On China’s Civil Law Codification and the Development of China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The development of the theoretical system of civil law scholarship and the codification of civil law are closely related and of promotional function to each other.The codification of civil law can promote the systematization of civil law scholarship,perfection of the value system,development and modernization of civil law studies,and the systematization of legal hermeneutics.The subjectivity of China’s civil law scholarship,i.e.,the notions of problem-orientation,nativeness,practice,the times and innovations,can be improved during China’s civil law codification.The codification of civil law can promote the development of a theoretical system of civil law scholarship with Chinese characteristics,including the development of diversified elements such as values,content,system,hermeneutics and methods of civil law.

The Notion of Efficiency in China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The pursuit of economic efficiency is the major driver for the birth of contemporary Chinese civil law.Contemporary civil law scholarship has demonstrated a serious concern for efficiency from the very beginning.However,many examples suggest that the notion of economic efficiency is often diluted or replaced by factors like civil law doctrinal scholasticism,moral notions,inertial thinking of the planned economy or the will of the leader.It has not been systematically attended to or expressed in a detailed and precise way in the contemporary civil law scholarship in China,rendering some economic judgments uneconomical.In the 21 st century,it is necessary for the civil law studies to establish a clearer and more precise notion of efficiency,to conduct more direct and accurate evaluations on civil laws’incentives on people’s behaviors and their socio-economic effects,so as to reduce the cost of social interactions and promote deeper cooperation and winwin outcome among individuals.

The Protection of the Right to Dignity in the Connection and Interaction between the Constitution and Civil Law

In the report of 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping said that China seeks to'accelerate development of the crime prevention and control system,combat and punish in accordance with law all illegal and criminal activities such as pornography,gambling,drug abuse,gang violence,kidnapping,and fraud,and protect people’s personal rights,property rights,and

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China

In this issue we will introduce readers to the General Principles of the Civil Lave of the People’s Republic of China, which was adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People’s Congress, promulgated by order No.37 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987.This law was formulated according to the constitution and the actual situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil actirities,for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations,so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernizationThe Civil Law of the People’s Republie of China has 156 articles and 9 chapters. The chapters are:1) Basic Principles;2) Citizen (Natural Person); 3) Legal Persons; 4) Civil Law and Agencies; 5)Civil Rights; 6) Civil Liability; 7) Limitations of Action; 8) Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners; and 9)

Changes in the Social Foundation and Construction of a Dual System of Civil Law

民法体系分为内在体系与外在体系，内在体系的价值取向导引外在体系，而外在体系的各个要素——概念、规范与制度构成内在体系的载体。随着社会基础的变迁，现代民法内在体系形成了意思自治、保护弱者、信赖保护与自己责任的基本原则脉络，并渗透到外在体系的概念、规范与制度中。中国民法典的制定，应结合中国社会基础，遵循民法双重体系的建构。通过定位民法中的“人”，梳理现代民法的内在体系与外在体系在物权法与债法中的体现，检讨中国民法各个具体部门法的瑕疵，以此推动中国民法典的制定。

A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL AVIATION LAW

Early in 1979,China beganconsidering the drawing up of alaw to govern and standardize theactivities of its civil air operations. At that time,air legislation wassomething nonexistent in China.Thedraft team assembled forces totranslate the air laws of various foreigncountries,including the United States,Britain,Japan and the former SovietUnion,and the relevant internationalconventions,and conducted a deep-going study of them.They also madeinspection tours of the United States,Canada,Britain and Germany.Onthe basis of the study of and withreference to the advanced legislativepractices in foreign countries,thedraft team put forward its first draft ofthe air law in July 1983,in accordancewith the actual conditions of thecountry.It was not,however,submitted to an executive meetingof the State Council for examinationand discussion because a series ofmajor problems such as air trafficcontrol and the control over theairworthiness of aircraft,had to befurther investigated and studied.

美国生物安全信息披露豁免制度研究——以“Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC案”为例

美国在以《自由信息法案》为核心的信息披露制度体系中,通过衔接《公共卫生安全和生物恐怖主义预防和应对法案》,将生物安全信息披露豁免纳入政府信息披露豁免规则之中。本文基于Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC信息披露豁免案来分析美国生物安全信息披露豁免所涉法律适用、解释原则、运行方式等,试洞见其相关披露制度运行的特点和所存在的问题,以期能有助于国内相关的研究。

State Policies as a Source of Civil Law

国家政策对我国民事司法影响颇深。《民法通则》第6条规定的国家政策作为民法法源，其介入民事司法的路径并不合理，且会造成国家政策的裁判困境。国家政策与法律相互融合，全国人大及其常委会制定的法律、法律解释、司法解释、行政法规、自治条例、单行条例、行政规章及其他规范性文件等均可为国家政策的表现形式。国家政策的载体不同，所适用的裁判规则也不同。最高人民法院可发挥其公共政策创制功能，通过“隐性”及“显性”两种渠道引国家政策入民事裁判。

彩礼返还规则司法适用的困境与突破

彩礼是古代婚姻缔结的必经程序,后作为一种民间婚嫁习俗存在已久。近年来,随着天价彩礼的出现以及离婚率的增加,彩礼返还纠纷日益增长,但立法的缺失和现有司法解释的模糊造成了司法实践的困境。通过分析《民法典》实施以来彩礼纠纷高发地区的生效判决文书,发现司法适用中普遍存在着彩礼返还范围不同、彩礼返还比例不一、认定给付人生活困难标准缺位等问题,导致同案异裁现象严重,伤害司法权威。当前,需要从明确彩礼返还范围、建立彩礼返还比例体系、确立给付人生活困难标准三个方面入手,积极建构彩礼返还规则的司法突破路径,让司法为民更加精细化。

民用航空法定义及其法律体系再审视

将民用航空法定义为调整民用航空活动所产生的社会关系的法律规范,这一定义应包含狭义与广义两个方面。狭义的民用航空法仅指以民用航空法或以相关航空专业命名的法律规范的总称;从广义而言,是指调整因民用航空活动所产生的社会关系的法律规范的总称,包括狭义的航空法定义以及航空活动所涉及的其他法律规范中调整民航法律关系的法律规范(规范的集合)。与之相对应的民用航空法律体系也应有狭义和广义之区别。广义民航法律体系,既包括传统的航空法律体系,也包括调整民航活动的其他主要法律规范。

生态环境概念法典化及现代化适用

环境法典之所以以“生态环境法典”命名,除了因为实务工作中“生态环境”的使用频率较高以外,更是其蕴含了深厚中国传统文化和科学合理的学科价值,但作为环境立法的基本概念,“生态环境”一词包含的内容宽泛,缺乏论证导致其概念存在模糊。在习近平总书记关于生态文明建设和法治理念的指导下,《生态环境法典》的编纂对“生态环境”内涵的进一步现代化发展提出了深刻的要求,因而在法典的编纂问题上提出了内容非汇总、人民为本质的深刻要求。“生态环境”概念的现代化发展是拥有坚定的政治基础与强大的理论武装的理论成果,是法典化过程不可或缺的理论支撑,同时满足了适度法典化的编纂要求,更是构建现代环境治理体系新目标、新任务的明确体现,是探索“生态环境”概念及其现代化发展是编纂法典的必经之路。

关于《教师法》修订中的法律责任之完善探讨

1993年《教师法》是首部以专章形式规定教师法律责任的教育法律。该部法律在具体内容、逻辑安排和体系衔接等方面还存在不足。《教师法》修订草案征求意见稿和送审稿均对法律责任章有所修订。《教师法》修订应借鉴《公务员法》《法官法》《检察官法》《人民警察法》等公务员类立法和《医师法》《律师法》等职业类立法相关规定,细化教师法律责任,推动《教师法》有效实施,以“强师”助推“教育强国”建设。

地方生态文明建设促进型立法研究——以陕西省生态文明促进条例立法为例

加快地方生态文明建设促进型立法不仅是贯彻落实党的二十大提出的“人与自然和谐共生中国式现代化”的需要,也是不断推进生态文明法律体制完善的重要举措。结合促进型法律具有内涵的特殊性和行为的鼓励、引导、激励性,手段的非强制性和责任规定不过于严厉等特点,地方生态文明建设促进型立法应坚持习近平生态文明思想和法治思想,强调政府责任和多元主体协调治理,注重制定引导激励措施,突出政府责任和社会资源整合的设定。在法律内容上主要包括总则性规定、政府责任、生态安全治理、激励与保障措施和法律责任五个方面。加快陕西省生态文明促进条例的制定与实施将会给陕西省的社会治理、经济发展、法治环境等各方面产生积极影响和显著的综合效益。

知识产权客体兜底规范的内在关系及适用逻辑——以《民法典》第123条与《著作权法》第3条的适用为分析视角

《民法典》对知识产权客体类型的立法取向秉持法定主义立场,而现行《著作权法》对作品类型的规范选择却经历了由“作品类型法定”到“作品类型开放”的重大转变,致使两法客观呈现权利客体类型开放与封闭的立法模式差异。实践中应揭示这种假性矛盾的本质,厘清私权部门种属概念间错位类比的逻辑误区,明确过渡性知识产权基本规范对各知识产权单行法特殊性问题的解释缺失,以《民法典》与《著作权法》之间互为“表里”的“隔代”调适关系为逻辑基础,支撑知识产权客体相关规范在司法适用中的实践展开。即以作品类型扩张的现实表现和法律解释经验为起点,以民事私权的价值理念为根基,秉持审慎开放、体系化解释和司法确认优先原则,在具体案件中依照知识产权权属定位、著作权权属定位、作品类型定位的逻辑层次,在权利客体兜底款项启用时严格把握相对开放的审慎裁判思路。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

反垄断检察民事公益诉讼制度之具体构造

我国修正后的《反垄断法》规定了检察民事公益诉讼制度,但立法条文较为粗略,亟需完成制度的具体构造,尤其要科学合理地确定起诉条件、受案范围和诉请事项等核心内容。在起诉条件方面,重点要准确把握“损害社会公共利益”这项标准,要将是否排除或严重限制竞争作为关注重点,同时考察是否损害了非特定的众多消费者利益;在受案范围上,应仅覆盖垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位行为,经营者集中不宜作为可诉的行为类型;在诉请事项方面,应以停止侵害为主,不提出赔偿损失诉请。

企业数据商业秘密保护的困境与制度完善

【目的】企业数据的法律属性、权利归属、保护路径都存在认定难题,在现有法律制度的基础框架下进行新的完善十分必要。【方法】结合当前数字化发展现状,明确企业数据商业秘密的认定要件与相关标准,破解权利人举证难的困境。【结果】当下对于企业数据的商业秘密保护缺乏相关立法,现行保护制度与保护措施不力,对企业数据作为商业秘密的司法认定也相对困难。【结论】建议积极推进企业数据商业秘密保护的专门立法,补足与完善现行企业数据保护的相关法律法规。采取民刑并举的保护思路,提升企业数据商业秘密保护案件处理的有效性。