The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

Alliance of Civilizations for Human Rights and World Community

The notions of human rights and World Community are inseparably related. It is on the basis of mutual trust that we can construct World Community, so it is quite natural that the respect of human rights is the basic condition of the participant countries. The World Community is aiming at making a peaceful global village where the lives of people are mutually encouraged and the diverse merits of different civilizations are shared together. True human welfare should imply in its concept harmony between all existences. In the history of the world, we can see the irresistible current moving towards the realization of human rights and World Community. Even if we accept this affirmative development of history in the long run, we should be always alert to the dangers and traps on the road. There have been many cases of frustration and reversion by strong counteractions or self-deceptions. In the actual situation of its age, humanity has been always at the crossroads. It is the duty of philosophy and history to shed light on the situation and present a direction.

Analysis of the Focal Issues of the Implementation of the Block System Reform in China--From the Perspective of the Protection of Civil Rights

In February 2016, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council of China issued the "Several Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening the Management of Urban Planning and Construction", stating that, in principle, closed residential areas will no longer be constructed and will be replaced by the promotion of the block system. This change in policy has aroused a great deal of controversy in various circles of society in China. In 2017, Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan province, made an innovative attempt to implement "small block regulations." In 2018, the first "block system" public rental housing district appeared in Beijing, the capital of China. These innovative practices have promoted the pace of block system reform in China, but in general, the implementation of block system reform is difficult. From the perspective of public opinion, it seems that many citizens misunderstand the block system. This may be due to the complex interactions among community environmental management, public security, privacy, and other factors where individual interests and public interests meet. This article, from the perspective of the protection of civil rights, analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the block system at the value level, distinguishes the differences between the block systems of China, the UK and the US and then puts forward the theory that the block system reforms for newly built and existing residences are different and should be implemented independently. Concerning the key point of the block system reforms, the "greater difficulty in the implementation of the block system reform in the existing residential quarters" is the proposal to expropriate the commonly owned internal roads and appropriately compensate the residents. Finally, to cope with the core issues effectively, this article advocates gradual implementation of the block system reforms in China, including legislation, policy transformation, cultural construction, and pilot trials to promote the success of the implementation.

Challenges and Countermeasures for Integrating the Protection of Environmental Rights into Actions for Addressing Climate Change

Climate change,which is the result of human activities,has wide-ranging impact.It poses a serious threat to human rights.Environmental rights are where the protection of the ecological environment and the development of human rights intersect.In view of the close relationship between the actions for addressing climate change and environmental rights,China should integrate the protection of environmental rights into the actions for addressing climate change,so as to achieve simultaneous development of both.In the process of coping with climate change,the right to climate stability that mainly pursues a“harmless”environment and the right to a more livable climate that pursues a“beautiful eco-environment”are specific manifestations of environmental rights and should be the priority of protection efforts.However,there are still some obstacles to achieving the coordinated development of the efforts to address climate change and the protection of environmental rights because traditional rights protection methods mainly give individuals subjective rights with the power to claim and are thus difficult to meet the needs of environmental rights protection in the context of climate change,and there are inherent value differences between responding to climate change and the realization of other human rights.Building a multi-level national obligation system to address climate change,giving full play to the role of courts in responding to climate change through moderate judicial activism,and coordinating the efforts to cope with climate change and the development of human rights under the guidance of a holistic system view are effective ways to overcome the aforementioned difficulties.

Four Mechanisms for Safeguarding the Effectiveness of the Human Rights Action Plan: Based on African Experience

Since the 1993 World Conference on human Rights, nine African countries have implemented ten human rights action plans. An analysis of the texts and related implementation of these plans reveals that there are four mechanisms that play a key role in improving the effectiveness of the implementation of the national human Rights Action Plan, namely, the positioning and focusing mechanism for the country’s core human rights issues, the integration mechanism between the action plans and the countries’ development strategies, domestic economic growth and related resources utilization mechanism, and effective governance of domestic public conflicts and public order guarantee mechanism. defining and coordinating these mechanisms is of great practical significance for improving the effectiveness of human rights action plans in developing countries.

China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

Diversity of Civilization and Development of the World Human Rights Cause——Summary of “2019 South-South Human Rights Forum”

From December 10 to 11,2019,the State Council Information Office and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jointly held the 2019 South-South Human Rights Forum in Beijing.Participants from more than 80 countries,regions and international organizations discussed and exchanged views on such topics as"the practices and experiences of human rights protection in the countries of the Global South","path of human rights development against the background of the diversity of civilizations","building a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings and global human rights governance".Participants in the forum actively voiced their national human rights views,exchanged human rights development experiences,explored human rights development paths in developing countries,and reached broad consensus.In an international environment featuring the rise of unilateralism and hegemonism,the South-South Human Rights Forum issued a strong message of solidarity and cooperation among developing countries on human rights issues,and also conveyed to the world the firm determination of developing countries to jointly promote the healthy development of the world’s human rights cause.

What can implementation science offer civil society in their efforts to drive rights-based health reform?

Over the years,civil society organizations(CSOs)have made tremendous efforts to ensure that state policies,programmes,and actions facilitate equitable access to healthcare.While CSOs are key actors in the realization of the right to health,a systematic understanding of how CSOs achieve policy change is lacking.Implementation science,a discipline focused on the methods and strategies facilitating the uptake of evidence-based practice and research can bring relevant,untapped methodologies to understand how CSOs drive health reforms.This article argues for the use of evidence-based strategies to enhance civil society action.We hold that implementation science can offer an actionable frame to aid CSOs in deciphering the mechanisms and conditions in which to pursue rights-based actions most effectively.More empirical studies are needed to generate evidence and CSOs have already indicated the need for more data-driven solutions to empower activists to hold policymakers to account.Although implementation science may not resolve all the challenges CSOs face,its frameworks and approaches can provide an innovative way for organizations to chart out a course for reform.

Action Plan to Promote All-Round Progress in China's Human Rights Cause——An Interview with Wang Chen,director of the State Council Information Office

EDITOR＇S NOTE： The National Human Rights Action Plan of China （2009-2010） has won favorable comments in China and abroad since its publication by the Information Office of the State Council on April 13, 2009. Here is a transcript of an interview given to our reporters by Wang Chen, director of the Office, on the Action Plan, which we hope will help our readers gain a better understanding of China＇s human rights cause and its development.

Justification of and Response to the Specificity of Workers’Personality Rights

The pervasive existence of subordination in the work-place endows workers’personality rights with a distinct specificity that differs from other civil subjects.The specificity of workers’per-sonality rights is primarily manifested in three aspects:the exercise of rights is restricted by the employer;personality rights infringements often accompany violations of workers’economic property rights;and the scope of rights is not limited to the duration of employment.To respond to the specificity arising in the labor domain,certain disputes concerning workers’personality rights should be handled through la-bor dispute resolution procedures.In individual cases,judicial author-ities should differentiate among protection levels based on the specific type of personality rights involved,with a focus on examining the rea-sons,methods,and extent of the employer’s restrictive actions,thereby establishing a practical and reasonable review system.。

National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010)

Introduction The realization of human rights in the broadest sense has been a long-cherished ideal of mankind and also a longpursued goal of the Chinese government and people.

National Human Rights Action Plan of China(2016-2020)

Introduction The period from 2016 to 2020 is a decisive stage for China in the building of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way as well as a major stage for realizing the orderly,steady and sustainable development of human rights in China.

National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015)

The formulation of the National Human Rights Action Plan is an impor- tant measure taken by theChinese government to ensure the implementation of the constitutional principle of respecting and safeguarding human rights. It is of great significance to promoting scientific development and social harmony, and to achieving the great objective of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way.

Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations--Review of the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights

Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress.Respect for and protection of human rights are basic principles of modern civilization.Around the world,countries and regions have chosen different paths to modernization,which are rooted in their unique civilizations.to promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations,facilitate human rights exchanges and cooperation between different countries,and advance the global development of human rights,on September 20,2023,the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights was held in Rome,the capital of Italy.Under the theme of“Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations,”the seminar focused on discussing topics such as exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and the development of modern human rights philosophy,modernization and the free and well-rounded development of every person,sustainable development in the process of modernization,and the evolution of the civilization of human rights in the digital age.participants reached the following consensuses at the event:First,the participants from various countries spoke highly of the great achievements that China has made in human rights cause and fully recognized China’s contributions in promoting the development and progress of the global human rights cause;Second,the participants from all countries agreed that it is necessary to discard the concept of“Western-centrism,”transcend the mindset of“cultural superiority,”promote human rights exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on the basis of equality and mutual respect,and inject new impetus into the diversity of human rights among civilizations;third,participants reaffirmed that human rights represent an open concept,and that we should discuss the development of human rights with an open mind and jointly promote the progress of human rights in the world.

Theory on Introducing a Mandatory Attorney System into Civil Litigation from the Perspective of the Protection of the Right of Action

As an important rectifying mechanism to the involved parties-oriented civil litigation model,the mandatory attorney system requires the involved parties of a lawsuit to appoint a lawyer to represent them in the litigation,otherwise they will be rejected because the litigation requirements aren’t met.This seems to restrict the litigants’right to initiate a lawsuit by themselves.Through the arrangement of the system for the participation of lawyers in some litigation procedures,stages,and cases,coupled with the legal principle of litigation costs,the litigation costs sharing mechanism,legal aid,and other related supporting systems,it is not only a substantive guarantee for the litigants’right of action,but also can even strengthen the protection of the litigants’right of action in civil litigation.Based on the need to effectively protect and strengthen the litigants’right of action,combined with its civil litigation system and judicial operation environment,China should adopt a phased and gradual strategy to introduce and implement the mandatory attorney system in civil litigation while constantly improving its lawyer system,litigation costs system,legal aid system,and other related supporting systems.

Study on the Joint Meeting Mechanism for the National Human Rights Action Plan

The joint meeting mechanism for the National Human Rights Action Plan(NHRAP)is a multi-faceted mechanism which unifies political,legislative,administrative,judicial and social sectors.It undertakes the responsibility of formulating,implementing,supervising and evaluating the NHRAP,promotes mutual learning,exchange and competition among member units in the protection of human rights.Over the ten years since it was established,it has proved to be a successful innovative mechanism for protecting human rights that is in line with China’s national conditions.In order to improve the operation of the joint meeting mechanism the NHRAP,it is necessary to establish a more effective coordination mechanism within the joint meeting mechanism,and to subdivide the monitoring and evaluation functions into three levels.

Assessment of Human Rights Action Plans and Use of Its Results from a Global Perspective

Since the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993,more than a quarter of the participating countries have developed National Human Rights Action Plans(NHRAPs)to promote human rights.An assessment of the NHRAPs can help to understand the realities of the implementation,improve the quality of the follow-up plan,and improve the effectiveness of the plan in the implementation process.From the texts and practices of the NHRAPs,such an assessment includes the 'self-assessments' of the plans’ implementers,comprehensive assessments of inter-departmental committees(groups),and evaluations of policy objects,social organizations and human rights experts.The assessment methods include field research,qualitative evaluation,indicator measurement and process monitoring,among other things.The results of the assessment can promote the cohesion between the NHRAPs in different periods,promote the accumulation and transmission of the implementation experience of the plan,and promote the optimization and adjustment of related matters during the implementation period.

Connection Between Policies and Laws on Human Rights Protection:Case Study of the National Human Rights Action Plans

China’s National Human Rights Action Plans connect policies and laws on human rights protection in terms of ideas,procedures,and contents.The functions of the connections are the guidance to local policymaking,the promise of state commitment,and the linkage to international human rights goals.At the practical level,the enhancement of the connection between policies and laws will promote the effectiveness of human rights protection.In order to improve the rationality of human rights policies,there should be more researches on National Human Rights Action Plans,and more public participation in the process of the Plan drafting.

The Contributing Factors of Black Women's Devotion to Self-empowerment in the Later Civil Rights Movement

From the beginning the civil rights movement,black women had thrown themselves into the fighting for racial liberation.However,since the mid-1960s black women began to pay more attention to their own empowerment for many intricate and complex reasons.This paper focuses on what resulted in gradual shifting of black women to self-empowerment.