In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise...In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise of some 7 percent since t989.However,Business Week estimates that thetrue price declines by about 35 per cent.In terms of invest-展开更多
Some researchers, running instructors, and coaches have suggested that the "optimal" footstrike pattern to improve performance and reduce running injuries is to land using a mid-or forefoot strike. Thus, it ...Some researchers, running instructors, and coaches have suggested that the "optimal" footstrike pattern to improve performance and reduce running injuries is to land using a mid-or forefoot strike. Thus, it has been recommended that runners who use a rearfoot strike would benefit by changing their footstrike although there is little scientific evidence for suggesting such a change. The rearfoot strike is clearly more prevalent. The major reasons often given for changing to a mid-or forefoot strike are(1) it is more economical;(2) there is a reduction in the impact peak and loading rate of the vertical component of the ground reaction force; and(3) there is a reduction in the risk of a running-related injuries. In this paper,we critique these 3 suggestions and provide alternate explanations that may provide contradictory evidence for altering one's footstrike pattern.We have concluded, based on examining the research literature, that changing to a mid-or forefoot strike does not improve running economy, does not eliminate an impact at the foot-ground contact, and does not reduce the risk of running-related injuries.展开更多
Background:Compared to conventional racing shoes,Nike Vaporfly 4% running shoes reduce the metabolic cost of level treadmill running by4%.The reduction is attributed to their lightweight,highly compliant,and resilient...Background:Compared to conventional racing shoes,Nike Vaporfly 4% running shoes reduce the metabolic cost of level treadmill running by4%.The reduction is attributed to their lightweight,highly compliant,and resilient midsole foam and a midsole-embedded curved carbon-fiber plate.We investigated whether these shoes also could reduce the metabolic cost of moderate uphill(+3°) and downhill(-3°) grades.We tested the null hypothesis that,compared to conventional racing shoes,highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates would impart the same ~4%metabolic power(W/kg) savings during uphill and downhill running as they do during level running.Methods:After familiarization,16 competitive male runners performed six 5-min trials(2 shoes × 3 grades) in 2 Nike marathon racing-shoe models(Streak 6 and Vaporfly 4%) on a level,uphill(+3°),and downhill(-3°) treadmill at 13 km/h(3.61 m/s).We measured submaximal oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production during Minutes 4-5 and calculated metabolic power(W/kg) for each shoe model and grade combination.Results:Compared to the conventional shoes(Streak 6),the metabolic power in the Vaporfly 4% shoes was 3.83%(level),2.82%(uphill),and2.70%(downhill)less(all p <0.001).The percent of change in metabolic power for uphill running was less compared to level running(p=0.04;effect size(ES)=0.561) but was not statistically different between downhill and level running(p=0.17;ES=0.356).Conclusion:On a running course with uphill and downhill sections,the metabolic savings and hence performance enhancement provided by Vaporfly 4% shoes would likely be slightly less overall,compared to the savings on a perfectly level race course.展开更多
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.Methods:Fourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were all...Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.Methods:Fourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were allocated into either the intermittent sprint training group(n = 7)or the plyometric training group(n = 7).The preliminary tests required subjects to perform a treadmill graded exercise test,a countermovement jump test for peak power measurement,and a 10-km time trial.Training included 12 sessions of either intermittent sprint or plyometric training carried out twice per week.On completion of the intervention,post-tests were conducted.Results:Both groups showed significant reduction in weekly training mileage from pre-intervention during the intervention period.There were significant improvements in the 10-km time trial performance and peak power.There was also significant improvement in relative peak power for both groups.The 10-km time trial performance and relative peak power showed a moderate inverse correlation.Conclusion:These findings showed that both intermittent sprint and plyometric training resulted in improved 10-km running performance despite reduction in training mileage.The improvement in running performance was accompanied by an improvement in peak power and showed an inverse relationship with relative peak power.展开更多
Background： Lower body positive pressure （LBPP） treadmills can be used in rehabilitation programs and/or to supplement tun mileage in healthy runners by reducing the effective body weight and impact associated with...Background： Lower body positive pressure （LBPP） treadmills can be used in rehabilitation programs and/or to supplement tun mileage in healthy runners by reducing the effective body weight and impact associated with running. The purpose of this study is to determine if body weight support influences the stride length （SL）-velocity as well as leg impact acceleration relationship during running. Methods： Subjects （n = 10, 21.4 ± 2.0 years, 72.4 ± 10.3 kg, 1.76 ± 0.09 m） completed 16 run conditions consisting of specific body weight support and velocity combinations. Velocities tested were 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% of the preferred velocity （2.75± 0.36 m/s）. Body weight support conditions consisted of 0, 60%,5, 70%, and 80% body weight support. SL and leg impact accelerations were determined using a light-weight accelerometer mounted on the surface of the anterior-distal aspect of the tibia. A 4 × 4 （velocity x body weight support） repeated measures ANOVA was used for each dependent variable （a = 0.05）. Results： Neither SL nor leg impact acceleration were influenced by the interaction of body weight support and velocity （p 〉 0.05）. SL was least during no body weight support （p 〈 0.05） but not different between 60%, 70%, and 80% support （p 〉 0.05）. Leg impact acceleration was greatest during no body weight support （p 〈 0.05） but not different between 60%, 70%, and 80% support （p 〉 0.05）. SL and leg impact accelerations increased with velocity regardless of support （p 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The relationships between SL and leg impact accelerations with velocity were not influenced by body weight support.展开更多
对 36名男性儿童的最大有氧能力、跑节省化以及心脏左室形态结构与线粒体 DNA D- L oop区遗传多态性作了关联分析。实验结果支持我们早先的研究结论 ,即线粒体 DNA D— L oop区可能对人类VO2 max有一定程度的调控作用 ,而与 RE无关。对...对 36名男性儿童的最大有氧能力、跑节省化以及心脏左室形态结构与线粒体 DNA D- L oop区遗传多态性作了关联分析。实验结果支持我们早先的研究结论 ,即线粒体 DNA D— L oop区可能对人类VO2 max有一定程度的调控作用 ,而与 RE无关。对于青春发育前期的男性儿童 ,VO2 max与 RE呈显著相关关系 ,但二者的生理机制可能会有差异。中枢机制是决定青春发育前期儿童 VO2展开更多
文摘In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise of some 7 percent since t989.However,Business Week estimates that thetrue price declines by about 35 per cent.In terms of invest-
文摘Some researchers, running instructors, and coaches have suggested that the "optimal" footstrike pattern to improve performance and reduce running injuries is to land using a mid-or forefoot strike. Thus, it has been recommended that runners who use a rearfoot strike would benefit by changing their footstrike although there is little scientific evidence for suggesting such a change. The rearfoot strike is clearly more prevalent. The major reasons often given for changing to a mid-or forefoot strike are(1) it is more economical;(2) there is a reduction in the impact peak and loading rate of the vertical component of the ground reaction force; and(3) there is a reduction in the risk of a running-related injuries. In this paper,we critique these 3 suggestions and provide alternate explanations that may provide contradictory evidence for altering one's footstrike pattern.We have concluded, based on examining the research literature, that changing to a mid-or forefoot strike does not improve running economy, does not eliminate an impact at the foot-ground contact, and does not reduce the risk of running-related injuries.
基金We thank Jackson Brill,Ross Wilkinson,Kyle Sterns,and James Tripp Hurt for help with recruiting and testing and Alena Grabowski for loaning us her Parvo system while ours was on the fritz.The running shoes used for this study were provided by Nike.
文摘Background:Compared to conventional racing shoes,Nike Vaporfly 4% running shoes reduce the metabolic cost of level treadmill running by4%.The reduction is attributed to their lightweight,highly compliant,and resilient midsole foam and a midsole-embedded curved carbon-fiber plate.We investigated whether these shoes also could reduce the metabolic cost of moderate uphill(+3°) and downhill(-3°) grades.We tested the null hypothesis that,compared to conventional racing shoes,highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates would impart the same ~4%metabolic power(W/kg) savings during uphill and downhill running as they do during level running.Methods:After familiarization,16 competitive male runners performed six 5-min trials(2 shoes × 3 grades) in 2 Nike marathon racing-shoe models(Streak 6 and Vaporfly 4%) on a level,uphill(+3°),and downhill(-3°) treadmill at 13 km/h(3.61 m/s).We measured submaximal oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production during Minutes 4-5 and calculated metabolic power(W/kg) for each shoe model and grade combination.Results:Compared to the conventional shoes(Streak 6),the metabolic power in the Vaporfly 4% shoes was 3.83%(level),2.82%(uphill),and2.70%(downhill)less(all p <0.001).The percent of change in metabolic power for uphill running was less compared to level running(p=0.04;effect size(ES)=0.561) but was not statistically different between downhill and level running(p=0.17;ES=0.356).Conclusion:On a running course with uphill and downhill sections,the metabolic savings and hence performance enhancement provided by Vaporfly 4% shoes would likely be slightly less overall,compared to the savings on a perfectly level race course.
文摘Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.Methods:Fourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were allocated into either the intermittent sprint training group(n = 7)or the plyometric training group(n = 7).The preliminary tests required subjects to perform a treadmill graded exercise test,a countermovement jump test for peak power measurement,and a 10-km time trial.Training included 12 sessions of either intermittent sprint or plyometric training carried out twice per week.On completion of the intervention,post-tests were conducted.Results:Both groups showed significant reduction in weekly training mileage from pre-intervention during the intervention period.There were significant improvements in the 10-km time trial performance and peak power.There was also significant improvement in relative peak power for both groups.The 10-km time trial performance and relative peak power showed a moderate inverse correlation.Conclusion:These findings showed that both intermittent sprint and plyometric training resulted in improved 10-km running performance despite reduction in training mileage.The improvement in running performance was accompanied by an improvement in peak power and showed an inverse relationship with relative peak power.
文摘Background： Lower body positive pressure （LBPP） treadmills can be used in rehabilitation programs and/or to supplement tun mileage in healthy runners by reducing the effective body weight and impact associated with running. The purpose of this study is to determine if body weight support influences the stride length （SL）-velocity as well as leg impact acceleration relationship during running. Methods： Subjects （n = 10, 21.4 ± 2.0 years, 72.4 ± 10.3 kg, 1.76 ± 0.09 m） completed 16 run conditions consisting of specific body weight support and velocity combinations. Velocities tested were 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% of the preferred velocity （2.75± 0.36 m/s）. Body weight support conditions consisted of 0, 60%,5, 70%, and 80% body weight support. SL and leg impact accelerations were determined using a light-weight accelerometer mounted on the surface of the anterior-distal aspect of the tibia. A 4 × 4 （velocity x body weight support） repeated measures ANOVA was used for each dependent variable （a = 0.05）. Results： Neither SL nor leg impact acceleration were influenced by the interaction of body weight support and velocity （p 〉 0.05）. SL was least during no body weight support （p 〈 0.05） but not different between 60%, 70%, and 80% support （p 〉 0.05）. Leg impact acceleration was greatest during no body weight support （p 〈 0.05） but not different between 60%, 70%, and 80% support （p 〉 0.05）. SL and leg impact accelerations increased with velocity regardless of support （p 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The relationships between SL and leg impact accelerations with velocity were not influenced by body weight support.
文摘对 36名男性儿童的最大有氧能力、跑节省化以及心脏左室形态结构与线粒体 DNA D- L oop区遗传多态性作了关联分析。实验结果支持我们早先的研究结论 ,即线粒体 DNA D— L oop区可能对人类VO2 max有一定程度的调控作用 ,而与 RE无关。对于青春发育前期的男性儿童 ,VO2 max与 RE呈显著相关关系 ,但二者的生理机制可能会有差异。中枢机制是决定青春发育前期儿童 VO2
