Investigating the Genetic Bases of Growth Regulation by E2F3 in Dwarf Surf Clams Mulinia lateralis

Bivalve aquaculture plays a crucial role in the aquaculture industry due to the economic value of many bivalve species.Understanding the underlying genetic basis of bivalve growth regulation is essential for enhancing germplasm innovation and ensuring sustainable development of the industry.Though numerous candidate genes have been identified,their functional validation remains challenging.Fortunately,the dwarf surf clam(Mulinia lateralis)serves as a promising model organism for investigating genetic mechanisms underlying growth regulation in bivalves.The GWAS study in the Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis)has pinpointed the E2F3 gene as a key regulator of growth-related traits.However,the specific role of E2F3 in bivalve growth remains unclear.This study aimed to further confirm the regulatory function of the E2F3 gene in the dwarf surf clam through RNA interference experiments.Our results revealed several genes are associated with individual growth and development,including CTS7,HSP70B2,and PGLYRP3,as well as genes involved in lipid metabolism such as FABP2 and FASN.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that E2F3 primarily modulates critical processes like amino acid and lipid metabolism.These findings suggest that E2F3 likely regulates growth in the dwarf surf clam by influencing amino acid and lipid metabolism.Overall,this study advances our understanding on the function of E2F3 gene in growth regulation in bivalves,providing valuable insights for future research in this field.

Real-Time Mesoscale Forecast Support During the CLAMS Field Campaign

This paper reports the use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weather prediction （NWP） system and a satellite imaging and prediction system that were set up to support the CLAMS （Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites） field campaign during the summer of 2001. The primary objective of CLAMS was to validate satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties and vertical profiles of the radiative flux, temperature and water vapor. Six research aircraft were deployed to make detailed coincident measurements of the atmosphere and ocean surface with the research satellites that orbited overhead. The mesoscale weather modeling system runs in real-time to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for forecasts that are delivered via the World Wide Web along with a variety of satellite imagery and satellite location predictions. This system is a multi-purpose modeling system capable of both data analysis/assimilation and multi-scale NWP ranging from cloud-scale to larger than regional scale. This is a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic compressible model in a terrain-following coordinate. The model employs advanced numerical techniques and contains detailed interactive physical processes. The utility of the forecasting system is illustrated throughout the discussion on the impact of the surface-wind forecast on BRDF （Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function） and the description of the cloud/moisture forecast versus the aircraft measurement.

Flash-boiled Clams with Crucian Carp

Marinate the clams in brine for 3 hours, until silt isdiffused, and keep them fresh. Draw the crucian carp,and make 3 or 4 diagonal cuts on the surface of bothsides.

Heavy metals in oysters, mussels and clams collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta,South China

Concentrations of 8 heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn) were examined in 3 species of bivalves (Perna viridis, Crassostrea rivularis and Ruditapes philippinarum) collected from 25 sites along the Pearl River Delta coastal waters in the South China Sea from July to August 1996. In general, Cd, Cu, Zn and Sn concentrations in the three bivalve species collected from the Estuarine Zone were significantly higher than those collected from the Western and Eastern Zones of the Pearl River Delta, which are related to the existence of various anthropogenic activities in the catchment of the Pearl River Delta. The Western Estuarine Zone is mainly impacted by Cr, Ni and Cu contamination. In Victoria Harbor, heavy metal contamination is mainly due to Cu and Pb. Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in oysters were significantly higher than those in mussels and clams. This could be explained by the fact that oysters live mainly in the Estuarine Zone of the Pearl River Delta which receives most of the polluting discharges from the catchment of the Delta. During turbid condition, heavy metals(soluble or adsorbed on suspended particulates) discharged from the Delta are filtered from the water column and subsequently accumulated into the soft body tissues of oysters. Heavy metal concentrations in the three bivalve species were compared with the maximum permissible levels of heavy metals in seafood regulated by the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, Laws of Hong Kong, and it was revealed that Cd and Cr concentrations in the three bivalve species exceeded the upper limits. At certain hotspots in the Delta, the maximum acceptable daily load for Cd was also exceeded.

Accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) in Jiaozhou Bay,China

Accumulation and distributions of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in tissues of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from 5 sites in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.The concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbon and PAHs ranged from 570 to 2 574 ng/gdw (gram dry weight) and from 276 to 939 ng/gdw,in the most and least polluted sites,respectively.The bio-accumulation of hydrocarbons and PAHs in the clams appeared to be selective.Aliphatic hydrocarbons were predominantly represented by short chain (<nC23) n-alkanes,suggesting that petroleum hydrocarbons were likely the major contamination source.The selective uptake of 3 and 4 ring PAHs,such as naphthalene,fluorene,phenanthrene,fluoranthene and pyrene,by the clams was probably related to the physiological and bio-kinetic processes that were energetically favorable for uptake of compounds with fewer rings.Accumulation of the metals Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Hg,and As in the clam tissues also showed high variability,ranging from 0.043 to 87 μg/gdw.Among the 7 detected metals,Zn,Cd,Cu,and As had a particularly high potential of accumulation in R.philippinarum.In general,a positive correlation was found between the tissue concentrations and sediment concentrations of hydrocarbons and of some metals.Our study suggests that moderate contamination with polyaromatic hydrocarbons,and low to moderate contamination with metals,currently exists for clam R.philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay,in comparison with other regional studies.A long-term monitoring program is certainly needed for assessment of the potential ecological influence and toxicity of these contaminants of R.philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay.

An Efficient Method of Noroviruses Recovery from Oysters and Clams

Noroviruses (NoVs) are widespread causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of NoVs caused diseases are commonly ascribed to the consumption of contaminated shellfish. The concentration and RNA extraction of NoVs are crucial steps of detecting NoVs in shellfish. This study aimed to select a simple, rapid and highly efficient recovery method of NoVs detection with real-time RT-PCR. Four methods of recovering GI.3 and GII.4 NoVs from spiked digestive tissues of oysters and clams, respectively, were compared, of them, the method involving proteinase K and PEG 8000 was found the most efficient. With this method, 9.3% and 13.1% of GI.3 and GII.4 NoVs were recovered from oysters and 9.6% and 12.3% of GI.3 and GII.4 NoVs were recovered from clams, respectively. This method was further used to detect NoVs in 84 oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and 86 clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) collected from 10 coastal cities in China from Jan. 2011 to Feb. 2012. The NoVs isolation rates were 10.47% of clams (9/86) and 7.14% of oysters (6/84). All the detected NoVs belonged to genotype GII. The NoVs recovery method selected is efficient for NoVs detection in oysters and clams.

热变形对CLAM钢多尺度组织的影响研究

目的明确热变形对CLAM钢多尺度组织的影响规律,进而为采用形变热处理工艺获取细小弥散的析出相提供指导。方法利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及X射线衍射(XRD)研究了CLAM钢在不同变形温度(550、650、750、850℃)和不同变形量(30%、45%、60%)下多尺度组织的变化规律。结果当变形量一致(30%)时,CLAM钢在变形温度为550℃时达到最大位错密度(2.69×10^(15)m^(–2))与最大界面长度(19910.3μm);在变形温度为750℃时,达到最小位错密度(2.53×10^(15)m^(–2));在变形温度为850℃时,达到最小界面长度(12594.3μm)。当变形温度一致(850℃)时,CLAM钢在变形量为60%时达到最小晶粒尺寸(53.24μm)、最大位错密度(4.22×10^(15)m^(–2))和最大界面长度(20657.8μm)。结论CLAM钢在热变形过程中发生了回复,并在变形温度为850℃时发生了再结晶。当变形量一致时,随着变形温度的提升,位错回复与界面迁移加速,使位错密度及界面长度逐渐降低。但是当变形温度达850℃时,受到高温淬火的影响(淬火温度与变形温度一致),位错密度出现异常增大。通过建立变形温度与位错密度的关系模型,计算出CLAM钢在850℃下因淬火畸变造成的位错增殖为(0.53±0.09)×10^(15)m^(–2)。当变形温度一致时,随着变形量的增加,加工硬化得到提高,多尺度组织得到细化,使位错密度及界面长度逐渐增大,同时再结晶的驱动力得到增加,使晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。

坡口形状对CLAM钢焊缝抗辐照损伤性能的影响

为探究坡口形状对中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢焊缝辐照损伤性能及辐照硬化性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、掠入射X射线衍射(GIXRD)和纳米压痕技术等方法,研究了在室温下经能量为70 keV、剂量为1×10^(17)ions/cm^(2)的He^(+)辐照后,V型、U型和双U型坡口CLAM钢焊缝的辐照损伤情况及力学性能。结果表明,离子辐照后,不同坡口形状焊缝金属中均产生了氦泡、析出物等缺陷,力学性能呈现出不同程度的降低。与V型和U型坡口焊缝相比,双U型坡口焊缝辐照后焊缝内部缺陷分布更均匀、尺寸更小。这是由于在三类焊缝中,双U型坡口焊缝热输入更小,焊缝晶粒组织相对较小,晶界密度更高。更高密度的晶界阻碍了缺陷间的相互聚集,减小了缺陷的尺寸。辐照后双U型坡口焊缝表面粗糙度最低,氦泡、析出物尺寸最小,衍射峰偏移量、宽化率最低,表面硬度最低,抗辐照硬化性能最好。这表明通过控制焊接坡口的形状,细化焊缝晶粒组织,可显著提升焊缝抗辐照损伤性能及抗辐照硬化性能。

高能氦离子辐照对CLAM钢微观结构和力学行为的影响

聚变堆包层结构材料在服役期间会产生辐照损伤,CLAM钢作为热核聚变堆的首选结构材料,对其进行辐照行为研究十分有必要。采用高能氦离子对CLAM钢进行辐照实验,利用纳米压痕实验结合原子力显微镜(AFM)研究CLAM钢在辐照过程中的微观组织演化和力学性能的变化。结果表明:辐照后的CLAM钢中形成位错环和He泡,且随着辐照剂量的增加,位错环和He泡密度增加,尺寸增大。辐照后CLAM钢发生显著的辐照硬化效应,随着辐照剂量的增加,辐照硬化程度增加,但当辐照剂量增大到一定程度,辐照硬化效应减弱。利用DBH模型和FKH模型讨论辐照中微观结构的变化对辐照硬化效应的影响。随着辐照剂量的增加,压痕周围材料隆起堆积的范围减小,堆积高度增加,且高剂量辐照后压痕周围的堆积中出现了剪切带,表明CLAM钢辐照后脆性明显增加。

家庭社会经济状况对婴幼儿认知发育的影响

目的：研究反映家庭社会经济状况的主要因素家庭年人均可支配收入和双亲文化程度对婴幼儿的认知应物测验/临床语言和听力进程量表（Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale,CAT/CLAMS）发育商（DQ）的影响。方法：采用CAT/CLAMS对上海市4-36个月常模婴幼儿进行测试,计算各婴幼儿CAT/CLAMS语言能DQ、应物能DQ及认知能DQ。同时调查家庭年人均可支配收入和双亲文化程度。采用非参数统计的方法比较组间差异。结果：家庭年人均可支配收入对婴幼儿CAT/CLAMS的3种DQ均有极显著影响（P〈0.01）;母亲文化程度对婴幼儿CAT/CLAMS的应物能和认知能这两种DQ有显著的影响（P〈0.05）;父亲文化程度对婴幼儿CAT/CLAMS的3种DQ均无明显影响。结论：社会经济状况对婴幼儿的发育具有明显的促进作用;对婴幼儿尤其是对低收入、母亲低学历家庭的婴幼儿进行发育监测十分必要。

中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM研究进展

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(RAFM钢)被普遍认为是未来聚变示范堆和聚变动力堆的首选结构材料。国际上给予了高度重视,许多国家都在研发其特有的RAFM钢。中科院等离子体物理研究所在与国内外多家单位的合作下发展了中国低活化马氏体钢———CLAM。本文总结了CLAM钢研制发展的主要进展,包括其成分优化设计、冶炼加工制备工艺、物理性能、机械性能、辐照性能及与液态LiPb的相容性等测试与研究以及各种焊接工艺研究等,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望。

中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM在液态锂铅中腐蚀的初步实验研究

液态金属锂铅包层是最具发展潜力的聚变堆包层之一,其首选结构材料为低活化铁素体/马氏体钢,而它与液态锂铅的相容性是聚变堆材料研究领域的关键问题之一。本文介绍中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM在液态金属锂铅回路DRAGON-1热对流工况下的实验情况及500 h 480℃下初步腐蚀实验结果,并与同样工况下316L奥氏体钢腐蚀结果进行了对比分析。结果显示CLAM钢与液态锂铅的相容性优于316L钢。

热处理对CLAM钢TIG焊接接头显微组织影响

采用TIG焊接方法对中国低活化马氏体钢(CLAM钢)进行了平板对接试验,分别对焊接接头采用不同温度的焊后热处理,试验温度分别为610,660,710,760,810℃,保温30 min.结果表明,焊后进行热处理与不做热处理两种情况下,CLAM钢焊接接头微观形貌和硬度存在很大不同;随温度增加,焊接接头焊缝中马氏体板条分布及尺寸均匀性得到提高,热处理温度710℃以上时板条均匀性最好,但晶粒尺寸与板条也会随温度升高而长大.焊后热处理使焊接接头各部分硬度随热处理温度的升高而逐渐降低,焊缝金属硬度下降值比母材和焊缝热影响区大得多,尤其在810℃时焊缝金属硬度下降值最大,降至与母材硬度相当.

硅对CLAM钢微观结构和力学性能的影响

文章研究了合金元素硅对CLAM钢的力学性能和微观结构的影响。实验表明,在CLAM钢中添加0.2%的Si会使其屈服强度和抗拉强度明显提高,同时使CLAM钢的韧脆转变温度升高,韧性降低。在光学显微镜下观察,CLAM钢呈现回火马氏体组织,Si的添加使奥氏体晶粒细化,致使CLAM钢的强度升高、韧性降低。在透射电子显微镜下观察,回火板条马氏体是其主要结构,存在针状和颗粒状两种形态的碳化物;利用透射电子显微镜选区衍射方法可知,呈颗粒状的碳化物是M23C6型碳化物。Si的添加使马氏体板条的宽度变小。

中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM热等静压扩散焊接初步研究

热等静压扩散焊接由于其独特的优点而被认为是聚变堆包层第一壁及冷却板等复杂结构件的首选制造技术之一。本文对中国低活化马氏体钢CLAM的热等静压焊接进行了初步研究。实验中CLAM钢自身焊接的拉伸性能已经达到母材的水平,但冲击断口为原接合面,且强度较低,X射线能谱(EDS)分析发现冲击断面上有强氧化物形成元素Al、Si、V等富集,初步认为焊接前期处理过程中待焊接面形成的稳定氧化膜导致冲击性能较低。

CLAM钢U形弯曲回弹数值模拟优化与试验

CLAM钢聚变堆包层第一壁是典型中厚板U形件,尺寸较大,采用模具压弯成形后回弹较大,尺寸精度难以保证。采用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的方法,对弯曲工艺参数和模具补偿值进行优化,确定合理的摩擦润滑条件、凹模圆角尺寸、凸凹模间隙和补偿圆弧半径,最终试验零件单侧回弹角控制在0.65°内,内开口尺寸误差在2.8mm内,得到合格U形件。可为CLAM钢塑性成形提供指导。

CLAM钢冲击和拉伸性能测试与研究

对中国低活化马氏体钢———CLAM钢的冲击和拉伸性能进行了测试。结果表明:CLAM钢的塑-脆转变温度在-100℃左右,低于国际上其它几种典型的低活化马氏体钢;在室温和600℃时抗拉强度分别为668和334 MPa,类似于EUROFER97的性能。约8μm的晶粒尺寸是CLAM钢具有较好冲击和拉伸性能的主要原因之一。

CLAM钢基体上大气等离子体喷涂制备氧化铝涂层工艺研究

液态金属锂铅包层是目前国际上聚变堆包层设计研究的主流方案之一，但其仍面临高氚渗透率、液态锂铅对包层结构材料的腐蚀以及锂铅流动引起的磁流体动力学MHD效应等问题，而包层结构材料表面加覆涂层是解决上述问题的关键技术之一。本实验尝试利用大气等离子体喷涂（APS）工艺在中国低活化马氏体CLAM钢上制备多功能氧化铝涂层，试验结果表明：涂层与基底具有较好的结合强度，平均值为31．7MPa；涂层电阻率为5．26×10^9～1．54×10^10Ω·m；并呈现较高的显微硬度和致密度。本工作可为未来聚变堆液态锂铅包层涂层制备提供理论依据和技术储备。

CLAM钢的钨极氩弧焊及焊接后的结构与性能

利用钨极氩弧焊（TIG）焊接方法对中国自行研制的低活化铁素体／马氏体（CLAM）钢进行焊接试验，分别采用了Y型坡口和双Y型坡口两种焊接工艺。对焊接件各部分的硬度和显微结构进行测试分析，利用透射电镜观测材料的微观形貌并进行析出物相分析，以此对CLAM钢的焊接性能进行初步评价。观察发现，焊缝区没有产生缩孔和裂纹；焊缝区和母材的微观形貌主要为板条马氏体，板条宽度约为600nm，其析出物均为20～200nm的M23C6型碳化物；经过焊后热处理，焊缝区、热影响区和母材的硬度之间的差别减小。

聚变堆用CLAM钢管件冷推弯成形数值模拟及试验研究

为解决CLAM钢的冷成形困难的问题,争取使其早日服役于核聚变环境,利用有限元数值模拟软件对CLAM钢管材的室温冷推弯过程进行了数值模拟,对影响弯头冷成形的工艺参数进行了优化以及对冷成形效果进行预报,由此确定了相对优化的工艺参数;并使用摩擦因子约为0.07的表面涂层对管坯进行润滑处理,结合有限元模拟结果进行了实际冷成形。研究表明,在厚度分布以及表面质量等方面,实验结果和模拟结果吻合,实际成形效果优良。因此,数值模拟的优化计算可以较好地指导聚变堆用难变形材料CLAM钢弯头的室温冷成形。