,underground space can provide large-scale and stable space support for existing low-carbon technologies.Integrating underground space and low-carbon technologies could be a promising approach towards carbon neutrality,and hence,warrants further exploration.First,a comprehensive review of the existing low-carbon technologies including the technical bottlenecks is presented.Second,the features of underground space and its low carbon potential are summarized.Moreover,a framework for the underground space based integrated energy system is proposed,including system configuration,operational mechanisms,and the resulting benefits.Finally,the research prospect and key challenges required to be settled are highlighted.

Study on the Current Situation of Urban Integration of Aboveground Space and Underground Space:Under the Background of China’s Land Spatial Planning

Urban underground public space has a synergistic effect with its surrounding urban aboveground functions or facilities,which reflects the complementarity between underground functions and urban functions.The research analyses the degree of integration through the case study of urban aboveground space and underground space in China.The research method of this paper will give different evaluation criteria to public transport and public space and the influencing factors of space integration.The indicators of public transport include the number of subway lines and underground parking spaces.The evaluation standard of public space is the area of underground space and the number of floors of underground space.The subway entrance and exits are selected as the evaluation index for the aboveground and underground transition space.Through the specific analysis of 7 selected cases,it provides arguments for the research.The average rent in the case is taken as the dependent variable.Through the regression model,the influencing factors of the integration of aboveground and underground space are determined.The purpose of the study is to explore the influencing factors of the integration of aboveground space and underground space,and how to optimize the integration of aboveground and underground space.

Optimization of spatial layouts for underground facilities to achieve carbon neutrality in cities:A multi-agent system model

Subways,underground logistics systems and underground parking,as the primary facilities types of underground,contribute significantly to the achievement of carbon–neutral cities by moving surface transportation to underground,thereby releasing surface space for the creation of more urban blue-green space for carbon sink.Therefore,in-depth studies on carbon neutrality strategies as well as reliable layout optimization solutions of these three types of underground facilities are required.This study proposes a spatial layout optimization strategy for carbon neutrality using underground hydrogen storage and geothermal energy for these three types of underground facilities employing a multi-agent system model.First,three spatial layout relationships,competition,coordination,and followership,between five underground facilities that contribute to emission reduction were investigated.Second,the implementation steps for optimizing the spatial layout of underground facilities were determined by defining the behavioral guidelines for spatial environment,underground facility,and synergistic agent.Finally,using the Tianfu New District in Chengdu City,China,as a case study,layouts of underground facilities under three different underground space development scenarios were simulated to verify the model.The findings of this study address the gap in the research on underground spatial facilities and their layout optimization in response to emission reduction.This study provided a significant reference for the study of underground space and underground resources at the planning level to aid in achieving carbon–neutral cities.

我国沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝成因及应对策略——以深圳市为例

沿海地区受地理位置、全球气候变化和城市化快速发展等影响,城市洪(潮)涝灾害频发,已成为影响我国沿海地区城市公共安全的突出问题,严重制约经济社会可持续健康发展。根据城市水文循环过程,综合考虑致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体等,将沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝成因概括为“先天不足—后天变化”两个方面,并以深圳市为例进行了深入分析。在此基础上,从提高防洪(潮)和排涝能力,协调防洪、除涝、排水标准,科学规划城市发展,充分考虑地下空间竖向设计,全面加强流域统一管理5个方面提出沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝应对策略,为沿海地区城市防洪(潮)、除涝工程体系建设和城市洪(潮)涝风险管理提供支撑。

基于组合权重的文一路地下空间开发适宜性评价

对地下空间开发适宜性进行科学、合理的评价,是避免地下空间资源浪费,保证其健康可持续发展的前提。基于地形地貌、工程地质、水文地质、不良地质作用和建设现状构建地下空间开发适宜性评价指标体系,通过数值模拟确定盾构隧道施工的影响范围,完成建设现状评价指标分级量化;分别采用层次分析法和熵权法计算评价指标主观和客观权重,通过博弈论确定组合权重。在此基础上,利用综合指数法对杭州市文一路地下空间开发适宜性进行评价。通过评价结果对比分析和学院路地下工程实例,验证了评价模型的可靠性,为地下空间开发规划提供指导和借鉴。

面向实景三维城市建设的物探方法研究与应用

在新型城镇化和实景三维测绘技术不断深化的背景下,地下空间的精细开发与管理对于城市实现高质量发展尤为关键。本研究探索适合实景三维城市建设的地球物理勘探(物探)方法,旨在提升城市地下空间探测的精确度与工作效率。针对城市复杂条件,本文提出了一种综合物探方法,该方法不仅涵盖了浅层、中层和深层的勘探,而且融合了新型基础测绘技术。在一项针对某老旧办公楼改造的案例实践中,由于现场条件限制无法实施钻探,笔者采用了高分辨率的无损勘察技术,利用多通道多频三维探地雷达系统、地震频率成像法和高密度微动探测技术,集成多源数据,探明了办公楼地下防空洞的分布,并揭示了地层结构、岩土分界面及地下建构筑物的状况,最终构建了一个满足实景三维工程级精度要求的BIM模型,该模型融合了地面楼宇、地下管线、地铁和地质体等信息,对模型可实现剖切分析和岩土力学模拟计算等,为办公楼的安全改造和科学管理提供了重要依据。文章还进一步提出,未来物探技术的发展趋势应聚焦于数字化智能化技术的发展,促进跨学科多专业交融,助力实景三维数字中国建设。

基于CIM的城市地下空间安全预警系统研究

为了有效防范和应对地下空间可能发生的火灾、水灾、气体泄漏、结构破坏、人员踩踏等事故,通过提出了一种基于城市信息模型(CIM)的地下空间安全预警系统方法研究了城市地下空间安全风险及其分析规律。结果表明:该系统可利用CIM技术整合地下空间的三维模型、属性数据和监测数据,实现对地下空间的实时感知、动态分析和智能预警。该系统还可利用云计算和物联网技术,实现与上层平台和应急部门的数据共享和联动处置,可对提高城市安全风险综合监测预警平台的效能和水平提供支持。本文以某城市地铁站地下空间为例,可见该系统前沿的设计思路、完善的功能模块和良好的预期效果,为基于CIM技术的安全预警研究提供理论依据和研究思路。

土体工程地质层划分及其在城市地下空间开发中的应用

城市地下空间包括岩土体本身的密实部分以及天然或人工形成的无岩土体的空间部分,既是重要的自然资源,又是其它地下自然资源的载体。随着城市的不断发展,地下空间构建立体城市已成为必然选择。城市地下空间开发多在土体中进行,地下工程建设的成本、难度与土体质量息息相关。针对常州市土体工程地质层划分标准不统一的现状,基于城市地质调查项目获取的海量地质钻孔和土体物理力学指标测试结果,综合考虑沉积时代、物质成分、工程特性指标等因素,采用剖面绘制法对常州市100m以浅土体工程地质层进行划分,建立基本地层结构和层序编码,通过工程地质层物理力学参数离散性和三维模型平滑度验证划分结果合理可行。将土体工程地质层划分结果应用到桩基持力层选择、地下空间竖向分层规划、地下空间开发适宜性评价、多种地下资源协同利用等方面,可为城市地下空间规划、建设、管理提供基础数据和相关借鉴。

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价方法与实践

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,但目前尚缺乏系统的研究,工作方法体系仍有待深入探讨。在前人工作基础上,对城市地下空间地质安全风险的类型、地质诱因与核心评价指标,以及传统二维评价的局限性进行归纳总结,并结合三维地质建模、三维评价指标体系以及三维空间分析等关键三维方法技术,提出了一套较为系统的城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价技术方法体系。为验证方法的有效性,在南京市江北新区开展了城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价实例研究,取得了较好的效果。研究显示该方法体系能够显著提升三维尺度下地下空间地质安全风险评价精度和准确性,为立体化地下空间开发提供有力支持。

站域地下公共空间的发展规律研究:以上海为例

随着城市轨道交通的快速发展,我国主要城市已开发较大规模的站域地下公共空间。然而,专门针对我国城市站域地下公共空间发展的理论研究较少,亦常缺乏时间维度的规律分析。本文以上海91处站域地下公共空间为例,深入剖析其时空发展规律与空间组织特征,为我国其他城市的地下空间开发提供借鉴。结果表明,潜在商业回报和TOD开发理念的推广是上海站域地下公共空间开发的重要动因,其时空分布规律与城镇化发展进程基本一致。城市区位、站点能级、站域空间开发水平是站域地下公共空间选址的重要影响因素。为保障地下空间连通规划的落地性,站域地下公共空间应避免采用站组域空间布局结构,应尽可能采用单级连通模式或以公共产权空间为连通媒介空间的多级连通Ⅰ类模式。

城市地下空间工程专业认识实习混合式教学探索与实践

认识实习是城市地下空间工程专业的重要实践环节,实习效果将极大地影响学生对专业的认同感和后续专业课程学习的兴趣。针对城市地下空间工程专业认识实习过程存在实习安全风险、项目联系困难、现场效果不佳等问题,文章通过采用线上线下混合式教学,从明确实习目标、确定实习内容、改变实习模式、完善考评细则等方面对认识实习实施实践教学改革,实践结果表明,该教学模式丰富了实习内容,提高了实习效果,增强了学生的主观能动性,培养了学生的实践和创新能力。

郑州市城市公园儿童活动空间安全性分析

以河南省郑州市紫荆山、碧沙岗和人民公园儿童活动空间为研究对象,采用问卷调查法和实地调研法,调研各年龄段儿童日常户外行为特征、需求、意外受伤害类型等。从景观环境、场地空间、服务设施管理安全3个层面采集3个公园的建成环境各要素进行比较分析,总结公园环境现存的安全问题。将儿童户外活动安全性实际需求与建成环境相结合,从公园活动空间类型,即活动广场空间、自然景观空间、游乐设施空间、可操作性空间4方面对城市公园儿童活动空间安全性进行总结与评价。提出建设适宜性高的步道环境,优化公园组织布局,丰富儿童活动设施等建议。

基于有机更新理论的古城地下空间开发模式与策略研究

城市高质量发展背景下,为改善因现有城市空间格局和功能结构单一造成的古城发展空间不足、配套设施匮乏和环境品质较差等问题,基于有机更新理论分析古城更新的现有模式及不足,归纳古城地下空间特征与需求,结合典型案例梳理古城地下空间交通主导型、商业主导型、基础设施主导型、地上地下空间协同发展型和综合开发型等开发模式。并从尊重城市肌理与文化特色、交通疏导与停车优化、商业与文化设施提升、公共设施升级与市政基础设施地下化等方面总结不同模式下的古城地下空间开发策略,为通过地下空间开发实现古城可持续发展提供理论指导和实践支持,推动古城保护与更新工作取得更好的成效。

典型滨海平原城市地下空间地质适宜性评价

地下空间地质适宜性评价是城市地下空间资源开发利用的重要前提。滨海平原城市因其特定的城市类型,需建立特定的地质适宜性评价体系来指导地下空间地质适宜性评价。本文以我国典型滨海平原城市日照市为研究区,深入分析了影响地下空间开发的地质环境因素,提出了基于基础性地质和约束性地质条件的滨海平原城市地质适宜性评价指标体系,进一步采用经验分值法、熵权法和综合评价模型厘定了研究区浅层(0~15m)和次浅层(15~30m)地下空间地质适宜性分区。结果显示,评价指标中水位埋深、断裂带、地面沉降和海水入侵等对地下空间地质适宜性的影响较大。研究区浅层和次浅层地下空间地质适宜性以适宜和较适宜为主,约占研究区面积的90%,不适宜区域约占研究区面积的10%。

青岛市地下空间开发建设:进展与展望

城市地下空间开发是解决“城市病”的重要途径,且开发不可逆转,需要总结经验,综合统筹开发。青岛市地下空间开发趋向成熟,但缺乏对开发现状的梳理、总结及研究,影响了地下空间的高效开发进程。文章厘清了青岛市地下空间发展历程,全面总结了地下空间各功能开发建设现状和研究进展,分析了青岛市地下空间开发的特点和存在的问题,提出青岛市地下空间开发一体化规划、建设和管理的重点,明确了城市高质量发展、资源与环境对地下空间开发的需求和支撑,指出了“透明青岛”的建设趋势。该研究对科学合理利用地下空间、推进青岛市地下城市建设具有重要意义。